KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

HYDRAULICS

Pipe Networks

Lecturer: Charles Onyutha

[email protected]
C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

 provide basis for:

• design of new systems

• extension of existing systems

 entail determination of: so as to satisfy two conditions:

• pipe flow rates • Continuity

• pressure heads • Energy conservation

Flow and pressure distribution across a network are affected by:

• arrangement of pipes
• sizes of the pipes
• distribution outflows
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

 Continuity

The sum of flow rates into and out of a node should be zero

 Energy conservation

The sum of head losses in the pipes together with any heads

generated by in-line booster pump, around any closed loop

formed is zero

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

A
B
vAD pD
zA g vBD
zB
D
vDC
zD

C
zC

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

Energy equation for each pipe

2
pD LAD VAD
ZA  ZD   f AD
g DAD 2 g
2
pD LBD VBD
ZB  ZD   f BD
g DBD 2 g
2
pD LDC VDC
ZD   ZC  f DC
g DDC 2 g
pD
Three energy equations but four unknowns , VAB , VBD , VDC and
g

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

Energy equation for each pipe

2
pD LAD VAD
ZA  ZD   f AD
g DAD 2 g
2
pD LBD VBD
ZB  ZD   f BD
g DBD 2 g
2
pD LDC VDC
ZD   ZC  f DC
g DDC 2 g
pD
Three energy equations but four unknowns , VAB , VBD , VDC and
g
Consider conservation of mass at the node

AADVAD  ABDVBD  ADC VDC

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses
While neglecting local losses, find the discharge through pipes 1, 2, and 3
if the difference in the water levels between the two reservoirs is 11m.

From the first reservoir to the node where pipes 1 and 2 meet, the head
loss due to friction in pipe 1 is equal to that in 2.

h f (1)  h f ( 2) ................(1)
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

L1 V12 L2 V22
From (1) 1  2 .......................(2)
D1 2 g D2 2 g

Q1 Q1
V1    509.6Q1 ..................(3)
A1   0.0252

Q2 Q2
V2    88.5Q2 .....................( 4)
A2   0.06 2

Q3 Q3
V3    127.4Q3 ..................(5)
A3   0.052

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

70  509.6Q1  80 88.5Q2 
2 2

From (2) 0.114  0.088

0.05 2  9.81 0.12 2  9.81

Q1  0.105Q2 ......................................(6)

Continuity Equation Q3  Q1  Q2

Q3  0.105Q2  Q2  1.105Q2 .............(7)

Energy equation between the two reservoirs ignoring local losses

H  h f (1)  h f ( 3) ....................................(8)
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses

L1 V12 L3 V32
From (8) H  1  3 .................(9)
D1 2 g D3 2 g
Bringing Equation (5) for V3 as well as Equation (7) for Q3 into Equation (9)

80 88.5Q2  110 127.4 1.105Q2 

2 2

11  0.088  0.114
0.12 2  9.81 0.1 2  9.81

Solving Q2 from above Q2  0.00856m3s1

Using Equation (6) Q1  0.00089m3s1
Using Equation (7) Q3  0.00946m3s1

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(1) Pipes in series

Pipes can have the same or different:

• size (s)
• absolute roughness(es), etc
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(1) Pipes in series

L V2
hf  f
D 2g
L
hf  f Q 2

DA2 2 g

h f  wQ2

L
w f
DA 2 2 g
NOTE: w is used interchangeably with K

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(1) Pipes in series

h f 1  w1Q 2 h f 1  h f 2  w3Q2

w1Q2  w2Q2  w3Q2

h f 2  w2Q 2

w3  w1  w2

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(2) Pipes in parallel

Q  Q1  Q2

Head loss in pipe 1 = head loss in pipe 2

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(2) Pipes in parallel

1
 hf  2
h f  w1Q Q1  
 w 
2

 1 1
 hf 2
h f  w2Q2 Q2  
 w 
 2
h f  w3 Q1  Q2 
2

2
 hf hf 
h f  w3   
 w1 w2 
 
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(2) Pipes in parallel

 hf hf 2h f 
h f  w3    
 w1 w2 w1w2 


1 1  hf hf 2h f 
    
w3 h f  w1 w2 w1w2 

1
 1 1 2 
w3     
 w1 w2 w1w2 


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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(3) Pipes in a network

Computations of flow rates when dealing with network pipes are

not straightforward and requires iterations

Factors to consider in analyses of pipes in a closed loop

• At each node, the flow follows continuity principle
• Sum of head losses around any closed loop is zero
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(3) Pipes in a network

=> The first step is to guess flow rates
=> Then apply correction factors to the flow rates before proceeding

Correction factor

h f  wQ2 Frictional losses along a pipe

If the flow is estimated with error ΔQ

h f  w Q  Q 
2


h f  w Q  2Q.Q   Q 
2 2

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(3) Pipes in a network


h f  w Q  2Q.Q   Q 
2 2

Assuming ΔQ to be small and neglecting (ΔQ)2


h f  w Q2  2Q.Q 
Round a closed loop ∑hf = 0, and ΔQ is the same for each pipe

 f 
h  wQ 2
 2Q wQ  0

Q   

 2
wQ Q
wQ
2 wQ 2 wQ Correction factor

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes

(3) Pipes in a network

The correction factor can also be expressed in terms of the head loss

Q  
 wQ 2

2 wQ
ΔQ is based on the
Darcy-Weisbach
Equation and is used

Q  
 wQ 2


 h in HARDY-CROSS
Q2 2 h /Q
2 w
METHOD
Q
h = head loss based on estimated flow Q

NOTE: w is used interchangeably with K

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
Using Hardy Cross Method, determine the flows in the
pipes of the below network.

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
First guess

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
ITERATION 1

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
ITERATION 2

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
ITERATION 3

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
ITERATION 3

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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
(1) Determine the flow rates in the various pipes using the Hardy Cross method.
30 m3/h
K=2 K=1 12 m3/h
R S T
K=4

K=2

K=1
U K=3 V K=5 W 8 m3/h
3 m3/h

K=3
K=3

X K=1 Y
7 m3/h
(2) Determine the variation of the correction factors with iterations in the form of a graph.
Comment on your results.
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
(1) Determine the flow rates in the various pipes using the Hardy Cross method.
20 m3/h
K=1 K=4 T 8 m3/h
R S
K=2

K=4

K=3
K=2

U K=1 V K=2 W 2 m3/h

K=5
K=3
K=2

X K=1 Y
10 m3/h
(2) Determine the variation of the correction factors with iterations in the form of a graph.
Comment on your results.
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C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda

Pipe Networks
(1) Determine the flow rates in the various pipes using the Hardy Cross method.
24 m3/h
K=1 K=4 T 11 m3/h
R S
K=2

K=3
K=4
U K=1 V K=2 W 4 m3/h

K=3

K=5
K=3
K=2

X K=1 Y
9 m3/h
(2) Determine the variation of the correction factors with iterations in the form of a graph.
Comment on your results.
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