CHAPTER ONE

Neighborhood unit is an integrated planned area to the large community of which it is part
consisting of residential districts, physically contained in respect of the daily necessities of life
(perry,1929)
According to Whittick,1974 define a neighborhood as an urban area related to large community
of which is the parts and consist of residential district ,shopping facilities ,open spaces ,schools
,religious buildings etc
Neighborhood planning concepts
They are divided into two which are traditional concepts and contemporary concepts whereby
the traditional concepts involves ancient scholars including Clarence perry,Le-
coubosier,Radburn to mention but few.
Traditional planning concepts.
These include;-clarence perry planning concept
Radburn neighborhood concept
Le- coubosier neighborhood concept
Precinct planning concept
Clarence perry planning concept
The founder of this concept is Clarence Perry in the year1929,
Clarence perry proposed six principles that define a neighborhood unit these are
a) School
He proposed that the elementary school should be located at the centre of the neighborhood
making it possible for the children to walk not more than a half a mile to school.
The school should contain population between 1000-1200 children.
b) Boundaries
According to him the boundary of the neighborhood should be the major roads
this is to prevent through traffic in the residential districts
c) Open spaces
He proposed that 10%of the area should be Left for the open spaces
d) Institutional buildings
This buildings should be located near the elementary school at the centre of the neighborhood
example religious , health etc

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e) Retail districts
Are allocated at the of the neighborhood this include shops.
f)Internal organization of streets
The minor roads are allocated in the residential districts where they connect place to place
within the neighborhood they consist of cul-de-sacs ,curved layout and light duty surfacing ,to
ensure a quite ,safe and low volume traffic movement and preservation of the residential
atmosphere.

Clarence Perry's neighborhood structure

Criticism of Clarence perry planning concept

• Was a device of social segregation thus it segregate the society into homogeneous groups

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 • Too restrictive interms of land use ie not mixed use

Concept is centralized around the city urban areas and cannot be applied to the rural areas.

Radburn neighborhood concept

The concept founders are Clarence stein and Henry wright they pr proposed that the see primary
school should be a quarter mile from the resident
Small shopping centre should be located near the elementary school
They expanded the meaning of neighborhood centre by connecting the three neighborhoods
forming a town
They aimed to eliminate through traffic by providing roads to divide the residential districts into
super blocks consisting of 50 acres
They also proposed that the living room and bedrooms facing the rear gardens while the service
room faced the access roads

Le-coubosier neighborhood planning concept

Founder of this concept was Le-coubosier an architect and planner in year 1940s emmediately
after the second world war
This was a very large vertical building which contained 18 blocks with total population of about
1600 people
Institution facilities were located at the top of the building which include school,offices
Retail shops were located at the centre to catch up with distance interms of accessibility factor
This concept was introduced for the aim of reducing urban sprawl

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New urbanism
Is an American urban design concept that arose in the early 1980s. It is a planning principle
that provides for more livable and walkable neighbourhoods in pedestrian friendly environment
Principles of New Urbanism include; -
• Walkability
• Connectivity
• Quality architecture
• Transect planning
• Increased Density
• Smart transportation
• Sustainable quality of life

The concept of Transit oriented Development (TOD)

Supporting of the new urbanism have continue to advocate walkable neighbourhoods by
implementing design concepts known as traditional neighbourhood design, Transit villages and
urban villages (Duany and Plarer 2009) ( Calthorpe and Witton 2001 as cited in Moudon et al
2006)

The concept of transit-oriented development seeks to develop compact neighbourhoods with

housing sparks, shops, offices and community facilities.

The concept of smart growth

It refers to what can be termed as guided growth of the cities towards efficiency, equity
and sustainability. The elements of smart growth include the following; -
• Mixed land use
• Increased density
• Street connectivity
• Public facilities
• Planning pedestralization ( Ye et al 2005)
The concept of Inclusive design
Means designing products, services and environment that as many people as possible can use
regardless of age or ability. ( Burton and Mitchell, 2006) has recommended 6 key principles for
achieving inclusive design concept include familiarity, legibility, distinctiveness, accessibility,
comfort and safety

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 CHAPTER TWO
• Rhythm

Usually achieved through repetition of line, shape ,colors.it create are visual tempo in artwork
and provide a path for the viewers eye to follow example as designer of neighborhood we are
able to repeat some of items like size of cluster within the neighborhood may be similar also the
size of plot may be repeat by look on the function example for all plot of residential may be the
same ,size of road are repeated by considering their function .have three types regular rhythm
irregular rhythm and progressive rhythm.
• Regular rhythm
Element are repeated exactly in every spaced arrangement flowing rhythm element is suggested
through repeating organic shape by example in neighborhood when there is some specific
interval of left in order to start put residential building from buffer zone this must follow on both
side and with similar interval.

Figure 1.7 showing regular rhythm

Irregular rhythm
Element are repeated but not in exactly in every space arrangement. The repetition of shape size
and items not have interval they repeating but randomly not have exactly space and size but
object The repetition of an element is random there is any specific interval which is limit the similar
element are repeat without having any principle and the object are Cleary arranged example in

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arrangement of plot and cluster does not required are specific interval but the proper place which are
good for its function ifs residential area, commercial area.

• can be the same Scale

In art and design the principle of scale refers to the relative size of an object compared another
typically the size of the artwork to the viewer’s body scale can refers to the size relationship of
different visuals within a singular piece of art in neighborhood design each plot have required
scale the size of road and cluster both are drawing by scale. To achieve this the drawing units,
have to be drawn to scale.
• Scale
In art and design the principle of scale refers to the relative size of an object compared another
typically the size of the artwork to the viewer’s body scale can refers to the size relationship of
different visuals within a singular piece of art in neighborhood design each plot have required
scale the size of road and cluster both are drawing by scale. To achieve this the drawing units,
have to be drawn to scale.
• Unity

As principle of design, it unifies all other principle within a piece of work all each individual
element coexists with one another to form an aesthetically pleasing design are design must
leverage all of the principle in order to achieve and successfully.

Figure 1.9 showing unity design principles

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 • Focalization
On our design we must create are focal point means are plot or cluster which have special color
differ to another and this must be good and aesthetics than another if its size of road which is
greater than another this makes a design have good visual impression and influence many people
to look at use it
Figure 1.10 showing focalization design principles

• PROPORTION

Proportion is the visual size and weight of elements in a composition and how they relate to each
other. It often helps to approach your design in sections, instead of as a whole.
Grouping related items can give them importance at a smaller size think of a box at the bottom of
your poster for ticket information or a sidebar on a website for a search bar. Proportion can be
achieved only if all elements of your design are well-sized and thoughtfully placed. Once you
master alignment, balance, and contrast, proportion should emerge organically.
Figure 1.8 showing proportional design principles

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 CHAPTER THREE
NEIGHBORHOOD.
A neighborhood is a geographical area or community within a larger city or town that is
typically characterized by its distinct features, demographics, and social interactions. It is a
localized space where people live, work, and interact with one another on a regular basis.
Neighborhoods can vary greatly in size, population density, architectural styles, amenities, and
overall atmosphere.
NEIGBORHOOD ACCORDING SIZE.
In Tanzania, neighborhoods can vary in size and characteristics depending on the location
and urban development. The country is divided into administrative regions, districts, and wards,
each with its own set of neighborhoods. Neighborhoods are typically smaller areas within a ward
or district that share common features such as proximity to amenities, social cohesion, and cultural
identity. When it comes to size, neighborhoods in Tanzania can be broadly classified into three
categories based on their area: small, medium, and large, normally in Tanzania many
neighborhoods vary to 80Ha up to 150Ha
Example Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania, is known for its diverse
neighborhoods. One example is Oyster Bay, an affluent neighbor a certain good located on the
Msasani Peninsula. Oyster Bay is characterized by its upscale residential properties, diplomatic
missions, international schools, and recreational facilities. It is a popular choice among expatriates
and upper-middle-class Tanzanians.
NEIGBORHOOD ACCORDING TO POPULATION.
A neighborhood is a geographical area within a city or town that is typically defined by its
population and characteristics. The population of a neighborhood can vary significantly depending
on various factors such as the size of the area, the density of housing, and the overall demographics
of the residents. In summary mostly neighborhood ranges to 2500 up to 6000 per specific area.
Neighborhoods with larger populations are often found in urban areas where there is a
higher concentration of people. These neighborhoods tend to have more residential buildings,
commercial establishments, and public facilities to accommodate the needs of the larger
population. On the other hand, neighborhoods with smaller populations are commonly found in
suburban or rural areas where there is more space available for housing and fewer people residing
in a given area. These neighborhoods often have a more relaxed and less crowded atmosphere
compared to their urban counterparts.
NB: The sizes and populations of neighborhood depends on Master plan of the specific
geographical location.

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SIZE OF NEIBORHOOD CENTER
A neighborhood center, also known as a community center or local center, is a physical
facility or space that serves as a hub for various activities and services within a specific
neighborhood or community. It is designed to meet the needs of the local residents by providing a
range of amenities, programs, and resources. Generally, community center range on 25 Ha in order
to serve the specific geographical activities such as market and shops.

ROADS NETWORKS AND THEIR STANDARD

According to space standard of 2018 describe the carriage way and Right of way as follows

a. Trunk road
Right of way range on 80 -120 m and Carriage way range on 8 – 12m.
b. Primary distributor
Right of way range on 60 - 80 m and Carriage way range on 6 – 8m.
c. District distributor
Right of way range on 30 – 60 and Carriage way range on 6 – 7m.
d. Local distributor
Right of way range on 20 - 30 m and Carriage way range on 5 – 6m.
e. Access road in residential area
Right of way range on 15 - 20 m and Carriage way range on 4– 6m.
f. Access road in industrial area
Right of way range on 15 - 20 m and Carriage way range on 4– 6m.
g. Access road in shopping street
Right of way range on 15 - 20 m and Carriage way range on 10m.
h. Cul de sac
Right of way range on 10 m and Carriage way range on 5m.
i. Rural roads
Right of way range on 20 - 25 m and Carriage way range on 7.5 – 10m.
j. High way within urban area
Right of way range on 45m and Carriage way range on 6 – 7m.
k. Pedestrian access
Right of way range on 5m and Carriage way range on 2m.

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STANDARD FOR PUBLIC FACILITIES
From urban space standard of 2018 describe Public facilities to be located at neighborhood
level and community level
a. Market
At Neighborhood level 1200 – 2500 metre square
At community level
0.5 – 1.5 ha
b. Religious sites
At Neighborhood level 1500 – 2000-meter square
At community level
2000 – 4000-meter square
c. Community hall
At Neighborhood level 1200 – 2500 meter square
At community level
0.5 – 1.5 ha
d. cemetery sites
At Neighborhood level 0.5 ha – 1.2ha
At community level
2.0 ha
e. Public area
At Neighborhood level 800 – 2500-meter square
At community level
0.32 – 1.5 ha

STANDARD FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS

i. High density.
Plot size 301 -600, Maximum number of house hold – 1,plot coverage 60%, plot ratio
-2.0
ii. Medium density and set back front 5, sides 1.5, rear 3.
Plot size 601 – 800, house hold 1 , plot coverage 55%, plot ratio 1.5 and set back front
7, sides 2, rear 4.
iii. Low density.
Plot size 801 – 1200 plot coverage 50%, plot ratio1.0 and set back front 10, sides 2.5,
rear 5.

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STANDARD FOR FACILITIES
• Dispensary
Plot size 1000 – 5000 sqm, plot coverage 60% , minimum plot ratio 1.5, maximum plot
ratio 3 , and set back front 10, sides 3, rear 5.
• Nursery school
Plot size 1200 – 1800 sqm, plot coverage 50% , minimum plot ratio 0.5, maximum plot
ratio 1, and set back front 10, sides 3, rear 5.
• Primary school
Plot size 1.50 – 4.5Ha, plot coverage 40% , minimum plot ratio 1.5, maximum plot ratio 3
, and set back front 15, sides 5, rear 10.

STANDARD FOR SERVICE TRADE AND INDUSTRIES.

a) Informal Trade
Plot size 2000 – 8000 sqm, plot coverage 60% , minimum plot ratio 1.2, maximum plot
ratio 2 , and set back front 15, sides 5, rear 15.
b) Small scale industries
Plot size 1200 – 5000 sqm, plot coverage 60% , minimum plot ratio 1.2, maximum plot
ratio 2, and set back front 15, sides 3, rear 3.
c) Petrol station
Plot size 2501 – 4000 sqm, plot coverage 50% , minimum plot ratio 1.5, maximum plot
ratio 3 , and set back front 10, sides 5, rear 5.
d) Fire station
Plot size 2000 – 3000sqm, plot coverage 50% , minimum plot ratio 1.5, maximum plot
ratio 2, and set back front 10, sides 5, rear 5.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY.
Community is a ward of mean of a group of people living in a particular area or district.
Also, community can be defined as a group of people living in a particular geographical area.
Ref.
4.2 PLANNING AND SPACE STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY FACILITIES
Public facilities for the community level have been explained in The Urban Planning
(Planning space standards) regulation of 2018 as follows; -
Space Area
Market (0.5-1.5) Ha
Shops/Shopping Centre (1.0-2.0) Ha
Public area (0.32-1.5) Ha
Religious site (2000-4000) sqm
Library (1500-4000) sqm
Community hall (2000-4000) sqm
Post/ Telecom 1000 sqm
Cemetery site 0.2 Ha
But also, Community Recreation Park has been explained in Cap. III Section.7 page. 7, that it
should have Plot size of (1.5-4.0) Ha, Gross Area/Person of (1.5-2.5) sqm and about population
of 10,000-20,000.
Nevertheless, Minimum planning and space standards for passive recreation have been explained
in Cap. III Section. 9 page 8 as follows; -
Picnicking - (5.0-10)Ha
Zoo - (10-15)Ha
Camping - (40-100) Ha

Maximum planning and space standards for active recreation have also been explained in Cap.
III Section. 9 page 8 as follows; -
Children play area - (4.0-8.0)Ha
Playfield - (10,0-20.0) Ha

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Sports field/ Stadium-(20-30) Ha
Secondary School planning and space standards to be allocated in the community level explaine
in Cap. III Section. 4 as follows; -
Plot size - (2.5-5) Ha
Max. plot coverage- 40%
Max. Plot ratio - 2
Number of storeys- 5
Setbacks: Front - 15
Rear - 10
Sides - 5

4.3 SIZE OF THE COMMUNITY IN TERMS OF AREA AND POPULATION

The size of the community varies accordingly, depending on the master plan of a specific
Region. However, it covers about 20 of the area of the whole community. It should comprise of
about 4-5 Neighborhoods. Thus, the community size in terms of area is ≥ 240Ha (4-5
Neighborhoods each of about 80Ha).
In terms of population the community contains of about 20,000 people since (1 Neighbourhood
comprises of about 5000 people)

4.4 SIZE OF COMMUNITY CENTRE

From the Planning Article "COMMUNITY CENTRE MINIMUM SPECIFICATIONS" By
ARTIST COALITION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO of 2005 page 1, The community centre is
just the planned area just at the centre of the community and consist of the following; -
Secondary school
Library
Community Hall
Sports field/ Stadium

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 CHAPTER 05
To streamline disaster risk reduction in Neighborhood and community you have to consider the
following steps

Risk assessment
Identify and assess potential hazards in the area such as floods, earthquakes, wildfire, extremely
weather events. use historical data and expert inputs to determine the most significant risk

Community engagements
Involves the community in the planning process gather input from resident, local organization
and expert to understand their concern and needs related to disaster preparedness and risk
reduction

Develop a plan
Create a comprehensive disaster and risk reduction plan that outline specific strategies, goals and
objectiveness include details on how the community will respond to various type of disasters

Establish leadership
Appoint or elect individual within the community to take on leadership roles in disaster
preparedness and response this may include a community emergency coordinator as a
neighborhood watch program

Training and education

Provide training and educational progress for community members or disaster preparedness
evacuation plans and first aid. also ensure that resident is aware of the risk and know how to
respond

Infrastructure improvements
Identify and prioritize necessary infrastructure improvements such as reinforcing buildings,
creating evacuation routes and installing warning systems

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Resources allocation
Secure funding and resources for disaster preparedness initiatives this may involves seeking
grants partnering with local governments agencies or organizing fundraising efforts.

Communication plan
Develop a robust communication plan to keep residents informed about risks warnings and
emergency procedures.

Spatial measurement
This will help to reduce the risk by producing map which identify the areas where disaster occur
mostly for example to produce topographical map which identify the areas prone to flood.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN CONCEPTS
MEANING OF NEIGHBOURHOOD
DIVISION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING CONCEPTS

CHAPTER TWO
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AT NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL

CHAPTER THREE
URBAN PLANNING (PLANNING SPACE STANDARDS) REGULATION OF 2018
SIZE OF NEIGHBOURHOOD IN TERMS OF POPULATION AND AREA
SIZE OF NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRE
ROAD NETWORKS AND THEIR STANDARDS
PLOT SETBACKS, RESIDENTIAL PLOT DENSITY, PLOT RATIO, PLOT SIZE AND PLOT
COVERAGE
PUBLIC FACILITIES TO BE ALLOCATED AT NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL

CHAPTER FOUR
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY
PLANNING SPACE STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY FACILITIES
SIZE OF THE COMMUNITY IN TERMS OF POPULATION AND AREA
SIZE OF COMMUNITY CENTRE
PUBLIC FACILITIES TO BE ALLOCATED AT COMMUNITY CENTRE

CHAPTER FIVE
STREAMLINE DISASTER AND RISK REDUCTION

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