A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-1

Testbank:

https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-guide-to-sql-9th-edition-pratt-
111152727x-9781111527273/

Solution Manual

https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-guide-to-sql-9th-edition-
pratt-111152727x-9781111527273/

Chapter 2: Database Design Fundamentals

Solutions

Answers to Review Questions

1. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event.

2. An attribute is a property of an entity.
3. A relationship is an association between tables (entities). A one-to-many relationship
between two tables is a relationship in which each row in the first table can be
associated with many rows in the second table, but each row in the second table is
associated with only one row in the first table.
4. A repeating group is multiple entries in a single location in a table.
5. A relation is a two-dimensional table in which the entries in the table are single-valued
(each location in the table contains a single entry), each column has a distinct name (or
attribute name), all values in a column are values of the same attribute, the order of the
rows and columns is immaterial, and each row contains unique values.
6. A relational database is a collection of relations.
7. For each table, you write the name of the table and then within parentheses list all of
the columns in the table. Underline the primary keys.
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE)
TRIP (TRIP_ID, TRIP_NAME, START_LOCATION, STATE, DISTANCE,
MAX_GRP_SIZE, TYPE, SEASON)
GUIDE (GUIDE_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, HIRE_DATE)
RESERVATION (RESERVATION_ID, TRIP_ID, TRIP_DATE, NUM_PERSONS,
TRIP_PRICE, OTHER_FEES, CUSTOMER_NUM)
TRIP_GUIDES (TRIP_ID, GUIDE_NUM)

8. To qualify the name of a field, indicate the table in which the field appears. You do this
by preceding the name of the field with the name of the table and a period.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-2
9. A column (attribute), B, is functionally dependent on another column, A (or possibly a
collection of columns), if at any point in time a value for A determines a single value
for B.
10. Column A (or a collection of columns) is the primary key for a table if (1) All columns
in the table are functionally dependent on A and (2) No subcollection of the columns in
A (assuming A is a collection of columns and not just a single column) also has
property 1. The primary key of the CUSTOMER table is the CUSTOMER_NUM
column. The primary key of the TRIP table is the TRIP_ID column. The primary key
of the GUIDE table is the GUIDE_NUM column. The primary key of the
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-3

RESERVATION table is the RESERVATION_ID column. The primary key of the

TRIP_GUIDES table is the combination of the TRIP_ID and GUIDE_NUM columns.
11. Functional dependencies:
DEPARTMENT_NUM → DEPARTMENT_NAME
ADVISOR_NUM → ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_NUM
COURSE_CODE → DESCRIPTION
STUDENT_NUM → STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM
STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE → GRADE

Relations:
DEPARTMENT (DEPARTMENT_NUM, DEPARTMENT_NAME)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME,
DEPARTMENT_NUM)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME,
ADVISOR_NUM
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)

DEPARTMENT

ADVISOR

STUDENT STUDENT_COURSE COURSE

12. A table (relation) is in first normal form (1NF) if it does not contain repeating groups.
13. A table (relation) is in second normal form if it is in first normal form and no nonkey
column is dependent on only a portion of the primary key. If a table is not in second
normal form, the table contains redundancy, which leads to a variety of update
anomalies. A change in a value can require not just one change, but several. There is
the possibility of inconsistent data. Adding additional data to the database may not be
possible without creating artificial values for part of the key. Finally, deletions of
certain items can result in inadvertently deleting crucial information from the
database.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-4

14. A table is in third normal form if it is in second normal form and if the only
determinants it contains are candidate keys. A change in a value can require not just
one change, but several. There is the possibility of inconsistent data. Adding certain
additional data to the database may not be possible without creating artificial rows in
the table. Finally, deletions of certain items can result in inadvertently deleting crucial
information from the database.
15.
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME,
ADVISOR_NUM)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)

16. [Critical Thinking] If a student can have more than one advisor, there is a many-to-
many relatioship between students and advisors. Remove ADVISOR_NUM from the
STUDENT relation and add a relation STUDENT_ADVISOR)
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
STUDENT_ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, STUDENT_NUM)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)

17. [Critical Thinking] If students can repeat a course, then the STUDENT_NUM,
COURSE_CODE, YEAR, and SEMESTER determine the grade.
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME,
ADVISOR_NUM)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, YEAR, SEMESTER, GRADE)

Answers to TAL Distributors Exercises

1. NOTES: The CUSTOMER_REP table in the following lists implements the

relationship between customers and reps. If customer 126, for example, is represented
by both rep 15 and rep 30, there would be a row in the table in which the customer
number is 126 and the rep number is 15 as well as a row in which the customer
number is 126 and the rep number is 30. A row would only be allowed in the
ORDERS table if the combination of the customer number and the rep number match
a row in the CUSTOMER_REP table.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT)
CUSTOMER_REP (CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED,
QUOTED_PRICE)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-5

ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY,

STOREHOUSE, PRICE)
Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to
CUSTOMER_REP, CUSTOMER to CUSTOMER_REP, CUSTOMER_REP to
ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, and ITEM to ORDER_LINE.
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)

2. NOTES: There is no relationship between customers and reps, so there is no

REP_NUM column in the CUSTOMER table nor is there an additional table like the
CUSTOMER_REP table in Exercise 1. A row can only exist in the ORDERS table if
the customer number matches a row in the CUSTOMER table and the rep number
matches a row in the REP table.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE,
COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE,
POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE)
Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to ORDERS,
CUSTOMER to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, and ITEM to ORDER_LINE.

Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different

positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)
Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent
you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating
derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the
Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic
works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with
the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with
others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the
laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before
downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating
derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™
work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the
copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which
the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase
“Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice
indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the
work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States
without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing
access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or
appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the
work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs
1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will
be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with
the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this
work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™

License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work
or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently
displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or
immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other
than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form.
Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License
as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing,
copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you
comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access
to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be
paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or
are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does
not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You
must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works
possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all
access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in
this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees.
YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN
PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS
AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL,
DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending
a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is
also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties

or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any
disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the
state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to
make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this
agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or
cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work,
(b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project

Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of

electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals
and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely
available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and
permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To
learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and
how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit

501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state
of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue
Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is
64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal
laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date
contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official
page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without

widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable
effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not
received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any

statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside
the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™

concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with
anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the
U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including

how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe
to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.