Compilation of Grammar

Submitted to: Ernesto B. Facun Jr.

Submitted by: Alexis Jacinth S. Socorin
I
 Table of Contents
Parts of Speech…………………………………………………………… 1
Verb……………………………………………………………………………. 1
Noun…………………………………………………………………………… 1
Adjective…………………………………………………………………….. 1
Adverb………………………………………………………………………… 1
Pronoun……………………………………………………………………… 1
Interjection…………………………………………………………………. 1
Conjunction………………………………………………………………… 1
Preposition…………………………………………………………………. 1
Exercise………………………………………………………………………. 2

Determiners……………………………………………………………….. 3
Exercise……………………………………………………………………….3

Verb & Verb Tenses……………………………………………………. 4-6

Exercise………………………………………………………………………. 6

Punctuation……………………………………………………………….. 6-7
Exercise………………………………………………………………………. 7

Types of Sentences……………………………………………………. 7
Exercise……………………………………………………………………….8

Parts of Speech
There are 8 parts of speech Verb, Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Interjection, Conjunction and Preposition.
These allow us to structure a grammatically correct sentence as each has a different function within a sentence .
Verb- a verb describes an action or an experience.
E.g. run, walk, push, and eat.

Noun-a noun names a person, place, things or ideas.

E.g. house, teacher, cup, and shop.

Adjective-an adjective describes a noun or a pronoun.

E.g. short, red, beautiful, and old.

Adverb- an adverb describes a verb, an adjective or an adverb. The adverb tells us how often, how,
where or when.

Pronoun- a pronoun replace the name of a person, place, thing or idea in a sentence.
E.g. I, she, they, it.

Interjection- an interjection is used to express strong emotion and is often followed by an exclamation mark.
E.g. Wow! Or Oh!

Conjunction- a conjunction is used to connect words, phrases or clauses in a sentence.

E.g. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Preposition- a preposition describes the place, time, or direction.

It is used before a noun or a pronoun.
E.g. under, above, in, during.

1
EXERCISE
A. Direction: Encircle the noun, underline the adjective, box the verb .
1. The beautiful teapot is overheating.

2. I passed the final exams with flying colors.

3. I play my favorite video games every day.
4. I study the topics that I think was hard every night.
5. I took a men’s IQ test and I got 133 IQ points with 99 percentile.

B. Direction write two sentences with adverb, two sentences with pronoun, two sentences
with Interjection, two sentences with Conjunction and two sentences with Preposition.

2
 Determiners
There are four types of determiners in English articles, possessives, demonstratives, and quantifiers.
Determiners are words that are placed in front of a noun to help identify what the noun refers to or to
specify a quantity.

Articles- There are three types of articles in English a an and the.

A- Used before general nouns beginning with a consonant. E.g. There is a book on the desk.
An- Used before general nouns beginning with a vowel. E.g. There is an apple on the table.
The- Used with specific singular and plural nouns. E.g. The Earth.

Possessive Determiners- Possessive determiners show who owns something.

E.g. my, his, her, your, our, their. E.g. Those are my trainers. E.g. Her name is Jenny.

Demonstrative Determiners- Demonstrative determiners show which person or thing is being

referred to. In a sentence a demonstrative determiner is commonly followed by a verb.
E.g. This That These Those E.g. This is my book. E.g. Those are my shoes.

Quantifiers- Quantifiers refer to the amount or quantity of something. It can be a number or a general
quantifier. Some examples of general quantifiers are Much Many All None Few Several Etc
E.g. James has twenty books. E.g. James has many books.

Exercise
A. Write five sentences with an Article.

B. Write five sentences with a Possessive determiner.

C. Write five sentences with a Demonstrative determiner.

D. Write five sentences with a Quantifier.

3
 Verb and Verb tenses
The verb tenses tell you when the verb happened.
There are 12 verb tenses
Past, present and future and these have categories which are simple, perfect, continuous and perfect
continuous.

Past simple- this tense is used to describe an action that has already happened.
*It’s important to know Irregular verbs have different past forms.
* Structure [subject + verb in past form]
E.g. I walked to work today. She arrived late to school. I ate my lunch in the café. I saw my friend in the shop.

Past perfect- this tense is used to describe an action that was finished before another past action.
E.g. I had finished my homework to give to my teacher, but she had already left.

Past continuous- This tense is used to describe a past action that was ongoing. This action may have been
interrupted or another action also occurred.
* It’s important to know that with I / she / he / it we use was we / they / you we use were
* Structure [subject + was/ were + verb (-ing)]
E.g. I was working all day to finish my homework.

Past Perfect Continuous- this tense is used to describe an action that started in the past and continued till
another action or time in the past.
* Structure [subject + had been + verb (-ing)]
E.g. It had been raining all day, so I couldn’t walk to work.

Present simple- this tense is used to describe an action, habit or facts that are generally true and occur in the
present time.
It’s important to know that when using the subject I / you / we / they the verb doesn’t end with an s
Whereas when using the subject she / he / it the verb generally changes with n s added to the end.
*Structure [subject + verb in present form]
E.g. I walk to work every morning.

Present perfect- this tense is used to describe an action that has taken place once or many times before now.
If we are using the subject I / we / you / they we generally use have and for subjects she / he / it we use has.
* Structure [subject + have/has + verb in past form]
E.g. I have walked to school every day.

Present continuous- this tense is used to describe an action that is ongoing now.
When we are using the subject I we generally use am for subjects she / he / it we use is and for subjects we /
you / they we use are.
* Structure [subject + am/is/are + verb (-ing)]
E.g. it is snowing outside

Present perfect continuous- this tense is used to describe an experience or an action that started in the past
and is still continuing in the resent moment.
It’s important to know that when we use the subjects she / he / it we use has and for subjects I / we / you / they
we use have.
* Structure [subject + have/has been + verb (-ing)]
E.g. I have been studying for three hours now

Future simple- this tense is used to describe an action that hasn’t happened yet.
*Structure 1 [subject = am/is/are going to + verb] E.g. I am going to the shop.
* Structure 2 [subject + am/is/are + verb (-ing)] E.g. We are having dinner at the restaurant
tomorrow.
*structure 3 [subject + will/shall + verb] E.g. We will go to the market on Wednesday.

Future perfect- this tense is used to describe an action that will be completed before a specified time.
*Structure [subject + will have + verb in past form]
E.g. I will have finished my homework by tomorrow evening.

Future continuous- this tense is used to describe an action that will occur and will continue for a set period of
time in the future.
*Structure [subject + will be + verb (-ing)] E.g. I will be going to work tomorrow at 8am.

Future perfect continuous- this tense is used to describe an action that will continue up until a point in the
future
*Structure [subject + will have been + verb (-ing)]
E.g. They will have been very tired from travelling for 5 hours.

Exercise: Write a sentence for each tense.

Punctuation
*the English language has a system of symbols and signs known as ‘punctuation’.
*punctuation shows us how to structure sentences and how each sentence should be read.
Full stop- marks the end of a sentence-.
Comma- indicates a natural pause in a sentence or is used to separate items in a list-,
Question mark- indicates the end of a question- ?
Exclamation mark- marks the end of a dramatic statement or sentence-!
Quotation marks- indicates direct speech-” “
Parentheses ( round brackets )- separates extra information from the rest of the sentence or add emphasis.
Commas can replace them without changing the sentence- ( )
Square brackets- used by the editor to indicate extra info-[ ]
Slash- forward slash is used to indicate the word ‘OR’ and can be used to separate the day, month and year-/
Hyphen- used to join two words or to separate syllables in a word- -
En dash- Indicates a period of time, range of numbers or a distance- -
Em dash- long dash that can be used instead of a comma, colon or brackets. This adds emphasis or enhances
readability-
Ellipsis points- indicates omitted words or to add effect to a sentence-…

Exercise: write twenty sentences each with three punctuation mark.

Types of Sentences
There are four types of sentences Declarative sentence, Imperative
sentence, Interrogative sentence and Exclamatory sentence.

Declarative sentence- this sentence is a statement that tells us something.

* It ends with a full stop. . E.g. I went to the shop today.

Imperative sentence- this type of sentence tells someone to do something. It can be a command or a request.
* It ends with a full stop. .

Interrogative sentence-
* asks a question
*It ends with a question mark. ?

Exclamatory sentence-
* Sentence that shows strong feeling
*it ends with an exclamation mark. !

Exercise
Write 5 declarative sentences, 5 Imperative sentences, 5 Interrogative
sentences and 5 Exclamatory sentences.