Subject : Digital Fundamental

Ch-1 Logic gates

Prepared by : Patel Krupa

EC department
What is Signal?

• Signal is physical quantity, which contains some information and which is a

function of one or more independent variables.

❖ Types of signals:
1. Analog signal
2. Digital signal
 Analog signal:

• An analog signal is defined as the signal having continuous values. They can have infinite number
of different values.
• Examples: temperature, pressure, distance, sound, brightness, voltage, current, power.
 Digital signal:
• A digital signal is defined as the signal which has only a
finite number of distinct values.
• Digital signal are not continuous signal. They are discrete
signal.

• Binary signal:
• A digital signal has only two distinct values, i.e. 0 and 1
then it is called as binary signal.
• Eight distinct value – octal signal
• Sixteen distinct value- hexadecimal signal
 What is system?

• A system or circuit is defined as the physical or group of devices or algorithm which performs the required
operations or the signal applied at its input.
• Types of system:
1. Analog system
2. Digital system

• Analog system:
• The circuits that process the analog signals are called as analog system. This system are being used for long
time.
• Ex.- Filters, amplifier, signal generators
 Analog Vs Digital system:
Analog Digital
• Less accurate • High accuracy
• Affected more by the unwanted electrical • Less affected by noise.
disturbance called noise.
• Stored data in the form of wave signal • Stored data in the form of binary bit
• Less reliable • Highly reliable system
• Do not have memory • Have memory
• Difficult to take accurate reading • Information and data can be stored and processed.

• Example of Digital system:

1. In communication system
2. Traffic control
3. Industrial Application
4. Medical treatment
5. Digital TV
6. Digital cameras
7. Digital Computers
 Logic gates
• Logic gates are electronic circuits that operate on one or more input signals and produce an
output signal.
• Logic gates are the logic circuits which act as basic building block of any digital system.
• The relationship between input and the output based on certain logic.
❖ Truth table:
• The operation of a logic gate or circuit can be best understood with the help of a table called
truth table.
• The truth table consists of all the possible combinations of the inputs and the corresponding
state of output produced by that logic gate or logic circuits.
❖ Boolean expression:
• The relation between the inputs and the outputs of a gate can by expressed mathematically by
means of the Boolean expression.
Types of Logic:
• The high and low voltage levels of the output voltage can be assigned to represent logic 0 or logic
1 levels by using two different types of logic.

High level
Digital output
circuit
low level
output
1. Positive logic:
• If the circuit consider the high level as a binary 1 and low level as a binary 0 then it is called as
Positive logic system.
• Logic 0 (LOW) : 0 v Logic 1 (HIGH) : 5 v

2. Negative logic :
• If 1 is presented by low level and 0 by high level the system is called as the Negative logic system.
• Logic 0 (LOW) : 5 v Logic 1 (HIGH) : 0 v
Classification of Logic Gates

Logic Gates

Universal Special
Basic Gates purpose Gates
Gates

NOT Gate NAND Gate XOR Gate

AND Gate XNOR Gate

NOR Gate

OR Gate
NOT Gate or Inverter:
❖ Definition:
• The NOT gate is a logic gate that produces an inverted version or complement of its input. It is also known
as an Inverter.

❖ Logic symbol:

❖ Truth Table:

❖ Boolean Expression: Y = A
AND Gate:
❖ Definition:
• AND gate performs the logical multiplication on its inputs.
• The output is High if and only if all the inputs to the AND gate are high (1).
• AND Gate can have two or more inputs and only one output.
❖ Logic symbol:

❖ Truth Table:

❖ Boolean Expression:
Y = A.B
• Multiple input AND Gates:
OR Gate:
❖ Definition:
• An OR gate performs the logical addition on its inputs therefore its output will be high (1) if any
one or both the inputs are high (1).
• Its output will be low (0) if and only if both the inputs are simultaneously low (0).
❖ Logic Symbol and Truth table :

❖ Boolean Expression:
Y= A+B
• Multiple input AND Gates:
Universal Gates:
• The NAND and NOR gates are called as universal gates because it is possible to implement any
Boolean expression with the help of only NAND and NOR gate. Therefore user can build any
logical circuit with the help of only NAND or NOR gate.
✔ NAND gate:
• The term NAND gate can be split as NOT-AND.
• Thus a NAND gate is equivalent to an AND gate followed by an inverter.
• A LOW output results only if all the inputs to the gate are HIGH; if any input is LOW, a HIGH
output results
❖ Logic symbol and truth table:
• Multiple input NAND gate:
NOR gate:
• The term NOR gate can be split as NOT-OR.
• Thus a NOR gate is equivalent to an OR gate followed by an inverter.
• The output of a NOR gate is high(1) if and only if all its inputs are low(0) simultaneously.
❖ Logic symbol and Truth Table:
• Multiple input NOR gate
Special Purpose Gate:
❖ EX-OR gate:
• They are also called derived gate.
• Full form is Exclusive – OR gate.
• When both inputs are at identical logic level(A=B), the output is high (1) when A ≠ B

❖ Logic symbol and Truth table:

❖ Application:
1. As a magnitude comparator
2. In the binary to gray code converter
3. In the adder and subtractor circuit.
The EX-NOR Gate:
• Full form is Exclusive NOR means not exclusive OR
• Its equivalent to an EX-OR gate followed by a NOT gate.
• The output of an EX-NOR gate is high (1) if both the inputs are identical (A =B) and the output is
low(0) if the inputs are not identical (A ≠ B).
❖ Logic symbol and Truth Table:

❖ Application:
1. As even parity generator
2. As a comparator.