MODULE 5

Collection of Solid Waste

 Lecture 11
Analysis of collection system (Part I)
 1. ANALYSIS OF HAUL COLLECTION SYSTEM
 To establish vehicle and labor requirements for the various collection systems and methods, the unit time
required to perform each task must be determined.
 By separating the collection activities into unit operations, it is possible to-
 Develop design data and relationship that can be used universally and
 Evaluate both the variables associated with collection activities and the variable related to the
particular location.
There are four unit operations -
 Pickup
 Haul
 At-site
 Off-route
 Pickup loaded container Hauled Container System
Deposit empty container (Conventional mode)
Container location operational sequence
1 2 3 Nd

Drive to next
Beginning of daily End of daily route
container location
route

Haul empty container s

Haul loaded
to original pickup
container
location Transfer station, MRF
or disposal site
 Deposit empty container
Container from previous location Haul Container System
location and pick up loaded (Exchange container mode)
container operational sequence
1 2 3 n

Beginning of daily
route

Haul loaded
container from
location 1
Haul empty
container End of daily route
originally at s
location 1 to 2
Transfer station, MRF
or disposal site
 hcs- haul container system
 Pickup (Phcs)
Phcs : It refers to the time spent in-
pc uc

 Picking up the loaded container (pc) dbc

 Redeposition of the container after it

has been emptied (uc)

 Driving to the next container after an

empty container has been deposited
(dbc)

Hauled Container System (Conventional mode)

2) Haul (hhcs) hcs- haul container system

 hhcs - The time required to reach the location

where the waste will be emptied, starting

when the container has been loaded on the
truck and continuing through unloading until
the truck arrives at the location where the
empty container is to be redeposited.

 It neither includes actual picking up of the

loaded container or redeposition of the empty
container nor the time spent at the location
where the waste is unloaded. Hauled Container System (Conventional mode)
hhcs
 At-Site (s)
 The time spent at the site
(landfill, MRF, transfer station)
where the system is unloaded.

 It also includes the time spent

waiting to unload as well as the
time spent unloading the wastes
from the container (HCS) or
collection vehicle (SCS).

Waste unloading
from collection
vehicle

Unloading of waste in landfill

 Off-Route (w)

 This refers to the time spent on all non-productive activities;

typically 15%.

 Many of the activities associated with off-route times are

sometimes necessary or inherent in the operation and therefore
they may be subdivided into two categories:
 Necessary – Includes:
• Time spent in check in, check out, meeting, breaks.
• Time lost due to unavoidable congestion.
e.g., weighing of
• Time spent on equipment repairs, maintenance.
collection truck before
 Unnecessary – Includes : entering transfer station
e.g., weighing of
• Time spent in personal errands volume of each
truck in platform
• Extended coffee breaks. scales
 Haul Container System

Time per trip Thcs (h/trip) = (Phcs + s + h)

The time required for a trip is the sum of the pickup time (Phcs ) , the time on site (s) and the haul time (h).

The pickup time (h/trip) may be expressed as follows: Phcs = pc + uc + dbc

pc = time required to pick up loaded container (h/trip)

uc = time required to pick up empty container (h/trip)
dbc = time required to drive between container location
 Co-relation between average haul speed and round-trip
 The pickup (Phcs) and at-site (s) times are relatively haul distance for waste collection vehicles (a rectangular
hyperbola)
constant but haul time depends on haul speed and
distance. From an analysis of a considerable
amount of haul data for various types of collection
vehicles, from figure right, it has been found that --

The haul time (h/trip) may be expressed as a function

of the distance traveled:

h = a + bx

a = empirical haul-time constant (h/trip)

b = empirical haul-time constant (h/m)
Source: Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S.,
x = average round-trip haul distance (m/trip) 1993. Integrated solid waste management: Engineering
principles and management lssues. McGraw-Hill.)
Number of trips Nd = [ H (1-w) – (t1 + t2 )] / Thcs

Nd = No. of trips per day (trips/d)

H = length of work day (h/d)
w = off-route factor, expressed as a fraction
t1 = time to drive between dispatch station (garage) to first container location to be serviced for the day (h)
t2 = time to drive between last container location to be serviced for the day to the dispatch station (garage) (h)
Thcs = pickup time per trip,(h/trip)
 NUMERICALS
 Determinations of haul speed constants
 The following average speeds were obtained for various round-trip distances to a disposal site. Find the haul
speed constants a and b and the round-trip haul time for a site that is located 11.0 mi away.

Round-trip distance Average haul speed Total time (h = x/y),

(x), mi/trip (y), mi/h h

2 17 0.12
5 28 0.18
8 32 0.25
12 36 0.33
16 40 0.40
20 42 0.48
25 45 0.56
Solution :
1. The basic haul-speed equation (a rectangular hyperbola) is-
𝑥
y=
𝑎+𝑏𝑥

The linearized form of this equation is- ?

𝑥
= h = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑦

2. Plotting x/y, which is the total haul travel time

versus the round-trip distance as shown -

3. Determination of the haul-time constants a and b.

When x = 0, a = intercept value = 0.080 h/trip, b = slope of line = (0.2 h/trip) / (10 mi/trip) = 0.020 h/mi (0.012 h/km)
4. Evaluation of the round-trip haul time for a site that is located 11.0 mi away.

Round-trip distance = 2 (11.0 mi/trip) = 22 mi/trip

Round-trip haul time, h = a + bx

= 0.080 h/trip + (0.02 h/mi) (22 mi/trip)

= 0.52 h/trip

Additional Comments:
 When determining the time required to travel to the disposal site in the field the times should be determined at
approximately the same times the collection vehicles will be traveling to and from the unloading location.

 Haul time data collected during working hours will include the effects of traffic congestion, weather conditions,
and so on.
ANALYSIS OF HAUL CONTAINER SYSTEM
Problem statement:

 Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected on large containers (drop boxes), some of
which will be used in conjunction with stationary compactors.

 Based on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the average time to drive from the garage to
the first container location (t1) and from the last container location (t2) to the garage each day will be 15
and 20 min, respectively.

 If the average time required to drive between containers is 6 min and one-way distance to disposal site is
15.5 mi (25km) (speed limit 55mi/h (88.5 km/h)), determine the number of containers that can be
emptied per day, based on an 8-h workday.

 Assume off route factor (W) = 0.15.

 Representative data to use for computing equipment
Solution:
and labor requirements for various collection systems
Determining the pickup time per trip:
Phcs = pc + uc + dbc
Using, pc + uc = 0.4 h/trip (Refer table right)
dbc = 0.1 h/trip (given)
Phcs = (0.4+0.1) h/trip = 0.5 h/trip
Determining the time per trip:
Thcs = (Phcs + s + a +bx)
Phcs = 0.5 h/trip (calculated)
Therefore, s = 0.133 h/trip (Refer figure right)

Source: Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S.,

1993. Integrated solid waste management: Engineering
principles and management lssues. McGraw-Hill.)
a = 0.016 h/trip (refer figure right) Co-relation between average haul speed and round-trip
haul distance for waste collection vehicles
b = 0.018 h/trip (refer figure right)
Thcs = [0.5 + 0.133 + 0.016 + 0.018 (2 × 15.5)] h/trip
= 1.21 h/trip
Determining no. of trips that can be made per day:
Nd = [H (1-W) – (t1 + t2)] / Thcs
Using, H = 8 h (given)
W = 0.15 (assumed)
t1 =15/60 = 0.25 h (given)
t2 = 20/60 = 0.33 h (given)
Thcs =1.21 h/trip
Therefore, Nd = [8(1-0.15) – (0.25+.33)]/1.21
Source: Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. and Vigil, S.,
= (6.8 – 0.58)/1.21 1993. Integrated solid waste management: Engineering
principles and management lssues. McGraw-Hill.)
= 5.14 trips/d Use Nd = 5.0 trips/d
Determining the actual length of the workday:
5 trips/d = [H (1-0.15) – 0.58]/1.21 [Putting in formula of Nd]
= 7.80 h
(essentially, 8h)

Additional comments:
 Where fractional equipment and labor requirements are obtained, the use of large containers and
reduced collection frequency should be investigated.

 If it is assumed that no off-route activities occur during times t1 and t2, the theoretically 5.21 trips/d
could be made. Again, only 5 trips/d would be made in an actual operation.

 If, however, the number of trips per day that could be made were 5.8, for example, it may be cost-
effective to pay the driver for the overtime and make 6 trips/d.
Thank you