Name: Block: Date: Biology 12 - The Urinary System Study Guide KEY 4. Whats the difference between excretion and defecation? Excretion: process of getting rid of metabolic wastes (esp. Nitrogenous wastes) from the body. Defecation: process of ridding the alimentary canal of undigested, unabsorbed food remains (not metabolic end products) 2. Make a table like the following table with the five organs responsible for excretion and the waste products they excrete. [_ —Excretory Organ Waste Product Kidney Exerete urine (water, urea, creatinine, ammonia, uric acid, and ions Skin Excretes perspiration (water, salt, and small amounts of urea Liver Excretes bile which has pigments from the breakdown of RBC'S. Also excretes turochrome which is from the breakdown of heme. Tangs: Excrete carbon dioxide and some water intestine Excretes some iron and calcium salts ‘3. What are nitrogenous wastes? From which processes are they derived? What does deamination mean? Nitrogenous Wastes: nitrogen containing compounds produced by metabolism that are excreted by the body. Deamination: the removal of amino groups from amino acids 4, List and briefly describe the various ways in which water enters and leaves the human body. Water enters the body proper by the large intestine absorbing it from the foods and drink we consume. Water leaves the body by being excreted in our urine (kidneys), sweat (skin), exhaling (lungs), and secretions of the digestive system 5. Name the primary components of urine, Compare and contrast this to blood plasma. Urine: Plasma Water: 95% Water: 90-92% Urea: ~2.5-3% Proteins: 7-8% Creatinine: .2% Salts: <1% Ammonia: ~.2% Urie acid: ~.1% lons: ~2% (Na’, CI, K’, S04", Mg”, PO,?, Ca") * No proieins are in urine! 6. Describe the function (not the structure) ofthe following parts of a nephron in urine formation: Make a table like the following table. ‘Name. Function(s) * glomerulus Filters blood under high pressure to produce @ crude filtrate = afferent and efferent arterioles Bring blood to and take it away from the glomerulus, respectively > proximal convoluted tubule Selectively reabsorbs useful substances, like nutrients, salts, water and some ions from the crude filtrate by both passive and active transport © distal convoluted tubule "fine-tuning’ the fitrate by actively adding other non- filterable wastes to tubular fluid and reabsorbing ‘ons to control blood volume, pH and electrolyte balance * Bowman’s capsule Receives the substances that were forced out of ‘blood from glomerulus to form the crude fitrate, © peritubular capillary network By surrounding the nephron it reabsorbs and excretes substances from and to the tubular field * loop of Henle Reabsorbs water and establishes an increasingly greater salt gradient from cortex to inner medulla, = collecting duct Concentrates urine, making it hypertonic to plasm, by allowing water to be reabsorbed Siudy Guide - Exertion - KEY doo. Page 1Name Block: ___Date: 7. Whatare kidney stones? Where do they form in the kidney, What are two ways they can be eliminated? hard, stone-tike objects made of calcium salts and uric acid form in the Renal Pelvis of Kidney -treated by: destroying them in a sound wave bath, or with laser light; or surgically removed 8. Hows the urethra different in males versus females? Male urethra is longer (~8") than female's (~1") because males must ravel from bladder through the penis. Females more susceptible to bladder infection because less distance for bacteria to travel to invade 9. _ Make a table lke the following table on the process of pressure filtration: Filterable Blood Nonfilterable Blood Components Water Blood cells (formed elements) Nitrogenous Wastes Piatelets ae Glucose Be Proteins ino acids Tons (salts) 10 Make a tabie Tike the foliowing table on the process of urine formation Process Location where ‘Summary of Process ] it occurs 7 Pressure Filtration ‘Giomerulus! Forces all small molecules out of blood to create @ Bowman's capsule crude filtrate interface 2. Reabsorption Proximal convoluted | Reabsorption of most of materials from crude fitrate tubule! minus wastes Peritubular capillary network 3. Tubular Excretion Distal convoluted | ‘Fine-tuning of tubular fluid by actively excreting non- tubule and filtered wastes collecting duct 17, Whatis the difference between active and passive reabsorption? Describe the differences between how Nat, Cl, and water are reabsorbed. Active reabsorption: requires ATP and a carrier molecule, Passive reabsorption: molecule is reabsorbed from high concentration is tubular fluid by diflusion to low ‘concentration in the blood. ‘Sodium is actively reabsorbed from proximal convoluted tubule and chlorine passively follows. Water passively is reabsorbed 12, Whats a hypertonic urine solution? Which part of the nephron plays a role in creating this solution? Hypertonic Urine: a solution that has a greater dissolved solute concentration (up to 4x) then plasma, The Collecting Duct and Loop of Henle ensures that urine excreted is hypertonic to blood plasma 13, Name two substances that are actively excreted during tubular excretion Actively excreted during Tubular Excretion Histamine Penicilin af *“ 14. Describe where the two capillary regions are in the nephron. The 2 capillary regions surround, like a lattice-work the proximal convoluted tubule (arteriole side), lookp of Henle and distal convoluted tubule (venule side), 18. What happens to the filterable and nonfilterable components of blood once they enter the glomerulus? From glomerulus: -fiterable components of blood enter the Bowman's capsule and subsequently on to proximal convoluted tubule -nonfiterable components stay in blood and depart glomerulus via efferent arteriole 16. Why can't the composition of urine be the same as that of the glomerular fitrate? What would happen if itwere? Ifthe composition of urine was same as glomerular fitrate we would quickly die of dehydrain and starvation because of loss of water and nutrients from blood. Study Guide - Excreion KEY doo Page 2‘Name: Block: Date: 17. 18, 19. 20. 24 23, 26. 27. 28, What is a diuretic, and what does it do to urine production? What is an antidiuretic, and what does it do to urine production? A diuretic is a chemical that inhibits ADH secretion causing a decrease in permeability of the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule resulting in more water in the urine. Urine production increases. An anti-diuretic, ike ADH, has the exact opposite effect, ‘Anti “pee-more” or anti inorease urine output” What is the hormone that is responsible for reabsorption of water? Where is this hormone produced? From which gland is it released? “ADH -is produced by the hypothalamus is released by posterior pituitary gland Explain how this hormone accomplishes its duty. ADH made in hypothalamus when low blood volume is detected here. ADH sent from posterior pituitary to kidney where it acts on collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules to cause them to reabsorb more 120 from volume negatively feed backs on hypothalamus, How is the concentration ofthis hormone in the blood regulated? ‘Answer same as 19. Explain how blood pressure can be affected by diuretics and anti-diuretics. Give examples. Diuretics decrease B.P. by causing more water to be excreted. eg. Alcohol, caffeine and diuretic drugs inhibit ADH secretion therefore permeability of D.C.T. ‘and Collecting duct lowers and jess water is reabsorbed into biood stream Antidiuretics increase B.P. by causing more water to be reabsorbed from tubular fluid. -e9. ADH, Aldosterone How does drinking alcohol affect ADH? Drinking alcohol inhibits Adh secretion causing increased urine to dehydration to hangover Where are the adrenal glands located? What hormone do they release that directly acts on the kidneys? ‘Adrenal glands located sitting atop the kidneys. ~The release Aldosterone which causes the Kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium. The concentration of Aldosterone is regulated by blood pressure as detected by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. What does this hormone do? How is the concentration of this hormone in the blood regulated? Draw the feedback loop that illustrates this process. , Answer same as 23 Explain why blood concentration of sodium ions is important [Na’] is important because if there is an increase in the amount of sodium in the blood this will make the blood more hypertonic compared to surrounding tissue fluid. Water will then move into the blood via ‘osmosis thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure. Too much sodium leads to hypertension. A decrease in blood [Na‘] makes the blood less hypertonic to osmotic pressure surrounding tissue and even perhaps hypotonic to tissue. Water will leave the blood thus reducing blood volume and therefore blood pressure, Too litte sodium leads to hypotension. Loss of sodium reduces Osmotic Pressure ‘exerted by blood at venule end of capilary leading to EDEMA How does the kidney adjust the blood's pH if tne blood is too acidic? If blood too Acidic: kidney excretes more H’ and NH, and reabsorbs more Na’ and HCOs How does the kidney adjust the biood's pH if the blood is too alkaline? If blood too Alkaline: kidney excretes less H” and NHs, and reabsorbs less Na* and HCO What are your options if you are experiencing renal failure? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of your options. Renal Failure Options ‘Advantages Disadvantages Kidney Transpiant One time permanent Donors are scare natural solution Possibility of rejection Kidney Machine Works faster than kidneys Must make trips twice a week to therefore only down twice medical facility a week Continuous Ambulatory Don't need to go to medical Permanent inplant required and user Peritoneal Dialysis facility; can carry out normal administered every 4-8 hours, activities during CAPD © Study Guide - Excretion - KEY doe -Page 3Name: Block: Date: 29, 30. 34 22, 33, 34, What is kidney dialysis? Kidney Dialysis: circulation of patient's blood through the semipermeable membrane of dialysis tubing to ‘expose it to dialysate (dialysis solution) in an effort to rid blood of wastes and balance pH, ete. Explain,using a diagram, how the semipermeable membrane of a kidney machine filters wastes from blood. By the same principle, how could substances be added to the blood during dialysis? ‘Semipermeable Membrane of Kidney Machine: -membrane is permeable to salt, waste products and water but impermeable to blood cells and blood proteins -salt and waste produets diffuse from area of high concentration in blood to lower concentration of dialysate “inorder to add substances to blood during dialysis, the concentration ofthe subsntace has to be greater in the dialysate than in the blood Explain the differences and similarities between the operations of the artificial kidney and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). CAPD and Artificial Kidney Dialysis Similarities Differences -both utilize a dialysate solution to add -artificial kidney dialysis needs only to be done 2 times or remove substances from blood ‘a week whereas CAPD done every 4-8 hours -both utiize a semipermeable membrane -CAPD allows individual to do normal activities wile it does its job whereas AK .D. requires person to go to ‘medical facility and be ‘tied’ to machine for ~2 hours -AK.D. more efficient at removing wastes Outline the roles of the skin, liver, lungs, and large intestine in excretion and name the metabolic wastes associated with each Skin: - Excretes perspiration primarily for cooling = _metabolic wastes include water, salt, some urea Liver: ~ Excretes bile to small intestine; goes out with feces = contains pigments bilibrubin & biliverdin from breakdown of hemogobin; also urochrome from breakdown of heme which goes out with urine Lungs: - Excrete CO2 & H20 during expiration Large Intestine: - Excretes some iron & calcium salts which were secreted into intestine & excreted to the feces Identify the possible causes, characteristics of and methods of treatment for any two of the following disorders. © _ kidney stones = glomulonephritis = _oystitis “= _ diabetes insipidus © renal failure ‘© _ proteinuria © uremia = gout Kidney Stones: precipitation of calcium salts & uric acid form stones, One cause is foo much protein in diet. Surgically removed or destroyed by sound waves or laser light. is: bacterial infection of bladder causing its inflammation. Bacteria invade via urethra (men's urethra shorter than women's therefore more common in women). Note: Women should always wipe anus away from direction of urethra to avoid infection from bacteria that are in feces. Treat with antibiotics. Renal Failure: infection procedes to kidneys affecting permeability of glomeruli - either blocks them or makes them more permeable resutting in ‘glomerulonephritis’. Treat agaresively with antibiotics. If more than 2/3 of glomeruli damaged leads to: Uremia: is wastes accumulating in blood. This also leads to salts & H20 to be retained causing ionic imbalances (which can lead to heart failure & loss of consciousness) & edema. - Treat by kidney replacements: ie, Transpiant, Kidney Machine, or CAPD Diabetes insipidus: caused by inabilly to produce ADH. Sufferers urinate too much thus losing too much salts from blood. Treat with ADH injections. Cyst Proteinuria Gout: crystals of uric acid precipitate out of plasma and collect in joints especially in the extremeties, Very painful. 1 cause is diet too high in protein. Treatment Make a graphical representation of a nephron, label its parts, and indicate where and what molecules leave and enter the various parts of the tube during urine formation. Study Guide - Excretion -KEY.doc-Page 4