1

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus Using Dried Musa paradisiaca, Oryza sativa

(Bran and Straw) and Cocos nucifera as Substrates

Gia Celine Fabregas

Princess May Martizano

Jenina May Melgarejo

Arianna Diane Paclibar

Kennex Russ Silarde

Kyra Francheska D. Subade

Santa Barbara Central Elem. School (SSES)

Research 6

Mrs. Jeanette Etanong

June 22, 2023

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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to thank those who contributed to the

completion of this research. First and foremost, we would like to thank Sta.

Barbara Central Elementary School SSES for giving us this learning opportunity

that helped us develop life lessons of patience, perseverance, teamwork,

cooperation, and most of all, the endless pursuit of knowledge.

Words cannot express our gratitude to our research adviser, Mam Jeanette

L. Etanong for her invaluable patience and feedback. We could not have

undertaken this journey without the cooperation of each member of the group who

generously provided time and knowledge;

We would like to express our greatest gratitude towards our parents for

their endless love, prayers, support, and sacrifices. This would not have been

possible without their unselfish love and generous support given to us at all times;

A big thanks to Almighty God, for giving us strength, knowledge, ability,

and opportunity to undertake this research study. Without His Guidance and

Mercy, we would not be able to accomplish this research; and

Lastly, our thanks go to all the people who have supported us to complete

the research work directly or indirectly.

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Abstract

This study examined the effect of substrates on the growth of Pleurotus

ostreatus. Pleurotus ostreatus are in demand in the market. There were two Set-ups.

In Set-up 1, the substrates were composed of dried banana leaves (Musa paradisiaca),

rice straw and rice bran (Oryza sativa), and coconut sawdust (Cocos nucifera). On

the other hand, set-up II was composed of substrates containing a mixture of Oryza

sativa (rice bran and rice straw) and Cocos nucifera sawdust. The study was

conducted in Bolong Oeste, Sta. Barbara, Iloilo.

Data were analyzed by getting the average weight and average pileus size of

the Pleurotus ostreatus on their first harvest. Mean values of the weight and size of

the Pleurotus ostreatus were computed. The result exhibited that Set-up 1 where

substrates contained dried Musa paradisiaca have a greater mean value as to their

weight than Set-up II which does not contain dried Musa paradisiaca leaves.

Meanwhile, the average diameter of Pleurotus ostreatus pileus in Set-up I was greater

compared to Set-up II. Findings revealed that Pleurotus ostreatus were successfully

grown on substrates containing a mixture of dried Musa paradisiaca leaves, Oryza

sativa and Cocos nucifera sawdust. Based on the results of the study, the farmers are

recommended to use the substrates containing a mixture of dried Musa paradisiaca

leaves, Oryza sativa and Cocos nucifera sawdust to harvest high-quality Pleurotus

ostreatus, the school should support this kind of research to encourage learners to

engage in organic farming and this research may be disseminated to the agricultural

agencies.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1
Acknowledgment 2
Abstract 3

List of Tables 5
Introduction 6
Statement of the Problem 10
Significance of Study 10
Methodology 13
Result and Discussion 17
Conclusion 25
Recommendation 26
Appendices 27
References 43
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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm of Study 11

Figure 2 Methodology Flow Chart 16

Figure 3 Mushroom’s Diameter (in cm) in Set-up I 18

Figure 4 Mushroom’s Diameter (in cm) in Set-up II 20

Figure 5 Mushroom’s Weight (in grams) in Set-up I 22

Figure 6 Mushroom’s Weight (in grams) in Set-up II 24

Table 1 Set-up I and Set-up II Substrates 14

Table 2 Mushroom’s Diameter (in cm) Set-up I 17

Table 3 Mushroom’s Diameter (in cm) Set-up II 19

Table 4 Mushroom’s Weight (in grams) Per Bag in Set-up I 21

Table 5 Mushroom’s Weight (in grams) Per Bag in Set-up II 23

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Introduction

The mushroom industry in the Philippines has exacerbated since 1995, and the

lowest production volume was 355 metric tons (MT) in 2009. Most of the

mushrooms consumed were imported from different countries in Southeast Asia like

China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Korea, and Japan (Hyun You Chang et al, 2014).

Growing mushrooms in the Philippines is economically feasible due to low

production costs. Mushroom is one of the most diverse organisms on earth and since

primitive times have played a vital role in human welfare. Mushroom is the

conspicuous umbrella-shaped fruiting body (sporophore) of certain fungi, typically of

the order Agaricales in the phylum Basidiomycota but also of some other groups.

Cultivated mushrooms have now become popular all over the world. There are over

200 genera of macrofungi that contain species of use to people. Twelve species are

commonly grown for food and/or medicinal purposes, across tropical and temperate

zones, including the common mushroom (Agaricus), Shiitake (Lentinus), oyster

(Pleurotus), straw (Volvariella), Lion's Head or PomPom (Hericium), Ear

(Auricularia), Ganoderma (Reishi), Maitake (Grifola frondosa), Winter

(Flammulina), White jelly (Tremella), Nameko (Pholiota), and Shaggy Mane

mushrooms (Coprinus). Commercial markets are dominated by Agaricus bisporus,

Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus spp, which represent three-quarters of the

mushrooms cultivated globally.

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Pleurotus ostreatus are free of cholesterol and contain small amounts of essential

amino acids and B vitamins. They contain health-boosting vitamins and minerals

along with protein and fiber. Nutrients in mushrooms include selenium, vitamin B

complex,Potassium, and zinc aid in lowering blood pressure, boost the immune

system, support weight loss, and supply Vit. D, protect brain health, maintain heart

health, and improve gut health. By fresh weight, the common commercially grown

mushroom is more than 90 percent water, less than 3 percent protein, less than 5

percent carbohydrates, less than 1 percent fat, and about 1 percent mineral salts and

vitamins ( Melissa Petruzzello, 2022). The nutritional status of the Filipino people is

a matter of great concern as more than half of the population has been suffering from

malnutrition. Consumption of mushrooms can relieve the suffering from malnutrition

to some extent because they produce in large quantities within a short period and

provide more protein than any other crops. Crops diversification and change in food

habits are very crucial to build up national health. The demand and consumption of

mushrooms are increasing day by day and mainly small entrepreneurs are producing

and marketing mushroom-based products in the country. The self-production for

mushrooms is only 5%. Thus, the Department of Agriculture is putting up the

Mushroom Technology Center in Tarlac which costs 8 million to boost the

production of mushrooms and prevent the country from importing (Chang et al.,

2014).

Mushrooms can be cultivated on a part-time basis, and require little maintenance.

Indirectly, mushroom cultivation also provides opportunities for improving the

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sustainability of small farming systems through the recycling of organic matter,

which can be used as a growing substrate, and then returned to the land as fertilizer

Tan (2009). Dried Musa paradisiaca, Oryza sativa and Cocos nucifera sawdust are

locally available and abundant in the farming community in the Philippines. These

substrates enriched with rice bran (upa) and molasses are suitable for tropical

mushroom cultivation.

Dried Musa paradisiaca leaves contain cellulose which is good for mushroom

cultivation. Musa paradisiaca leaves are mainly composed of cellulose (21.90-

32.56%), hemicellulose (12.00-25.80%), and lignin (17.00-39.10%) expressed as a

percentage of dry weight [35.45.45]. Musa paradisiaca leaf juice has a high glucose

content (16.6gl) and produces lipases (https://www.mdpl.com>). These demonstrate

the potential of Musa paradisiaca leaf as the carbon source in the fermentation

process of different microorganisms which may help in the growth of Pleurotus

ostreatus. The biochemical composition of rice straw is characterized by a typical

composition of an agricultural-based lignocellulosic residue: it contains on average

30-45% cellulose, 20-25% hemicellulose, 15-20% lignin, nitrogen, as well as several

minor organic compounds (https://iopscience.iop.org>). The nutrients needed for

Pleurotus ostreatus growth were carbohydrates, lignin, and fibers. Cellulose would be

parsed into simple ingredients that could be used as nutrients for Pleurotus ostreatus.

Since cellulose content in rice straw is high, and cellulose increases the speed of

mushroom mycelium growth, rice straw might be of great significance in Pleurotus

ostreatus cultivation.
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Sawdust contains 60% cellulose, and 40% lignin with a little bit of waxes, resins,

and oils mixed in (https://ojs.aaresearch index.com>).

Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation can help reduce vulnerability to poverty and

strengthens livelihoods through the generation of a fast-yielding and nutritious source

of food and a reliable source of income. Since it does not require access to land,

Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation is a viable and attractive activity for both rural farmers

and peri-urban dwellers. Small–scale growing does not include any significant

capital investment mushroom substrate can be prepared from any clean agricultural

waste material, and mushrooms can be produced in temporary clean shelters. They

can be cultivated on a part-time basis, and require little maintenance. This study

recognizes the valuable contribution that Pleurotus ostreatus of different substrates

(Musa paradisiaca leaves, Oryza sativa and Cocos nucifera) make to the livelihoods

of rural people in both tropical and temperate zones.

Pleurotus ostreatus farming has a great contribution to livelihood and has

nutritional and medicinal value. Considering the country's limited land, over and

unemployed population, strengthening the production of mushrooms could be one of

the sustainable options for the development of a rural economy. The development of

mushroom cultivation would improve the diversified business and employment

opportunities both in the rural and semi-urban areas.

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Considering the importance of mushroom production, this study aims to boost

Pleurotus ostreatus production in our country. On the above mention, it is important

to know which type of substrates will produce faster, more, and healthy mushrooms.

Statement of the Problem

1. In what substrate will reproduce a bigger leurotus ostreatus?

2. In what substrate will have the greater weight?

Significance of the Study

The study makes significant contributions on various fronts. Findings could be beneficial
for the improvement of mushroom production in the country. This study attempts at seeking
greater insights into the utilization of bio-wastes that can help the environmental issues of the
country. Using agricultural wastes for the cultivation of mushrooms would be of great benefit
because it is a cheaper alternative to Pleurotus ostreatus farming.

The objective of the Study

The objective of this study was to find out what substrate will the Pleurotus

ostreatus have better growth.

To achieve the research purpose, this study was guided by this question:

What substrate will reproduce a bigger Pleurotus ostreatus?

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Conceptual Framework

Set-up A

Independent

Musa paradisiaca + Oryza sativa Dependent

Cocos nucifera
Growth of Mushroom

Set-up B

Oryza sativa + Cocos nucifera

Growth of Mushroom

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

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Hypotheses

Ho There was no significant effect in the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus using Musa

paradisiaca ,Oryza sativa , and Cocos nucifera.

Ha There was a significant effect in the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus using, Musa

paradisiaca, Oryza sativa, and Cocos nucifera.

Ho There was no significant effect in the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus using Cocos

nucifera, and Oryza sativa.

Ha There was a significant effect in the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus using Cocos

nucifera, and Oryza sativa

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Methodology

Materials

The materials used were Pleurotus ostreatus spawn, Oryza sativa (rice straw

and rice bran), dried Musa paradisiaca leaves, Cocos nucifera sawdust, lime,

molasses, thermometer, grow bags, pvc neck, weighing scale, and water sprayer.

Collection

The researchers obtained mushroom spawn type Pleurotus osteratus and

growing bags from Brgy. Calam-isan, Oton , Iloilo. Molasses, lime, thermometer,

weighing scale, pvc neck, cotton, and water sprayer were bought from Iloilo Central

Market. Rice straw, Musa paradisiaca leaves, and rice bran (lintok) were obtained

from Brgy Cafe, Sta. Barbara, Iloilo.

Procedure

A. Preparation of the Substrates

A 10-Liter container was filled with fresh water and added 10grams of lime

while stirring. The researchers then added rice straw and were completely immersed

in the lime water solution for about 3 hours. The same procedure was made for dried

banana leaves. The researchers drained the substrates in a net overnight and then cut

them into small sizes.

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Ten kilograms each of the Oryza sativa, dried Musa paradisiaca leaves, and

Cocos nucifera sawdust were mixed with 5% molasses and leave them for 2 weeks.

Table 1. Set-up 1 and Set-up II Substrates

Set- up Set-up II

Dried Musa paradisiaca leaves Cocos nucifera sawdust

Cocos nucifera sawdust Oryza sativa (Rice bran)

Oryza sativa (Rice bran) Oryza sativa (Rice straw)

Oryza sativa (Rice straw) Lime

Lime Molasses

Molasses

A. Preparation of Set-up

Two (2) set-ups were prepared. Twenty-five (25) fruiting bags were

prepared for Set-up 1 and twenty-five (25) fruiting bags for Set-up 2.

Set-up (1), was made up of dried Musa paradisiaca leaves, Cocos nucifera

sawdust, Oryza sativa (bran and straw), lime, and molasses.

Set up II, it was made up of Cocos nucifera sawdust, Oryza sativa (rice bran

and rice straw), lime, and molasses.

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B. Measurement of Substrates

The researchers placed 1kg of substrates in growing bags, cover with paper, and

seal with PVC string.

C. Pasteurization

The researchers pasteurized the fruiting bags by heating them for 8-10 hours at

75 degrees Celcius. Then unload fruiting bags and let them cool for 5 hours.

D. Inoculation

The researchers spread 1 tablespoon (20 grams) of Pleurotus ostreatus spawn in the
fruiting bags and placed it in the inoculation room then inoculated the pure

subculture Pleurotus ostreatus for 30-60 days.

E. Evaluation

The researchers evaluated the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus by measuring the

diameter of the pileus and weighing the mushrooms during the first harvest.
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Methodology Flow Chart

Collection of Materials

Preparation of the Substrates

Measurement of the Substrates

Preparation of Set-up

Pasteurization

Inoculation
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Evaluation of Data

Result

Table 2. Average Diameter in cm Set-up 1

Mushroom Bag # Set-up 1 (Average Diameter in cm)

1 20
2 16
3 12
4 18
5 12
6 14
7 15
8 13
9 15
10 18
11 14
12 18
13 14
14 15
15 10
16 13
17 14
18 12
19 11
20 15
21 18
22 16
23 15
24 12
25 17
Total 367
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Mean 14.68

25

20
diameter (in cm)

15

10

0 mushroom bag

Figure 3. Mushroom’s Diameter (in cm) in Set-up 1

The total diameter (in cm) of twenty-five (25) Pleurotus ostreatus in Set-up I was 367cm

with a mean value of 14.68cm as shown in Table 2 and Figure 3.

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Table 3 . Mushroom's Average Diameter (in cm) in Set-up II

Mushroom Bag # Set-up 2 (Average Diameter in cm)

1 12
2 10
3 8
4 12
5 11
6 11
7 14
8 11
9 15
10 16
11 10
12 9
13 14
14 12
15 8
16 10
17 11
18 13
19 12
20 10
21 14
22 10
23 8
24 12
25 9
Total 282
Mean 11.28
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16
18

16

14

12
diameter (in cm)

10

0
Figure 4. Mushroom’s Diameter (in cm) in Set-up II

In Set-up II, there was a total of 282cm in diameter for twenty-five (25) Pleurotus ostreatus
bags with a mean value of 11.28cm as shown in Table 3 and Figure 4.
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Table 4. Mushroom’s Average Weight (in grams) Per Bag in Set-up 1

Mushroom Bag # Set-up 1

Average Fresh Weight (gms)/bag
1 310
2 250
3 220
4 200
5 210
6 220
7 235
8 225
9 272
10 291
11 250
12 296
13 235
14 278
15 205
16 216
17 222
18 220
19 215
20 270
21 318
22 303
23 272
24 232
25 290
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Total 6,255
Mean 250.2

350

300

250
weight (in grams)

200

150

100

50

0
mushroom bag

Figure 5. Mushroom’s Weight (in grams) in Set-up I

In Set-up 1, there was a total of six thousand two hundred fifty-five (6,255) grams for

twenty-five (25) Pleurotus ostreatus as shown in Table 4 and Figure 5.

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Table 5. Mushroom’s Average Weight (in grams) Per Bag in Set-up II

Mushroom Bag # Set-up II

Average Fresh Weight (gms)/bag
1 180
2 120
3 135
4 170
5 130
6 128
7 180
8 130
9 189
10 192
11 119
12 105
13 178
14 172
15 103
16 120
17 128
18 134
19 165
20 125
21 137
22 120
23 112
24 165
25 110
Total 3,547
Mean 141.88
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250

200
weight (in grams)

150

100

50

0
mushroom bag

Figure 6. Mushroom’s Weight (in grams) in Set-up II

In Set-up II, there was a total of three thousand five hundred forty-seven (3,547) grams for
twenty-five (25) Pleurotus ostreatus as shown in Table 5 and Figure 6.
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Data were collected from the different substrates and mean values were

obtained. The growth parameters of the Pleurotus ostreatus on the different substrates

were measured as follows: Diameter of Pileus: The diameter of Pileus was

determined with a ruler. Measurement was carried out from one edge of the pileus

across the stripe to the other edge. Fresh Weight of Fruit Bodies: The measurement

of the fresh weight of fruit bodies was done with a digital weighing balance.

The result of the mean value in figures and tables indicates that the substrates

containing Musa paradisiaca leaves differs significantly from the substrate without

Musa paradisiaca leaves, It performed better than the substrate without Musa

paradisiaca leaves. The results obtained indicated higher values for weight and

diameter. The improvement in growth parameters may be a result of the high content

of Musa paradisiaca leaves mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The Musa

paradisiaca leaves have a high content of lignolitic fibers with a high potential for the

development of Pleurotus ostreatus growth.

Results of the mean fresh weight of harvested Pleurotus ostreatus are shown in

Figure 5 and Figure 6

Conclusion
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Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation can be enhanced with the addition of agricultural

wastes such as Musa paradisiaca leaves. The addition of Musa paradisiaca leaves to

Cocos nucifera sawdust, Oryza sativa (rice bran and rice straw), improved the

mushroom's weight and pileus diameter as well as the number of fruiting bodies.

Musa paradisiaca contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin that promote the

growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. The Pleurotus ostreatus was successfully grown on

substrates containing a mixture of Musa paradisiaca, Cocos nucifera, and Oryza

sativa.

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the following are recommended:

The farmers must use the substrates, dried Musa paradisiaca leaves, Cocos nucifera

sawdust, Oryza sativa (rice bran and rice straw) to harvest high-quality Pleurotus ostreatus.

The local government unit should support this kind of research to encourage learners to

engage in organic farming. This research should be disseminated to agricultural agencies.

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Appendices
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Image 1. Pleurotus ostreatus

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Image 2. Weighing of Pleurotus ostreatus Using Digital Weighing Scale

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Image 3. Measuring of Pleurotus ostreatus Using a Ruler

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1kg Mushroom Spawn 10kg Dried Rice Straw

10 kg Dried Banana Leaves 10 kg Coconut Sawdust

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500 grams Lime Thermometer

20 Liters Molasses 10 kg Rice Bran/Lintok

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6.5x12.5 PP Mushroom Bag 500mL Water Sprayer

1” (diameter) PVC Neck Weighing Scale

STEP 1: COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

Collecting all needed materials used in the study

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Mixing of Substrates

(10kg rice straw+10kg of dried banana leaves+10kg Sawdust+ 10kg rice bran for Set up A)

(10 kg rice straw+10kg sawdust +10kg rice bran for Set up B)

Step 2: Preparation of the Substrate

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Step 3: Measuring Substrates

Each mushroom bag contains 1kg of substrates

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Step 4: Pasteurization

Pasteurizing fruiting bags for 8-10hours at 75 Degrees Celcius

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Step 5: Cooling for 5 hours

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Putting of 1” PVC Neck

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Step 6: Inoculation

Fruiting bag with 1 tablespoon or 20grams of mushroom spawn then inoculated for 30-60days
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Set-Up 1 (Substrates: Banana leaves, Rice Straw, Coconut Sawdust, and Rice Bran)

Set Up 2 (Substrates: Rice Straw, Coconut Sawdust, and Rice Bran)

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Week 1

Mycelium expands through the Substrates

Week 2

Colonization of the mycelium

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Week 3

Mycelium starts to grow

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Week 4

Ready for Fruiting

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and Environmental Impact. 2nd. Boca Raton, Fla, USA: CRC Press; 2008.
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4. Deepalakshmi K, Mirunalini S (2014) Pleurotus ostreatus: An Oyster Mushroom with
Nutritional and Medicinal Properties. J Biochem Technol 5:718–726.
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Microbiol Biotechnol 85:1321–1337
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Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 1321–1337, 2010.
8. Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards. (2017). Philippine National Standard for
Mushroom (PNS/BAFS 195:2017) Central Luzon State University. (2009).
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