Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Transformer Differential
Protection Setting
Calculations
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Objectives

Examine CT performance

Calculate winding “tap” values

Determine 87T pickup points

- Determine variable percentage slope breakpoints
- Determine harmonic restraint values

Determine 87H pick up

Determine 87GD pick up

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

CT Performance

Class “C” CTs have established secondary

voltage/burden curves that are used to predict linear
performance
Operating a CT at values above the “kneepoint” on the
curve invite unfaithful replication of the primary
waveform and saturation
Unfaithful replication (including saturation) between
measurement CTs in a differential protection causes
misoperation
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Class “C” CTs

Class “C” CTs are designed to “faithfully” replicate

primary currents to within +/- 10%

Class designations designate maximum secondary CT

circuit voltage at standard burden that can be applied to
maintain accuracy
- Zrated = Voltage Class / 20 * Rated Secondary Current
- Zrated = C800 / 20 * 5A = 8 Ω,  800V at 8Ωburden
- Zrated = C200 / 20 * 5A = 2 Ω,  200V at 2Ωburden
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Class “C” CT Performance Curve

More than 100V secondary and you’re in trouble

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

CT Performance: +/- 10%

10%

1%

0.1%

1 pu 10 pu

Accuracy curve for Class “C” 2000:5 multitap CT

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

CT Performance
CT Secondary, IS CT Primary, IP

0 t

ID = IP-IS

Comparison of primary to secondary waveforms with saturation

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

CT Performance Calculation
Use with Class “C” CTs
Determine maximum primary phase and ground
fault current

Calculate secondary current based on CTR and CT

connection type (wye or delta)

Determine secondary CT circuit burden

Determine maximum secondary voltage produced

from burden with secondary fault currents

Check maximum secondary voltage against CT

capability
 DifTerraenntsiafloPrrmoteerctSioenttSinetgtinCgaClcaluclualatitoionnss

Fault Types and Currents in Secondary

Circuits

For WYE connected CTs, to obtain secondary current,

use: (1X) I PRI / CTR = I SEC
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Fault Types and Currents in Secondary

Circuits

For Delta connected CTs, to obtain secondary current,

use: (1.73) I PRI / CTR = I SEC
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Burden Calculation

Determine all device burdens in secondary circuit

- Relays, meters, instrumentation

Determine lead burden

- Use wire tables (AWG @ ohms/ft)

Determine CT impedance

Use CT data sheet (typ. 0.4 ohm or less)

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Equivalent circuit of the CT Secondary wiring

Where RCT is CT burden (internal)
RW total resistance of the ct secondary wiring.
RR is relay burden
VS = I (RCT + RW + RR)
Where Iis the fault current and V S is the ct secondary voltage. In order to make sure that the
ct is in the linear range (to avoid ac saturation of the ct’s), VS should be less than the
knee-point voltage of the ct excitation characteristics. (See IEEE Guide for the Application
of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110-
1996).
RCT RW RR

VS

Equivalent circuit of the CT secondary wiring

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Burden Calculation
Example
Relay = 0.5VA @ 5 A
RR = VA/A2 , RR = 0.5/25 = 0.02 

R W= 2  (roundtrip)

R CT = 0.20 

Total = 2.22 
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Secondary CT Circuit Voltage

Assume maximum secondary current of 90A and wye CTs

V S= I (RCT + RW + RR) *(F-)

- (F-) = delta or wye CT factor
- Use 1 for wye; use 1.73 for delta

V S= 90 x 2.22 * (1) = 199.8 V

V s*2 = 199.8 * 2 = 399.6 V

- The 2X factor accounts for full DC offset

Use at least a C400

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Power-Current Conversion

Used to determine current at rated transformer capacity

- Normally pick highest rating of multiple MVA rated
transformers

Allows “nominalization” of the transformer windings

Used to obtain “tap” that is digitally set

I tap = VA / [3 * VLL] * CTR

This accommodates:
- Transformer winding ratios
- CT ratios
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Calculating “Tap”

Wye

Use highest rating as basis for tap calculations

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Calculating “Tap”

This nominalizes the current flow with respect to transformation ratios and
CT ratios
Rated power passing through any winding would yield these currents to the
protection system
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Phase Shift Compensation

From 3-Line Diagram, determine transformer and CT

winding arrangements

Example

-W1 = DAC, wye CTs

wye
-W2 = DAC, wye CTs
-W3 = Wye, wye CTs
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87T

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87T

87T Pickup
- Set above the magnetizing current and other CT inaccuracies
- 0.2 to 0.4 p.u. (typical setting)
Slope 1
- Set to accommodate +/- 10% CT inaccuracies
- LTC adds another +/- 10%
- Used for currents < 2X nominal
- Typically set for 25% to 30% (can be set lower for non LTC
transformers)
Slope 2 “breakpoint”
- Typically set at 2X rated current
- This setting assumes that any current over 2X rated is a fault
condition and is used to desensitize the element against
unfaithful replication of currents due to CT saturation
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87T

Slope 2
- Typically set at 50% to 70%
- Prevents relay misoperation for though faults with CT
saturation.
Inrush Restraint (2 nd and 4th harmonic)
- Typically set from 10-20%
- Employ cross phase averaging (harmonic sharing)
blocking for security – especially for modern
transformers where the harmonic content is low
Overexcitation Restraint (5 th harmonic)
- Typically set at 30%
- Raise 87T pickup to 0.60 pu during overexcitation
- No cross phase averaging is needed, as the
magnetizing currents during overexcitation condition
are symmetrical
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87H

87H Pickup
- Typically set at 8 to 12 pu rated current
- This value should be set to above the maximum
possible inrush current.
- Relay oscillograph analysis software can be used
determine the inrush current level and fine tune the
setting.
- Also, need to know if the high set element uses
fundamental component of current (typically the case)
or total RMS current and set the pickup appropriately.
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Trip Characteristic – 87GD

87GD Pickup
- Element normally uses directional comparison between
phase residual current (3I0) and measured ground current
(IG). The element becomes non-directional when the 3I0
current is small (example < 140 ma).
- Pickup of 0.2 to 0.5 A (5A rated CTs) can be applied when
using same ratio CTs on both phase and ground circuits.
- When CT correction factor higher than 1.0 is applied, the
pickup needs to be increased to account for noise
amplification due to high CT ratio correction.
- Use 6 cycle time delay to provide security against
misoperations during external phase-to-phase to ground
faults with CT saturation. The time delay must not be set
below 2 cycles.
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Improved Ground Fault Sensitivity

138KV
40A/1.73*40/1=0.58A
200/5
Typical Pickup of 87T:
O.3 pu pickup
40A/1.73
Relay Tap set at Trans.
87T Rating (45MVA)
45 MVA
IFL138KV = 4.71 A
400A I=0
PU = 4.71A x 0.3 = 1.41A
R 400A

Open

2000/5

13.8KV

WITHOUT GROUND DIFF. (87GD) THERE IS NO

HIGHSPEED PROTECTION FOR SEC. GND FAULTS
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

DIGITAL TRANSFORMER
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY SETTING EXAMPLE
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Sample Calculation – 87 T

14,400/120
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87T Sample Calculation

Calculating Differential Set Points and System Setup
Transformer Size – MVA Rating
Voltage Taps – No Load
Transformer Connection
Current Transformer Ratios
Current Transformer Connection
Voltage Transformer Ratios
Voltage Transformer Connections
— L-G or L-L
LTC Tap Information
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87T Sample Calculation

14,400/120

Delta AB
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87T Sample Calculation

COMMUNICATES
PHASING TO RELAY

COMMUNICATES
METERING DATA TO RELAY
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87T Sample Calculation W-2 Delta CT’S

COMMUNICATES
PHASING TO RELAY

COMMUNICATES
METERING DATA TO RELAY
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 1 -Check CT and Relay Input Ratings
Sample Transformer Ratings:
OA/FA/FA = 30/40/50 MVA

Short Time Rating of this transformer is

1.35 x 50 MVA = 67.5 MVA

Relay current input is rated at 2X Nominal Rating

i.e. 5A relay = 10 AMPS continuous

I67.5 MVA W-2 PRI= 67.500 KVA/13.8KVx3=2827A

I67.5 MVA W-2 SEC = 2827/600/1 = 4.71 A

For  CTs relay gets

4.71x 3= 8.15A <10A Sec. Winding (W2) OK

I67.5 MVA W-1 PRI = 67.500 KVA/70.35KVx3=554.6A

I67.5 MVA W-1 SEC = 554.6/120/1 = 4.62A <10A Pri. Winding (W1) OK
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 2 : Select W1 & W2 Tap Settings Balance at OA Rating

3 HandledBy
Relay

2.09A
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 2 : Select W1 & W2 Tap Settings Balance at OA Rating

TAP VALUES
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 3: Select minimum pickup of 87T
• ick up should be set to prevent operation of 87T
P
due to transformer steady-state excitation current.
•Typical Transformer excitation current ~1% = .01 pu
•CTError 10% =.10 pu
•LTC Error 10%= .10 pu
•Saftey Margin Typical 5% = .05 pu
26 % .26 pu
•Typical setting is 0.26 to 0.35 p.u.
Select p.u. at 0.3
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 3: Select minimum pickup of 87T

MINIMUM
PICKUP
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Step 4: Select Slope # 1 Setting

Slope 1
The setting of Slope #1 should be set according to various possible errors:
1. Tapchanger operations in the power transformer (worst case 10%)
10%
2. CT mismatch due to ratio errors. Errors can be as high
as  10% 10%
3. Transformer excitation current (typical current of 1%) 1%
4. Relay measurement error 5%
Set Slope # 1 = 30%
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Step 4: Select Slope # 1 Setting

SLOPE #1
SETTING
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Step 5: Select slope #2 Setting

• rovides security for high fault current levels outside
P
the differential zone where CT inputs can saturate.
•Factors effecting CT saturation
- Residual magnetism in CT core
- CT characteristic mismatch
- CT circuit burden
•CTBurden Check
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation

Step 5: Select Slope #2 Setting

Typical Slope #2 Settings is Twice

Slope #2
60%
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 5: Select Slope #2 Setting

SLOPE #2
SETTING
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation

Step 6: Select Break Point between Slope

1 and Slope 2
•Breakpoint is crossover from Slope 1 to Slope 2

Typical Breakpoint = 2.0

 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Step 6: Select Break Point between Slope

1 and Slope 2

BREAK POINT
BETWEEN SLOPES
1 AND 2
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 7: Select Inrush Harmonic Restraint
•Relay uses 2 nd and 4th harmonics
•Percent harmonics defined as –
•Amount of 2 nd and 4th harmonics depend on:
- Magnetizing characteristics of transformer core
- Residual magnetism incore
•Typical Settings
-15% for most transformers
-can be 10% or lower on new transformers with low
core losses and steep magnetizing curves. Setting below 10%
risks blocking for internal faults.
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 7: (continued)
Cross Phase Averaging (recommended)
- Inrush harmonic level different in each phase
- Cross phase averaging means each phase restrains on
harmonics in other phases. For example:
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Step 7: Select Inrush Harmonic Restraint

INRUSH HARMONIC
RESTRAINT
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 8: Select Overexcitation Harmonic Restraint

•M-3311 uses 5 th harmonic.

• verexcitation (V/Hz) produces high amounts of
O
5th harmonic current.
• 7Tin M-3311 shifts minimum pickup to higher
8
value, typically 150 to 200% of normal 87T p.u.

Typical setting is 200% X 87T pickup, or 0.3 X

200% = 0.6 p.u.
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 8: (continued)

Typical setting is 30%

• mount of 5 th harmonic depends on transformer

A
core magnetizing characteristics.

• ocross phase averaging – Overexcitation is

N
symmetrical.
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 8: Select Overexcitation Harmonic Restraint

OVEREXCITATION
HARMONIC RESTRAINT
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

Step 9: Setting 87H Unrestrained High Set

Differential
•87Hfunction is not blocked by any harmonic
restraint
• ickup must be set above first peak of inrush
P
current
• 7His used in almost all transformer differentials
8
to overcome restraint of 87T due to CT saturation for
high internal transformer faults
•Typical pickup setting is 8 to 12 p.u.

Set at 10 p.u.
Set delay at 1 cycle
 Differential Protection Setting Calculations

87 T Sample Calculation
Step 9: Setting 87H Unrestrained High Set Differential

UNRESTRAINTED
HIGHSET DIFF.

©2008 Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.