Singnal and System

Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Chapter 1 – Power Semiconductor Devices................................................................................................... 2

Solutions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2 – Phase Controlled Converter ...................................................................................................... 20
Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 3 – Chopper ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 4 – Inverter .............................................................................................................................................. 78
Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Chapter 5 – AC and DC Drives .......................................................................................................................... 95
Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................... 97
Chapter 6 – AC Voltage Controller .............................................................................................................. 101
Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................ 102

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 Power Electronics

Chapter 1 – Power Semiconductor Devices

01. The operating state that distinguishes a silicon 06. A triac can be triggered by a gate pulse of
controlled rectifier (SCR) from a diode is [1991] ______________ polarity. [1994]
(a) Forward conduction state
07. Figure, show two thyristors each rated 500A
(b) Forwarding blocking state
(continuous) sharing a load current. Current through
(c) Reverse conduction state
thyristor y is 120A. The current through thyristor x will be
(d) Reverse blocking state nearly ______________ A. [1995]

02. Match the functions of the following protective

elements in SCR applications: [1991]

SCR rating Protective element

(a) di/dt limit (P) snubber
(b) d / dt limit (Q) heat sink

(c) i t limit
2 (R) series reactor
(d) junction temperature (S) to avoid runway
limit speeds on no-load
08. Consider the thyristor circuit of figure. The Thyristor is
given a triggering pulse after every 10ms. Calculate the
03. In the circuit of figure, the switch ‘S’ is closed at t=0
duration for which the thyristor remains ON after each
( ) ( )
with i1 0 = 0 and v c 0 = 0 . In the steady state v c
triggering pulse. Assume ideal devices and explain briefly
equals [1992] the basis. [1995]

(a) 200V (b) 100V

(c) zero (d) -100V
09. Which semiconductor power device out of the
04. The thermal resistance between the body of a power following is not a current triggered device? [1996]
semiconductor device and the ambient is expressed as (a) thyristor (b) G.T.O.
[1993] (c) triac (d) MOSFET
(a) Voltage across the device divided by current through
the device
10. The triac can be used only in [1996]
(b) Average power dissipated in the device divided by the
square of the RMS current in the device (a) Inverter
(c) Average power dissipated in the device divided by the (b) Rectifier
temperature difference from body to ambient (c) Multi quadrant chopper
(d) Temperature difference from body to ambient divided (d) Cyclo converter
by average power dissipated in the device
11. Which of the following does not cause permanent
05. A switched mode power supply operating at 20 kHz to damage of an SCR? [1996]
100 kHz range uses as the main switching element [1994] (a) High current
(a) Thyristor (b) MOSFET (b) High rate of rise of current
(c) Triac (d) UJT (c) High temperature rise
(d) High rate of rise of voltage

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 Power Electronics

12. If a diode is connected in anti-parallel with a thyristor, (a) J1 and J2 are forward biased and J3 is reverse biased
then [1997] (b) J1 and J3 are forward biased and J2 is reverse biased
(a) Both turn-off power loss and turn-off time decrease (c) J1 is forward biased and J2 and J3 are reverse biased
(b) Turn-off power loss decreases but turn-off time (d) J1, J2 and J3 are all forward biased
increases
(c) Turn-off power loss increases, but turn-off time 19. Figure shown a MOSFET with an integral body diode. It
decreases is employed as a power switching device in the ON and
(d) None of the above OFF states through appropriate control. The ON and OFF
states of the switch are given on the VDS − IS plane by [2003]
13. The uncontrolled electric switch employed in power
electric converters is: [1998]
(a) thyristor
(b) bipolar junction transistor
(c) diode
(d) MOSFET

14. The MOSFET switch in its on-state may be considered

equivalent to: [1998]
(a) resistor (b) inductor
(c) capacitor (d) battery

15. In a commutation circuit employed to turn off an SCR,

satisfactory turn-off is obtained when [1998]
(a) Circuit turn-off time < device turn-off time
(b) Circuit turn-off time > device turn-off time
(c) Circuit time constant > device turn-off time
(d) Circuit time constant < device turn-off time

16. For perfectly balanced operation a certain three phase

ac power electronic circuit generates odd harmonic
currents of order five and seven in the three phases of the
ac mains. Identify which of these harmonics form a
positive-sequence system, and which form a negative –
sequence system. [2000]

17. The main reason for connecting a pulse transformer at

the output stage of a thyristor triggering circuit is to [2001] (a) Fig. A (b)Fig. B
(a) Amplifying the power of the triggering pulse (c) Fig. C (d) Fig. D
(b) Provide electrical isolation
(c) Reduce the turn on time of the thyristor 20. The triggering circuit of a thyristor is shown in figure.
(d) Avoid spurious triggering of the thyristor due to noise. The thyristor requires a gate current of 10 mA, for
guaranteed turn-on. The value of R required for the
18. Figure shows a thyristor with the standard terminations thyristor to turn on reliably under all conditions of Vb
of anode (A), cathode (K), gate (G) and the different variation is [2004]
junctions named J1, J2 and J3. When the thyristor is turned
on and conducting [2003]

(a) 10000  (b) 1600 

(c) 1200  (d) 800 

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 Power Electronics

21. A MOSFET rated for 15 A, carries a periodic current as

shown in figure. The ON state resistance of the MOSFET is
0.15. The average ON state loss in the MOSFET is [2004]

(a) 33.8 W (b) 15.0 W

(c) 7.5 W (d) 3.8 W

22. The conduction loss versus device current characteristic

of a power MOSFET is best approximated by [2005]
(a) A parabola
(a) Only P (b) P and Q
(b) A straight line
(c) P and R (d) R and S
(c) A rectangular hyperbola
(d) An exponentially decaying function
25. A voltage commutation circuit is shown in figure. If the
turn off time of the SCRs is 50µ sec and a safety margin of
23. Figure shows the voltage across a power
2 is considered, then what will be the approximate
semiconductor device and the current through the device
minimum value of capacitor required for proper
during a switching transition. Is the transition a turn ON
commutation? [2006]
transition or a turn OFF transition? What is the energy lost
during the transition? [2005]

(a) 2.88 µF (b) 1.44 µF

(c) 0.91µF (d) 0.72 µF

26. An SCR having a turn ON time of 5µsec, latching

VI
(a) Turn ON, (t + t )
2 1 2
(
(b) Turn OFF, VI t1 + t 2 ) current of 50mA and holding current of 40mA is triggered
by a short duration pulse and is used in the circuit shown in
VI figure. The minimum pulse width required to turn the SCR
(
(c) Turn ON, VI t1 + t 2 ) (d) Turn OFF, (t + t )
2 1 2 ON will be [2006]

24. An electronic switch S is required to block voltages of

either polarity during its OFF state as shown in Figure a.
This switch is required to conduct in only one direction
during its ON state as shown in Figure b. [2005]

(a) 251 µsec (b) 150 µsec

Which of the following are valid realizations of the switch
(c) 100 µsec (d) 5 µsec
S?

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 Power Electronics

27. The circuit in the figure is a current commutated dc-dc (b) It conducts only during one half-cycle of an alternating
chopper where. ThM is the main SCR and ThAUX is the current wave
(c) It can be turned ON but not OFF with a gate pulse
auxiliary SCR. The load current is constant at 10A. ThM is
(d) It can be turned ON only during one half-cycle of an
ON. ThAUX is triggered at t = 0. ThM is turned OFF between alternating voltage wave
[2007]
31. Match the switch arrangements on the top row to the
steady-state V-I characteristics on the lower row. The
steady state operating points are shown by large black
dots. [2009]

(a) 0 µs < t  25 µs (b) 25 µs < t  50 µs

(c) 50 µs < t  75 µs (d) 75 µs < t 100 µs

Common Data for Questions 28, 29:

A 1:1 Pulse Transformer (PT) is used to trigger the SCR in
the adjacent figure. The SCR is rated at 1.5 kV,250A with
IL = 250mA, IH = 150mA, and IGMax = 150mA, IGMin =
100mA. The SCR is connected to an inductive load, where L
= 150mH in series with a small resistance and the supply
voltage is 200V dc. The forward drops of all
transistors/diodes and gate-cathode junction during ON
state are 1.0 V

(a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (b) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
(c) A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II (d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

32. Figure shows a composite switch consisting of a power

28. The resistance R should be [2007] transistor (BJT) in series with a diode. Assuming that the
(a) 4.7 k (b) 470 k transistor switch and the diode are ideal, the I-V
(c) 47  (d) 4.7  characteristics of the composite switch is [2010]

29. The minimum approximate volt-second rating of the

pulse transformer suitable for triggering the SCR should be:
(volt-second rating is the maximum of product of the
voltage and the width of the pulse that may be applied)
[2007]
(a) 2000µV-s (b) 200µV-s
(c) 20µV-s (d) 2.0µV-s

30. An SCR is considered to be a semi-controlled device

because [2009]
(a) It can be turned OFF but not ON with a gate pulse

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 Power Electronics

37. Figure shows four electronic switches (i), (ii), (iii) and
(iv). Which of the switches can block voltages of either
polarity (applied between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’) when the
active device is in the OFF state? [2014-01]

Statement for Linked Answer Question 33 and 34:

The L-C circuit shown in the figure has an impedance L = I
mH and a capacitance C = 10uF.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)

38. The SCR in the circuit shown has a latching current of

33. The initial current through the inductor is zero, while 40mA. A gate pulse of 50 μs is applied to the SCR. The
the initial capacitor voltage is 100V. The switch is closed at maximum value of R in  to ensure successful firing of the
t = 0. The current i through the circuit is: [2010] SCR is ___________. [2014-02]
(
(a) 5cos 5  10 t A
1
) (
(b) 5sin 10 t A
4
)
(
(c) 10cos 5  10 t A
5
) (
(d) 10 sin 10 t A
4
)
34. The L-C circuit of Q54 is used to commutate a thyristor.
Which is initially carrying a current of 5 A as shown in the
figure below. The values and initial condition of L and C are
the same as in Q54. The switch is closed at t = 0. If the
forward drop is negligible, the time taken for the device to 39. A steady dc current of 100A is flowing through a power
turn off is module (S, D) as shown in Figure (a). The V-I characteristics
[2010] of the IGBT (S) and the diode (D) are shown in the Figure
(a) 52s (b) and (c), respectively. The conduction power loss in the
power module (S, D), in watts, is ________________. [2016-01]
(b) 156s
(c) 312s
(d) 26s

35. Circuit turn-off time of an SCR is defined as the time

[2011]
(a) taken by the SCR to turn off
(b) required for the SCR current to become zero
(c) for which the SCR is reverse biased by the commutation
circuit
(d) for which the SCR is reverse biased to reduce its current
below the holding current

36. The typical ratio of latching current to holding current

in a 20A thyristor is [2012]
(a) 5.0 (b) 2.0
(c) 1.0 (d) 0.5

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 Power Electronics

40. The voltage (vS) across and the current (iS) through a
semiconductor switch during a turn-ON transition are
shown in figure. The energy dissipated during the turn-ON
transition, in mJ, is ____________. [2016-01]

41. For the power semiconductor devices IGBT, MOSFET,

Diode and Thyristor, which one of the following statements
is TRUE? [2017-01] 44. A charger supplies 100 W at 20 V for charging the
(a) All the four are majority carrier devices battery of a laptop. The power devices, used in the
(b) All the four are minority carrier devices converter inside the charger, operate at a switching
(c) IGBT and MOSFET are majority carrier devices, whereas frequency of 200 kHz. Which power device is best suited
Diode and Thyristor are minority carrier devices.
for this purpose? [2022]
(d) MOSFET is majority carrier device, whereas IGBT, Diode,
Thyristor are minority carrier devices.
(a) IGBT (b) Thyristor

42. Four power semiconductor devices are shown in the

(c) MOSFET (d) BJT
figure along with their relevant terminals. The device(s) that
can carry dc current continuously in the direction shown 45. A semiconductor switch needs to block voltage V of
when gated appropriately is (are) [2018] only one polarity (V > 0) during OFF state as shown in
figure (i) and carry current in both directions during ON
state as shown in figure (ii). Which of the following switch
combination(s) will realize the same? [2023]

Fig. (i)

(a) Triac only (b) Triae and MOSFET

(c) Triac and GTO (d) Thyristor and Triac

43. A double pulse measurement for an inductively loaded Fig. (ii)

circuit controlled by the IGBT switch is carried out to
evaluate the reverse recovery characteristics of the diode.
(a)
D, represented approximately as a piecewise linear plot of
current vs time at diode turn-off. Lpar is a parasitic
inductance due to the wiring of the circuit, and is in series
with the diode. The point on the plot (indicate your choice
by entering 1, 2, 3 or 4) at which the IGBT experiences the
highest current stress is [2020]

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 Power Electronics

(b) 46. The circuit shown in the figure has reached steady state
with thyristor 'T' in OFF condition. Assume that the latching
and holding currents of the thyristor are zero. The thyristor
is turned ON at t = 0 sec. The duration in microseconds for
which the thyristor would conduct, before it turns off, is
________ (Round off to 2 decimal places). [2023]

(c)

(d)

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 Power Electronics

Solutions
01. Ans: (b)
Solution:
Operating state of diode = Forward conduction, backward (reverse) blocking
Operating states of SCR = Forward blocking, forward conduction and reverse blocking.
So, ‘forward blocking state’ distinguishes a SCR from a diode.

02. Ans:
Solution:
(A) (R)
(B) (P)
(C) (S)
(D) (Q)
(a) Reactor is resistance for sudden change in current so for di/dt protection, a series reactor is used.
(b) Switching problem arises due to dv/dt limit and whenever there is a “switching problem”, a snubber circuit is used.
(c) i2t limit is limited/fixed to avoid runaway speed on No load.
(d) Thyristors are mounted on heat sink for thermal protection.

03. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Since, the system is initially uncharged so when switch is turned ON, the Diode will turn ON and the current will be given
by,
C
I=V sin 0 t
L
After 0 t =  , the current reverses but Thyristor does not allow reverse flow of current so Diode turns OFF and the circuit
becomes open.
Capacitor Voltage is given by,
Vc = V (1 − cos 0 t )

When Diode turns OFF, 0 t = 

Vc = V (1 − cos  ) = 2V = 200V

04. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Temperature Difference between Body and Ambient
Thermal Resis tance =
Average Power dissipated in the device

05. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In High Frequency and Low Power Applications MOSFET is preferred Power Electronics Switch.

06. Ans:
Solution:
Both positive and negative
In positive half cycle the triac is triggered by a Gate Pulse of positive polarity and in negative cycle it is triggered by a pulse
of negative polarity.

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 Power Electronics

07. Ans: 100

Solution:
Voltage across parallel branches remain same.
Assuming the voltage drop across thyristor in ON State is same for both thyristors VT
VT + 0.05  120 = VT + 0.06  I
0.05  120 600
I= =
0.06 6
I = 100 Amp

08. Ans: 0.628 msec

Solution:
Whenever the Thyristor turns ON LC circuit gets completed so that the current becomes sinusoidal and after half cycle the
current reverses but Thyristor is unidirectional switch and cannot carry the reverse current so it turns OFF.
T
The duration of half cycle of LC oscillator is =  LC =  4  10 −6  10 −2 = 0.628 msec
2
09. Ans: (d)
Solution:
MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. The Gate to Source Voltage is used to trigger the MOSFET.

10. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Triac can operate in four modes.
So, it can be used as cyclo - converter/ AC voltage regulator.

11. Ans: (d)

Solution:
High rate of rise of voltage can result in false triggering as dv triggering but it cannot cause permanent damage of an
dt
SCR. The other three factors can cause thermal damage to the SCR.

12. Ans: (c)

Solution:
When the diode turns ON it reverse biases the thyristor so,
the turn off process becomes faster.
But since, diode conducts during the turn off time so the
turn off power loss increases.

13. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Diode can only be turned ON by forward biasing and not by any control signal and hence it acts as an uncontrolled switch.

14. Ans: (a)

Solution:
A MOSFET in its ON State can be modeled as Drain-Source Resistance due to the Power Loss in the switch in ON State.
PLoss = ( IDrms ) RDS
2

15. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Circuit Turn-Off time must always be greater than the time required by the device to turn off else there are stored charges
in the device which can lead to false triggering.

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 Power Electronics

This is also known as Commutation Falure.

16. Ans: Fifith harmonic=negative sequence and seventh harmonic =positive sequence
Solution:
Assume that the fundamental currents are given as,
Ia = Im sin t
Ib = Im sin ( t − 120 )
Ic = Im sin ( t + 120 )
The fifth harmonic currents are then are,
Ia5 = Im5 sin5t
Ib5 = Im5 sin (5t − 600 ) = Im5 sin (5t + 120 )
Ic5 = Im5 sin (5t + 600 ) = Im5 sin (5t − 120 )
Based on these currents it can be seen that fifth harmonic acts as negative sequence.
The seventh harmonic currents are then are,
Ia7 = Im7 sin7t
Ib7 = Im7 sin ( 7t − 840 ) = Im7 sin ( 7t − 120 )
Ic7 = Im7 sin ( 7t + 840 ) = Im7 sin ( 7t + 120 )
Based on these currents it can be seen that seventh harmonic acts as positive sequence.

17. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Pulse transformer is used for electric isolation at the output stage of a thyristor triggering circuit.

18. Ans: (d)

Solution:
In forward blocking mode J1 and J3 are forward biased and J2 is reverse biased.
While in reverse blocking mode, J1 and J3 are reverse biased while J2 is forward biased.
In forward conduction mode, all three junctions are forward biased.

19. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The anti-parallel diode conducts in reverse direction.
When reverse current flows through diode D, Diode is
Short circuited.
So, I  0 and V =0
s DS
When MOSFET is in ON state.
I  0 and V = 0
s DS
When MOSFET is in off state.
I = 0 and V  0
s DS
Thus, the characteristics of the device are shown below,

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 Power Electronics

20. Ans: (d)

Solution:
The variation in triggering voltage is, V = 12  4V
b
Thus the minimum and maximum triggering voltage is, V ( b )min = 8V and V( b )max = 16V
The thyristor must turn on even for minimum value of V then it can turn on for higher values.
b
Gate Current Required, I = 10mA
g
Neglecting the Gate to Source Voltage Drop.
8
R= = 800ohm
10mA

21. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The average power loss in any switch modeled as resistance,

P = I2 R
avg rms
2
 10  100  0.15
P =   0.15 = = 7.5 Watt
avg  2  2

22. Ans: (a)

Solution:
MOSFET in its ON State can be modeled as a resistance so the conduction loss is given by,

P = I2R
c
Hence, the curve between conduction loss and current is parabolic in shape.
It is a parabolic shape.

23. Ans: (d)

Solution:
It is a turn OFF process as voltage starts increasing and current starts decreasing.
Energy Loss during transition,
1 VIt
E =  Vidt = V   I  t = 1
1 2 1 2
1 VIt
E =  Vidt = I   V  t = 2
2 2 2 2

E =E +E =
1 2 2 1 2
VI
(
t +t )
24. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Since, the switch is only supposed to conduct only in one direction so there can be no anti-parallel diode.
Thyristor is by default bi-polar and uni-directional switch so it suits the requirement.
For switch (R) diode blocks reverse voltage and BJT blocks forward voltage.

25. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Circuit Turn Off time is obtained by multiplying device turn off time with safety factor.

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 Power Electronics

T = RCln2 = (50 sec )  2

c
50  C  ln2 = 100 sec
2
C= f = 2.88F
ln2

26. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Thyristor Current, I =I +I
T R L
 −t 
V  
For a RL Circuit, I = s  1 − e  
L R  
L
 
When the Thyristor current reaches latching Current then Thyristor turns ON,
100
50mA = + 5  1 − e−40t 
5  103  

50mA = 20mA + 5  1 − e−40t 

 

6  10−3 = 1 − e−40t
t = 150 sec
This is the minimum pulse width required for Turning ON the SCR.

27. Ans: (c)

Solution:
ThM will be turned off after Mode-1 i.e.  LC seconds

T1 =  10  10−6  25.28 10−6 50 sec

Hence, ThM is turned off between 50μs < t  75 μs.

28. Ans: (c)

Solution:
When the pulse applied to the base of the transistor, Transistor operates in ON state. So, the forward voltage drop in
transistor V = 1V
CE
D1 will be forward biased and voltage drop in diode. So, VD1 = 1V.
D2 is reverse biased and acts as open circuit.
Forward voltage drop of gate cathode junction, Vgk = 1V.
Voltage drop across resistor R,
V = 10 − 1 − 1 − 1 = 7V
R
To ensure turn on of SCR, maximum Gate current should be used so that minimum value of resistance is calculated. This
minimum value will be able to Turn ON the SCR under all operating conditions.
V 7
R= R = = 47 ohm
  150mA
I
 g
 max

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 Power Electronics

29. Ans: (a)

Solution:
During the ON State of Thyristor there is no voltage drop across anode and cathode specified so assuming it to be 0.
Ldia
E− − Ri = 0
dt a
From RL circuit equation,
E − 
t
i =  1 − e   = 200  1 − e−t / 0.15 
a R  
  
Assume Gate pulse width required = T such that i = I
a L

250  10−3 = 200  1 − e−T / 0.15 

 
T = 187.6 μS
Magnitude of voltage applied at Potential Transformer = 10V
Volt-second rating of PT
V = 1876V − s 2000V − s
T

30. Ans: (c)

Solution:
SCR can be turned ON by applying gate pulse but it cannot be turned off by negative gate pulse. It can only be turned off
by reverse biasing the SCR.

31. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Device A
A diode can block reverse voltage and can only conduct in forward
direction. During conduction the voltage drop is assumed to be zero.
During Blocking State the current is assumed to be zero.
V 0→i 0
s s
V 0→i =0
s s

Device B
A Thyristor can block reverse as well as forward voltage. It will block forward voltage till a Gate Pulse is applied.
V 0→i =0
s s

i =0
V 0 s
s i 0
s

Device C
An IGBT will also conduct only in one direction and will
block only forward voltage.
V = 0,i  0
s s

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 Power Electronics

V  0,i = 0
s s
Device D
Reverse current can flow through the antiparallel
diode so i  0 and V = 0 .
s s
During ON state of the device, i  0 and V = 0
s s
During off state of the device, i = 0 , V = 0
s s

32. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The Diode will block reverse voltage and BJT will block forward voltage. But the series connection is such that current can
only flow in one direction. So it is bipolar and unidirectional switch.
The characteristics of the switch are shown below,

33. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Since, initial inductor current is zero. The inductor current is given by,

i = V C sin t
s L

10  10−6 1
i = 100  sin t
1  103 10−5  10−3

i = 10sin  10 4 t  A
 

34. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The scheme used for thyristor commutation is Current Commutation. The Thyristor will be turned off when the current of
oscillator will cancel the initial Thyristor Current.
(
10 sin 10 4 t = 5)
( )
sin 10 4 t = 1
2

10 4 ( t ) =
6
t = 52 μ-sec

35. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Circuit Turn Off time is the time for which the SCR is reverse biased by the commutation circuit after the anode current is
reduced below the holding current.
Device Turn Off time is the time required by SCR to remove stored charges in the device for the device to successfully turn
off.

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 Power Electronics

36. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For medium power thyristors the ratio of latching current to holding current is 1.5 – 2.5.

37. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Switch (i) conducts in reverse direction when active device is OFF because of the anti-parallel diode which turns ON
whenever reverse voltage is applied. Hence, switch (i) cannot block reverse voltage.
Switch (ii) can only conduct in one direction as Diode is unidirectional switch. Hence, it can block voltage of either polarity.
Switch (iii) is Thyristor which is bipolar i.e. it can block voltage of either polarity but can only conduct current in one
direction.
Switch (iv) can also not block reverse voltage as Diode will turn ON when reverse voltage is applied.

38. Ans: 6060.6 ohm

Solution:
Let the current through RL branch be iL
VS  − t 
iL ( t ) = 1 − e 
RL  
 
 5010−6 500 
100  −
iL (50s ) = 1 − e  20010   = 23.5 mA
 −3 

500  
 
iL (50s ) = 23.5 mA
For successful firing of the SCR,
iSCR  ilatching

(i + i )  i
L R latching

( 23.5 + i )  40
R

iR  16.5 mA
VS
 16.5 mA
R
100
R
16.5  10 −3
R  6060.60 

39. Ans: 170W

Solution:
IGBT cannot conduct current in the direction shown.
Diode is forward bias, current passing through diode = 100A
When Diode conducts the characteristics are shown below. Based on these characteristics the diode can be modeled as,

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 Power Electronics

dv
RF = = 0.01 
di
For constant current, Irms = IDC = 100
Conduction loss = VIon + Irms
2
Ron
P = 100  0.7 + 1002  0.01 = 170 W

40. Ans: 75
Solution:
We know that,
t
E =  P ( t ) dt
0

150
During T1, V = 600V & I t =
10−6
t()
600  150
Instantaneous power = t
10 −6
t
Energy = P t dt  ()
0

−6 10−6
10
600  150  t2  90  109  10 −12
E= 
0 10 −6
t dt = 90  109   
 2 0
=
2
= 45x10−3 J = 45 mJ

600 − 0
()
During T2, I t = 100A & V =
0 − 10 −6(t − 10 −6 )
V = −600  106 t − 10 −6 ( )
Instantaneous power = 100   −600  106 t − 10 −6 
  ( )
10−6
10−6
 t2   10−12 
9
( −6
)
E =  −60  10 t − 10 dt = −60  10  − 10−6 t  9
( ) = −60  109  − 10 −12  E = 60  10−3  0.5 E = 30 mJ
0 2 0  2 
Total energy dissipated during turn-on = 45 + 30 = 75 mJ

41. Ans: (d)

Solution:
IGBT, Diode, Thyristor, Minority carrier device MOSFET: Majority carrier device

42. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Since triac is bi-directional switch it can carry current in reverse direction
MOSFET has in built anti-parallel diode so it can also carry current in reverse direction ’SCR & GTO are unidirectional
switched so they can also carry current in reverse direction

43. Ans: (3)

Solution:

44. Ans: (c)

Solution:

45. Ans: (a, d)

Solution:

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 Power Electronics

Since, the switch can block only one polarity of voltage called as Unipolar Switch.
But, since current can flow in both directions, so the switch is bidirectional.
Whenever anti-parallel diode is connected to a switch then reverse current can also flow so switch becomes Bidirectional.

as shown current can flow in both directions.

BJT blocks forward voltage but diode cannot allow blocking reverse voltage.
Switch is unipolar & bidirectional.

Diode connected in series does not allow current flow in both directions.
BJT blocks forward voltage while series diode blocks reverse voltage
∴ switch is unidirectional & bipolar.

Diode connected in series does not allow current flow in both directions.
BJT blocks forward voltage & series diode blocks reverse voltage. hence switch is unipolar.
∴ switch is bipolar & unidirectional

This switch is combination of previous switch & antiparallel diode.

∴ switch becomes bidirectional & unipolar.

46. Ans. (7.33) 7.1 to 7.5

Solution.
If circuit is in steady state with T : OFF
C : Open L : shoot
vc = 100V iL = 0A
Now when T : ON, a LC oscillator is formed

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 Power Electronics

iL = 100 C / L sin 0 t
100
Load current = = 25 A
4
= 25 + 50 sin0t

T turns OFF when IT = 0

25 + 50 sin0t = 0
−1
sincost =
2
f 1
0 t = 7 / 6 ; t= ; 0 =
60 LC
7 7 7
t= LC = 4 1 = us = 7.33 us
6 6 3

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 Power Electronics

Chapter 2 – Phase Controlled Converter

01. When a line commutated converter operates in the
inverter mode [1993]
(a) It draws both real and reactive power from the A.C.
supply
(b) It delivers both real and reactive power to the A.C.
supply
(c) It delivers real power to the A.C. supply
(d) It draws reactive power from the A.C. supply

02. Referring to the figure the type of load is [1994]

(i) Find the average current through the resistor
(ii) What will be the new average current through the
resistor, if a very large inductor is connected in series with
the load?

08. In a 3-phase controlled bridge rectifier, with an increase

of overlap angle, the output dc voltage [1996]
(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Does not change
(d) Depends upon load inductance
(a) inductive load (b) resistive load
(c) dc motor (d) capacitive load 09. In a dual converter, the circulating current [1997]
(a) Allows smooth reversal of load current, but increases
03. A line-commutated inverter changes dc voltage to ac the response time
voltage. [1994]
(b) Does not allow smooth reversal of load current, but
reduces the response time
04. The output voltage of a six-pulse double star rectifier is
the same as that of a three-phase half- wave rectifier. (c) Allows smooth reversal of load current with improved
[1994] speed of response
(d) Flows only if there is no interconnecting inductor
05. A single phase diode bridge rectifier supplies a highly
inductive load. The load current can be assumed to be 10. An SCR is connected in series with a 300V ac supply
ripple free. The ac supply side current waveform will be: and a 300 ohms load resistor. Calculate for a firing angle of
[1995]
45° [1997]
(a) sinusoidal (b) constant dc
(c) square (d) triangular (a) The reading of a moving coil ammeter connected in
series with the load and
06. A three phase ac-to-dc diode bridge rectifier is (b) The reading on a moving iron voltmeter connected
across the SCR
supplied from a three-phase, 440V source. The rectifier
supplies a purely resistive load. The average dc voltage 11. When the firing angle α of a single phase, fully
across the load will be ________________V. [1995] controlled rectifier feeding constant d.c. current into a load
is 30°, the displacement power factor of the rectifier is:
[1998]
07. The single phase half controlled ac to dc bridge (a) 1 (b) 0.5
converter of figure supplies a 10 Ohm resistor in series with
1 3
a 100V back emf load. The firing angle of the thyristors is (c) (d)
set to 60° [1995] 3 2

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 Power Electronics

12. A 3-phase, fully controlled, converter is feeding power (a) An rms value equal to the dc load current
into a d.c. load at a constant current of 150A. The rms (b) An average value equal to the dc load current
current through each thyristor of the converter is: [1998] (c) A peak value equal to dc load current
(d) A fundamental frequency component, whose rms value
(a) 50A (b) 100A is equal to the dc load current
150 2 150
(c) (d) 18. AC-to-DC circulating current dual converters is
3 3 operated with the following relationship between their
triggering angles (1 and 2). [2001]
13. A d.c. motor driven from a fully controlled 3 phase
(a) 1 + 2 = 180 (b) 1 + 2 = 360
o o
converter shown in figure, draws a d.c. current of 100A with
(c) 1 − 2 = 180 (d) 1 +  2 = 90
o o
negligible ripple. [1998]
(a) Sketch the a.c. line current iA for one cycle
(b) Determine the 3rd and 5th harmonic component of the 19. A half-wave thyristor converter supplies a purely
line current as a percentage of fundamental current inductive load, as shown in Figure. If the triggering angle of
the thyristor is 120o, the extinction angle will be [2001]

(a) 240o
(b) 180o

(c) 200o

(d) 120o

20. A single-phase full bridge voltage source inverter feeds

14. Resonant converters are basically used to [1999] a purely inductive load, as shown in figure, where T1, T2, T3,
(a) Generate large peaky voltage T4 are power transistors and D1, D2, D3, D4 are feedback
(b) Reduce the switching losses diodes. The inverter is operated in square-wave mode with
(c) Eliminate harmonics a frequency of 50 Hz. If the average load current is zero,
(d) Convert a square wave into a sine wave what is the time duration of conduction of each feedback
diode in a cycle? [2001]
15. A three phase diode bridge is used to provide rectified
output from a 400V, 50Hz, 3-phase supply to a R-L load (a) 5 msec
with 10 Ω resistance and 300mH inductance. Determine the
[1999] (b) 10 msec
(a) DC level of the output voltage
(b) RMS value of the diode current (c) 20 msec
(c) RMS value of the source current and
(d) Apparent power drawn from the mains (d) 2.5 msec

16. A three phase semi-converter feeds the armature of a 21. In the single phase diode bridge rectifier shown in
separately excited dc motor, supplying a non-zero torque. figure, the load resistor is R = 50. The source voltage is
For steady state operation, the motor armature current is v=200sin(t), where =2 × 50 radians per second. The
found to drop to zero at certain instances of time. At such power dissipated in the load resistor R is [2002]
instances, the voltage assumes a value that is [2000] 3200 400
(a) Equal to the instantaneous value of the ac phase voltage (a) W (b W
 
(b) Equal to the instantaneous value of the motor back emf
(c) Arbitrary (c) 400 W (d) 800 W
(d) Zero
22. A six pulse thyristor rectifier bridge is connected to a
17. A thyristor, three phase, fully controlled converter feeds balanced 50 Hz three phase ac source. Assuming that the
a dc load that draws a constant current. Then the input ac dc output current of the rectifier is constant, the lowest
line current to the converter has [2000] frequency harmonic component in the ac source line
current is [2002]

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 Power Electronics

(a) 100 Hz (b) 150 Hz (a) Fig. A (b) Fig. B

(c) 250 Hz (d) 300 Hz (c) Fig. C (d) Fig. D

23. A three phase thyristor bridge rectifier is used in a 26. The circuit in figure shows a 3-phase half-wave rectifier.
HVDC link. The firing angle α (as measured from the point The source is a symmetrical, 3-phase four-wire system. The
of natural commutation) is constrained to lie between 5° line-to-line voltage of the source is 100 V. The supply
and 30°. If the dc side current and ac side voltage frequency is 400 Hz. The ripple frequency at the output is
magnitudes are constant, which of the following [2004]
statements is true (neglect harmonics in the ac side
currents and commutation overlap in your analysis) [2002] (a) 400 Hz
(a) Reactive power absorbed by the rectifier is maximum
when =5° (b) 800 Hz
(b) Reactive power absorbed by the rectifier is maximum (c) 1200 Hz
when =30°
(c) Reactive power absorbed by the rectifier is maximum (d) 2400 Hz
when =15°
(d) Reactive power absorbed by the rectifier is maximum
27. A single-phase half wave controlled rectifier is driving a
when =10°
separately excited dc motor. The dc motor has a back emf
constant of 0.5 V/rpm. The armature current is 5A without
24. A fully controlled natural commuted 3-phase bridge
any ripple. The armature resistance is 2.
rectifier is operating with a firing angle =30°. The peak to
The converter is working from a 230 V, single-phase ac
peak voltage ripple expressed as a ratio of the peak output
source with a firing angle of 30°. Under this operating
dc voltage at the output of the converter bridge is [2003]
condition, the speed of the motor will be [2004]
3 (a) 339 rpm (b) 359 rpm
(a) 0.5 (b)
2 (c) 366 rpm (d) 386 rpm
 3
(c)  1 −  (d) 3 −1 28. A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is fed from a 400V
 2 
 RMS, 50 Hz, three-phase AC source. If the load is purely
resistive, the peak instantaneous output voltage is equal to
25. A phase controlled half controlled single phase [2005]
converter is shown in Figure. The control angle (a) 400 V (b) 400 2 V
 = 30°. The output dc voltage wave shape will be a s
2 400
shown in [2003] (c) 400 V (d) V
3 3

29. A single-phase half wave uncontrolled converter circuit

is shown in figure. A 2-winding transformer is used at the
input for isolation. Assuming the load current to be
constant and v = Vm sin t , the current waveform through
diode D 2 will be [2006]

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 Power Electronics

34. A three-phase, fully-controlled thyristor bridge

converter is used as line commutated inverter to feed 50
kW power at 420 V dc to a three-phase, 415V (line), 50 Hz
ac mains. Consider dc link current to be constant. The RMS
Current of the thyristor is [2007]
(a) 119.05 A (b) 79.37 A
30. A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter with (c) 68.73 A (d) 39.68 A
freewheeling diode is fed from 400 V, 50 Hz AC source and
is operating at a firing angle of 60o. The load current is 35. A single phase full-wave half-controlled bridge
assumed constant at 10A due to high load inductance. The convener feeds an inductive load. The two SCRs in the
input displacement factor (IDF) and the input power factor converter are connected to a common DC bus. The
(IPF) of the converter will be [2006] converter has to have a freewheeling diode [2007]
(a) IDF = 0.867 IPF = 0.828 (a) Because the converter inherently does not provide for
(b) IDF = 0.867 IPF = 0.552 free-wheeling
(b) Because the converter does not provide for free-
(c) IDF = 0.5 IPF = 0.478 wheeling for high values of triggering angles
(d) IDF = 0.5 IPF = 0.318 (c) Or else the free-wheeling action of the converter will
cause shorting of the AC supply
31. A solar cell of 350 V is feeding power to an ac supply of (d) Or else if a gate pulse to one of the SCRs is missed, it
will subsequently cause a high load current in the other
440V, 50 Hz through a 3-phase fully controlled bridge
SCR
converter. A large inductance is connected in the dc circuit
to maintain the dc current at 20A. If the solar cell resistance 36. A three-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz ac mains fed thyristor
is 0.5, then each thyristor will be reverse biased for a bridge is feeding a 440 V dc, 15 kW, 1500 rpm separately
period of [2006] excited dc motor with a ripple free continuous current in
(a) 125o (b) 120o the dc link under all operating conditions. Neglecting the
(c) 60o (d) 55o losses, the power factor of the ac mains at half the rated
speed, is [2007]
(a) 0.354 (b) 0.372
32. A single-phase bridge converter is used to charge a
(c) 0.90 (d) 0.955
battery of 200V having an internal resistance of 2 as
shown in figure. The SCR’s are triggered by a constant dc
37. A single-phase, 230V, 50 Hz ac mains fed step down
signal. If SCR 2 gets open circuited, then what will be
transformer (4 : 1) is supplying power to a half-wave
average charging current? [2006]
uncontrolled ac-dc converter used for charging a battery
(12 V dc) with the series current limiting resistor being
19.04 . The charging current is [2007]
(a) 2.43 A (b) 1.65 A
(c) 1.22 A (d) 1.0 A

38. In the circuit of adjacent figure the diode connects the

ac source to a pure inductance L.
The diode conducts for [2007]
(a) 90o
(a) 23.8 A (b) 15 A (b) 180o
(c) 11.9 A (d) 3.54 A (c) 270o
(d) 360o
33. A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc
converter is operating at a firing angle of 25° and an
overlap angle of 10° with constant dc output current of 20 39. A single phase fully controlled bridge converter
A. The fundamental power factor (displacement factor) al supplies a load drawing constant and ripple free load
input ac mains is [2007] current. If the triggering angle is 30°, the input power
(a) 0.78 (b) 0.827 factor will be [2008]
(c) 0.866 (d) 0.9 (a) 0.65 (b) 0.78
(c) 0.85 (d) 0.866

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 Power Electronics

40. A single-phase half controlled converter shown in the

figure is feeding power to highly inductive load. The
converter is operating at a firing angle of 60°. [2008]

If the firing pulses are suddenly removed, the steady state (a) 44o (b) 51o
(c) 129o (d) 136o
( )
voltage V0 waveform of the converter will become

42. A three phase fully controlled bridge converter is

feeding a load drawing a constant and ripple free load
current of 10A at a firing angle of 30o. The approximate
Total Harmonic Distortion (%THD) and the RMS value of
fundamental component of the input current will
respectively be [2008]
(a) 31% and 6.8 A (b) 31 % and 7.8 A
(c) 66% and 6.8 A (d) 66% and 7.8 A

43. The circuit shows an ideal diode connected to a pure

inductor and is connected to a purely sinusoidal 50Hz
voltage source. Under Ideal conditions the current
waveform through the inductor will look like [2009]

41. A single phase fully controlled converter bridge is used

for electrical braking of a separately excited dc motor. The
dc motor load is represented by an equivalent circuit as
shown in the figure. Assume that the load inductance is
sufficient to ensure continuous and ripple free load current.
The firing angle of the bridge for a load current I0 = 10A
will be [2008]

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 Power Electronics

47. The maximum current through the battery will be [2011]

(a) 14 A (b) 40 A
(c) 80 A (d) 94 A

48. The kVA rating of the input transformer is [2011]

(a) 53.2kVA (b) 46.0kVA
(c) 22.6kVA (d) 19.6kVA

49. A half-controlled single-phase bridge rectifier is

44. The fully controlled thyristor converter in the figure is supplying an R-L load. It is operated at a firing angle 
fed from a single-phase source. When the firing angle is 00 , and the load current is continuous. The fraction of cycle
the dc output voltage of the converter is 300V. What will be that the freewheeling diode conducts is [2012]
the output voltage for a firing angle of 600 , assuming
continuous conduction? [2010]
(a)1/2 (
(b) 1 − 
 )
(a) 150V (c)  (d) 
2 
(b) 210V

(c) 300V 50. Thyristor T in the figure below is initially off and is
triggered with a single pulse of width 10μs. It is given that
(d) 100V
 100   100 
L=  H and C =   F . Assuming latching and
     
Common Data for Questions 45 and 46: holding currents of the thyristor are both zero and the
The input voltage given to a converter is initial charge on C is zero, T conducts for [2013]

v i = 100 2 sin (100 t ) V (a) 10μs

The current drawn by the converter is (b) 50μs
 10 2 sin (100t −  / 3) + 5 2 sin (300t +  / 4 ) 
(c) 100μs
ii =  A
 +2 2 sin (500t −  / 6 ) 
  (d) 200μs

45. The input power factor of the converter is [2011] 51. The figure shows the circuit of a rectifier fed from a 230
(a) 0.31 (b) 0.44 – V (rms), 50 – Hz sinusoidal voltage source. If we want to
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.71 replace the current source with a resistor so that the rms
value of the current supplied by the voltage source remains
46. The active power drawn by the converter is [2011] unchanged, the value of the resistance (in ohms) is
(a) 181W (b) 500W ______________ (Assume diodes to be ideal) [2014-01]
(c) 707W (d) 887W

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 47 and 48:

A solar energy installation utilizes a three-phase bidge
converter to feed energy into power system through a
transformer of 400V/400V, as shown below.

52. The figure shows the circuit diagram of the rectifier.

The load consists of a reactance 10 and an inductance
0.05H connected in series. Assuming ideal thyristor and
The energy is collected in a bank of 400V batteries and is ideal diode, the thyristor firing angle (in degree) needed to
connected to converter through a large filter choke of obtain an average load voltage of 70V is_____________
resistance 10 . [2014-01]

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 Power Electronics

(c)

53. A fully controlled converter bridge feeds a highly

inductive load with ripple free load current. The input (d)
( s)
supply V to the bridge is a sinusoidal source. Triggering

angle of the bridge converter is  = 300 . The input power

factor of the bridge is _____________. [2014-02]

55. A diode circuit feeds an ideal inductor as shows in the

( )
figure, Given  = 100 sin t V , where  = 100 rad / s
s
, and L = 31.83 mH. The initial value of inductor current is
zero. Switch S is closed at
54. A three-phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed t = 2.5ms. The peak value of inductor current i (in (a) in
through star-delta transformer as shown in the figure. L
the first cycle is ____________. [2014-03]

The converter is operated at a firing angle of 300 ,

Assuming the load current (I )
0
to be virtually constant at 56. In the given rectifier, the delay angle of the thyristor T1
1p.u. and transformer to be an ideal one, the input phase measured from the positive going zero crossing of Vs is
current waveform is [2014-03]
300 . If the input voltage Vs is 100sin (100 t) V, the
(a)
average voltage across R (in Volt) under steady-state is
__________. [2015-02]

(b)

57. A single-phase thyristor-bridge rectifier is fed from a

230V, 50Hz, single-phase AC mains. If it is delivering a
constant DC current of 10A, at firing angle of 30 , then
0

value of the power factor at AC mains is [2016-01]

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 Power Electronics

(a) 0.87 (b) 0.9 61. The figure below shows an uncontrolled diode bridge
(c) 0.78 (d) 0.45 rectifier supplied from a 220 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase ac source.
The load draws a constant current Io = 14 A. The
conduction angle of the diode D1 in degrees (rounded off
58. A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is feeding a
to two decimal places) is ____________ . [2017-01]
constant DC current of 100A to a highly inductive load. If
three-phase, 415V, 50Hz AC source is supplying to this
bridge rectifier then the rms value of the current in each
diode, in ampere, is________________. [2016-02]

59. A full-bridge converter supplying an RLE load is shown

in figure. The firing angle of the bridge converter is 1200 .
The supply voltage v m ( t ) = 200 sin (100t ) V .
62. In the circuit shown, the diodes are ideal, the
R = 20, E = 800V . The inductor L is large enough to inductance is small, and I0  0 . Which one of the following
make the output current IL a smooth dc current. Switches statements is true? [2017-02]
are lossless. The real power fed back to the source, in kW,
is____________. [2016-02]

(a) D1 conducts for greater than 180° and D2 conducts for

greater than 180°.
(b) D2 conducts for more than 180° and D1 conducts for
180°.
(c) D1 conducts for 180° and D2 conducts for 180°.
(d) D1 conducts for more than 180° and D2 conducts for
180°.

63. The figure below shows the circuit diagram of a

controlled rectifier supplied from a 230 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase
voltage source and a 10:1 ideal transformer. Assume that
60. A single-phase bi-directional voltage source converter all devices are ideal. The firing angles of the thyristors T1
(VSC) is shown in the figure below. All devices are ideal. It is and T2 are 90° and 270°, respectively. [2017-02]
used to charge a battery at 400V with power of 5kW from a
source V = 220 V (rms), 50Hz sinusoidal AC mains at
s
unity p.f. If its AC side interfacing inductor is 5mH and the
switches are operated at 20kHz, then the phase shift ()
between AC mains voltage V ( s) and fundamental AC rms

( )
VSC voltage VC1 , in degrees, is______________. [2016-02]

The RMS value of the current though diode D3 in amperes

is ___________

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 Power Electronics

64. A phase-controlled, single-phase, full-bridge converter 68. A phase controlled signal phase reflector, supplied by
is supplying a highly inductive DC load. The converter is fed an AC source, feeds power to an R-L-E load as shown in the
from a 230 V, 50 Hz, AC source. The fundamental frequency figure. The reflector output voltage has an average value
in Hz of the voltage ripple on the DC side is [2017-02] Vm
given by V0 =
2
(3 + cos  ) , where Vm = 80V and  is
(a) 25 (b) 50
the firing angle. If the power delivered to the loss less
(c) 100 (d) 300
battery is 1600W,  in degree is ______ (up to 2 decimal
places) [2018]
65. In the circuit shown in the figure, the diode used is
ideal. The input power factor is ___________ . (Give the
69. A six-pulse thyristor bridge rectifier is connected to a
answer up to two decimal places) [2017-02]
balanced three-phase, 50 Hz AC source. Assuming that the
DC output current of the rectifier is constant, the lowest
harmonic component in the AC input current is [2019]
(a) 300 Hz (b) 250 Hz
(c) 150 Hz (d) 100 Hz

70. A single-phase fully-controlled thyristor converter is

used to obtain an average voltage of 180 V with 10 A
constant current to feed a DC load. It is fed from single-
phase AC supply of 230 V, 50 Hz. Neglect the source
66. The waveform of the current drawn by a semi-converter impedance. The power factor (round off to two decimal
from a sinusoidal AC voltage I source is shown in the places) of AC mains is ________. [2019]
figure. If I0 = 20A , the MIS value of fundamental
71. A fully-controlled three-phase bridge converter is
component of the current is _______ A (up to 2 decimal working from a 415 V, 50 Hz AC supply. It is supplying
places). [2018] constant current of 100 A at 400 V to a DC load. Assume
larger inductive smoothing and neglect overlap. The rms
value of the AC line current in amperes (round off to two
decimal places) is _________. [2019]

72. A single-phase, full-bridge diode rectifier fed from a

230 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal source supplies a series
combination of finite resistance. R, and a very large
inductance, L. The two most dominant frequency
components in the source current are: [2020]
(a) 50 Hz, 0 Hz (b) 50 Hz, 100 Hz
67. A single phase frilly controlled rectifier is supplying a (c) 50 Hz, 150 Hz (d) 150 Hz, 250 Hz
load with an anti-parallel diode as shown in the figure. All
switches and diodes are ideal. Which one of the following 73. A single-phase, full-bridge, fully controlled thyristor
is true for instantaneous load voltage and current? [2018] rectifier feeds a load comprising a 10  resistance in series
with a very large inductance. The rectifier is fed from an
ideal 230 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal source through cables which
have negligible internal resistance and a total inductance of
2.28 mH. If the thyristors are triggered at an angle a = 45°,
the commutation overlap angle in degree (rounded off to 2
decimal places) is _________. [2020]

74. A single-phase full-bridge diode rectifier feeds a

(a) V0  0 & i0  0 (b) V0  0 & i0  0 resistive load of 50 Ω from a 200 V, 50 Hz single phase AC
supply. If the diodes are ideal, then the active power, in
(c) V0  0 & i0  0 (d) V0  0 & i0  0 watts, drawn by the load is _____________. (round off to
nearest integer). [2022]

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 Power Electronics

75. The voltage at the input of an AC-DC rectifier is given 77. The single phase rectifier consisting of three thyristors
()
by v t = 230 2 sin t where  = 2 × 50 rad/s. The T1, T2, T3 and a diode D1 feed power to a 10A constant
current load. T1 and T3 are fired at  = 60° and T2 is fired at
input current drawn by the rectifier is given by  = 240°. The reference for  is the positive zero crossing
     
i ( t ) = 10sin  t −  + 4 sin  3t −  + 3sin  5t −  . of Vin. The average voltage V0 across the load in volts is
 3   6   3  _______ (Round off to 2 decimal places). [2023]
The input power factor, (rounded off to two decimal
places), is, _________________ lag. [2022]

76. For the ideal AC-DC rectifier circuit shown in the figure
below, the load current magnitude is Idc = 15 A and is
ripple free. The thyristors are fired with a delay angle of
45°. The amplitude of the fundamental component of the
source current, in amperes, is __________. (round off to two
decimal places) [2022]

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 Power Electronics

Solutions
01. Ans: (c)
Solution:
When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode, it delivers real power to the AC supply.
But due to firing angle delay and harmonics it needs reactive power which is not available on the DC side so it draws
reactive power from the AC side.

02. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In the waveform of output voltage there is a constant voltage for some time period which comes only in RLE load in case
of discontinuous conduction after the extinction angle when the current becomes zero.
So the type of the load is “dc motor”.

03. Ans: True,

Solution:
Line commutated inverter changes dc voltage to ac voltage as normal inverter. It operates at firing angle beyond 90
degree due to which average Dc Voltage is negative but current stays positive so overall power becomes negative and
power flows from DC Side to the AC Side.

04. Ans: False

Solution:
Six Pulse Double Star Rectifier is nothing but three phase full wave rectifier whose average output voltage is given by,
3V
V01 = m cos 


For Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier, the output voltage is given by,
3V
V02 = m cos 
2

So, output voltage of a six – pulse double star rectifier is different as that of a 3 – Φ half wave rectifier.

05. Ans: (c)

Solution:
If load current is ripple – free.

Then, ac supply side current waveform will be like.

Hence, the waveform would be square wave.

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 Power Electronics

06. Ans: 594.208

Solution:
The average output voltage of three phase diode bridge rectifier is given by,
3V
V0 = m = 3  440  2 = 594.208 Volt
 

07. Ans: 7.406 and 3.504

Solution:
Maximum Voltage, V = 200 2V
m
(i) Due to Pure Resistive Load, it will be a case of discontinuous conduction.
 100 
Extinction angle of current = 180 − sin−1   = 159.295
0

 200 2 
Average Output Current,
159.29
1 1 1   
I= 
R   (V
60
m
sin t − E ) d ( t ) = 
R 
Vm ( cos60 − cos159.29 ) − E (159.29 − 60 )
180 
1   
I= 200 2 ( cos60 − cos159.29 ) − 100 (159.29 − 60 ) = 7.406 A
10  180 

(ii) If a large inductor is connected, it becomes a case of continuous conduction. The diode branch will provide the free-
wheeling action after 1800.
Vm 200 2
Average Output Voltage =

( 1 + cos  ) =

(1 + cos60 ) = 135.047 V
135.047 − 100
Average Output Current = = 3.504 A
10

08. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The average output with overlap angle is given by,
3V
( )
V
o Avg
= m cos  + cos (  +  ) 
2
As the overlap angle  increases, cos (  +  ) decreases which reduces the average output voltage.

09. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In dual converter, the circuiting current allows smooth reversal of load current with improved speed of response. It
requires an interconnecting inductor to flow.

10. Ans: 0.3842, 88.388

Solution:
Moving Coil Ammeter measures the average value of output current whereas the Moving Iron Ammeter measures the RMS
Current.
The circuit for the given configuration is shown,

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 Power Electronics

V
Average Output Voltage, V ( o )avg = 2m (1 + cos  ) = 3002 2
(1 + cos 45 ) = 115.27 Volt
115.27
Reading of moving coil ammeter = = 0.3842Amp
300

(b) −V + V + V = 0
s T L
V =V −V
T S L
The voltage across Thyristor will be non-zero when it is in
OFF state.
The conduction angle of thyristor would be, 450    1800
The waveform of the Thyristor Voltage is shown,
Reading of moving iron voltmeter
1/2
  4 2 
1  
VTRMS =    Vm sin t d ( t ) +  Vm sin t d ( t ) 
2 2 2 2

2
   0  

1/2
  4 2 
V 1 1
VTRMS = m   (1 − cos2t ) d ( t ) +  (1 − cos2t ) d ( t ) 
2  2 2 
 0  
1/2

VTRMS =
300  2   1
( 1
) 
 4 − 2 sin 2 − sin0 +  − 2 ( sin4 − sin2 ) 
2  2 


1/2
300  5 1 
VTRMS =  −  =221.55V
2  4 2 

11. Ans: (d)

Solution:

For Fully Controlled Converter, Displacement factor = cos = cos30 = 3

2

12. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Each Thyristor conducts for 120

( IT )RMS = 120
360
 150 =
150
3
Amp

13. Ans: (20% )

Solution:
(a) The waveform for supply side line current is shown below,

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 Power Electronics

(b) The Fourier Series of the waveform shown above is,

 4I
a cos n sin nt − n
I =
s  n. 6
( )
n = 1,3,5

RMS value of fundamental current,

2 2I
I = a cos30 = 6 I
S1   a

RMS value of 3rd harmonic

2 2I
I = a cos90 = 0
s3 3
RMS value of 5th harmonic
2 2I
I = a cos150 = − 6 I
s3 5 5 a
From above, third harmonic current as a percentage of Fundamental current = 0%
This means that third harmonic is absent from the supply current.
I
Fifth harmonic current as a percentage of Fundamental current = S5  100% = 20%
I
S1

14. Ans: (b)

Solution:
They are used to reduce switching losses by turning off at zero current or zero voltage position.

15. Ans: 540.19V, 31.18A, 44.1 A, 30.557 kVA

Solution:
For a 3-phase Diode Bridge Rectifier,
3V 3  400  2
( )
(a) VO = ml = = 540.19Volt
avg  

( Vo )avg
(b) Average Output Current, (Io )avg = R
=
540.18
10
= 54.01 A

Each Diode Conducts for 120 degree out of 360 degree,

120 54.01
(I )
D RMS
= I =
360 o
= 31.18 A
3

(c) Each Phase Conducts for 240 degree out of 360 degree

(Is )RMS = 240 I =

360 o
2
3
 54.01 = 44.10Amp

(540.18 )
2

(d) Output Power, P = V I = = 29.179kW

oo 10
Apparent Power Drawn from Mains = S = 3  Vsrms  Isrms = 3  400  44.106 = 30.557KVA

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 Power Electronics

These two power can be used to determine the input power factor.

16. Ans: (b)

Solution:
If the current drops to zero at certain time then it is a case of discontinuous conduction.
By KVL,
V =E +I R
b a a
Since, I = 0
a
V =E
b

17. Ans: (c)

Solution:
If the load draws a constant current then the supply current waveform is a square wave with a peak value equal to the
Load Current.

18. Ans: (a)

Solution:
AC-to-DC circulating current dual converters is operated with the following relationship
 +  = 1800
1 2

19. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When the Thyristor is ON,
di
V sin t = L
m dt
di V
= m sin t
dt L
i 
V t V
m m
 di = L  sin t d ( t ) => i = L cos t
o  t
V
i = m ( cos  − cos t )
L
For extinction angle, i = 0
V
0 = m ( cos  − cos  )
L
cos  = cos 
 = 2n   = 360n  
For  = 1200 =>  = 240; 480
But β cannot be greater than 360 hence,  = 240

20. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The diodes in full bridge inverter conduct for an angle of 2Φ in a duration of 3600 where Φ is the power factor angle of the
load.
Here, two diodes conduct for an angle of Φ while the other two conduct for another Φ angle.
For purely inductive load, Φ=900

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 Power Electronics

Thus, each diode conducts for 1/4th of each cycle.

Conduction time = T = 20 = 5msec
4 4

21. Ans: (c)

Solution:
A bridge rectifier with resistive load is shown below,

The waveform of Current flowing through R is,

Vm 200
Peak Current through R = Im = = = 4A
R 50
I = 4 sin t

42

42
Irms =  sin2 td ( t ) =  = 4 A
 0 2 2

So power dissipation = Irms R = 4

2
2
 50W = 8  50W = 400W
2

22. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Triplen Harmonics are not present in its AC Source Line Current.
lowest frequency harmonic component.= Fifth harmonic= 5 x 50= 250Hz

23. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The Displacement Power Factor is given by, cos
Hence, the reactive power Q  tan 
Higher the value of firing angle, higher will be the reactive power.
Q is maximum when  = 300

24. Ans: (a)

Solution:
If VAB is chosen as reference then it conducts from 600 till 1200 for 0 firing angle delay.
V = V sin t
AB ml
For a firing angle delay of 300 it will conduct from 900 till 1500
The maximum voltage occurs at t = 900 and minimum voltage at t = 150 . The output voltage waveform is shown
0

below,

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 Power Electronics

Peak to peak ripple voltage V − V sin1500 1 − 1

Hence, = ml ml = 2 = 0.5
Peak output dc voltage V 1
ml

25. Ans: (a)

Solution:

As current source is connected as load so load current is constant and it continuously flows through pair T1 T2 or T3 T4.
This is a case of continuous conduction.
T1 and T2 are fired at  = 300 , these SCR’s will get turned ON as firing angle is 300 , pair T T will be fired at
3 4
( 180 +  ) .

So, T and T conducts for   t   +  and V =V

1 2 dc ac
Similarly, T and T conducts for   t   +  and V = −V
3 4 dc ac
Thus, the waveform would look like,

26. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Ripple frequency = Number of pulses x supply frequency
Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier produces 3 pulses at the output in every cycle so the Ripple Frequency is,
f = 3 x 400 = 1200Hz

27. Ans: (a)

Solution:

V 230 2
Average Output Voltage of the converter is, V = m 1 + cos  =
2
( )
1 + cos300
2
( )
V = 96.6 Volt
(
Back emf of the motor is, E = V − I R = 96.6 − 5  2 = 86.6 V
a a a
)
Back Emf, E = KN
a
If flux is constant, E = K N
a b
Where, K = Back emf constant = 0.25 V/rpm
b
E 86.6
Speed = b = 346.4RPM
k 0.25
b

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 Power Electronics

28. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Maximum value of input line voltage, V = 400 2V
m
If VAB is taken as reference then for diode bridge rectifier, V0 = VAB for 600  t  1200
Since, V = 400 2 sin t
AB
Hence, maximum output voltage occurs at t = 900
Therefore peak instantaneous output voltage Vm = 400 2Volt

29. Ans: (d)

Solution:
For 0  t   → diode D conduct and D is reverse biased.
1 2
For   t  2 → diode D become reverse biased and D conducts.
1 2
Hence, during   t  2 the load current free-wheels through D2. So Diode D2 current remains zero during 0  t  
and it is equal to load current during   t  2 .
Hence, the diode current waveforms look like as shown below,

30. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For a 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter
Input displacement factor = cos  = cos60 = 0.5
Input power factor = Distortion Factor  cos  = 3  0.5 = 0.478


31. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Solar cell emf E = 350V
DC current I = 20A
dc
Solar cell resistance, R = 0.5ohm
cell
Since, the power flow is reversed that means the power must come out to be negative but current cannot be negative as
thyristor cannot carry negative current. So, in Inversion Mode the voltage must be negative due to which the firing angle
must be greater than 900.

(
V = − E−I R
o dc cell )
= − ( 350 − 20  0.5 ) = -340V

3V
V = ml cos 
o 
3V
ml  cos  = −340 = 3  440  2  cos  = −340
 
 = 1250
Since,   600 , the thyristor will be reverse biased for a period of 180 – 125 = 550

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32. Ans: (c)

Solution:
 E 
 = sin−1   = sin−1  200 
1 V   230  2 
 m
Therefore,  = 38 or 0.66 Radian
0
1
For a RE Load,

I =
1 
2V cos  − E  − 2 
avg 2R  m 1 (
1  )
I =
1 
avg 2  2  ( )
2 2  230cos5380 − 200 (  − 2  0.66 ) 

I = 11.9Amp
avg

33. Ans: (c)

Solution:

Fundamental power factor = cos   + 
 = cos  25 + 10  = cos30= 0.866
 2  


2 
34. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Let DC link current = I
d
DC voltage applied to the inverter, V = 420V
d
Power fed to the inverter, P = V I = 50kW
dd
420I = 50  103
d
I = 119.05A
d
Each Thyristor conducts for a period of 2 .
3
So, RMS current of thyristor,
2 3 I
( th )rms
I =
1
2
2
 Id d ( t ) =
d = 119.05
3 3
0

(Ith )RMS = 68.73Amp

35. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Free – wheeling diode is needed to prevent short – circuit which can occur if current due to set of thyristors is not
transferred completely to other set of thyristors and the other set starts conducting.

36. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Back Emf E ( a ) = Vo − IaRa
Here, Vo is the average output voltage of the converter.
Since, the losses are neglected so Armature Copper Loss must be zero and hence, armature resistance Ra = 0

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So, E = V
a o
And V = E = K N --------(1)
o a a
At 440V dc voltage, speed is 1500 RPM.
So at half the rated speed (750 RPM), the voltage will be 220V.
If I is the average value of armature current, then rms value of supply current will be,
a
I =I 2
s a 3
Power delivered to motor = V I
oa

Input VA = 3V I
ss

V I 220I
Input power factor = oa = a = 0.354
3V I 3  440  I 2
ss a 3

37. Ans: (d)

Solution:
1
( )
Input to the converter Vs =
4
( 230 ) = 57.5V
Diode conducts when Vs  E
Diode will start conduction at 1 such that Vm sin 1 = E

57.5 2 sin 1 = 12
1 = 8.486 or 0.148 Radian
−
1 1  V sin t − E 
Average Output Current, I =
o 2   m R  dt

  
1

I =
1 
(
2V cos  − E  − 2  =
o 2R  m 1 ) 1
( ) (
 2  57.5 2  cos8.48 − 12  − 2  0.48 
1  2  19.04  
)
Io= 1.06 Amp 1Amp

38. Ans: (d)

Solution:
For pure inductive load, the load current is given by
V
I = m (1 − cos t )
L
Diode stops conducting when current flowing through it becomes zero. I = 0
(1 − cos t ) = 0
cos t = 1
t = 3600

During the positive half cycle diode current rises from 0 to a maximum value and during negative half cycle it again falls to
zero.

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 Power Electronics

39. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Input Power Factor, IPF = gcos 
Here, g is the Distortion Factor.
2 2
IPF =  3 = 6 = 0.78
 2 

40. Ans: (a)

Solution:
If we suddenly remove the firing pulses and load current is continuous then the thyristor in Conduction State at the time of
removal of pulses will be latched in conduction. The Diodes will keep on changing in each half cycle based on which one is
forward biased.
If the diode from the same leg as the thyristor is conducting then output voltage is zero and is the diode from other leg is
conducting the supply voltage appears at the output. So for half cycle the output and for the other half cycle output is
same as input.
Thus, the output voltage waveform is,

41. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The emf of the motor is shown with opposite polarity so the dc output voltage would be negative resulting in negative
output power. This is due to the fact that Power will flow from DC to the AC side during regenerative braking.
2V
m cos  = −150 + 20

2  230  2
cos  = −130

cos  = −0.62
 = 1290

42. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Load current = 10 A
Each phase in the source conducts for 240 degree out of 360 degrees. So,

RMS value of total source current = I 240 = 10 2 = 8.165Amp

o 360 3
RMS value of fundamental current
4I 4  10
I = o sin  =  3
S1 2 3 2 2
I = 7.8Amp
S1
2 2
I   8.165 
T.H.D. =  s1  − 1  100% = 
 I   − 1  100% = 31%
 7.8 
 s 

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 Power Electronics

43. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Frequency of the voltage source, f – 50Hz
1 1
Time period = T = = = 20ms
f 50
During positive half cycle of the source voltage,
0  t  T , energy is stored in the inductor and current increases.
2
T
During negative half cycle of the source voltage,  t  T , current decreases and energy stored in the inductor is
2
delivered to source.
The current in Purely Inductive Load is given by,
Vm
i(t) = (1 − cos t )
L
Hence, maximum current is
2Vm 2  10
Imax = = = 2A
L 0.1
100 


44. Ans: (a)

Solution:
2V
Average Output Voltage, V = m cos 
o 
When  = 0 0

2V
V = m cos00 = 300
o 
2V
m cos00 = 300 ---------------(1)

When  = 600
2V
V = m cos60
o 
V = 300 cos60
o
V = 150Volt
o

45. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The power in case of harmonics is obtained from same frequency components in current and voltage.
Since, voltage only contains fundamental so the power will be computed using fundamental component of current.

P = 10  100  cos = 500 W
3

RMS Current, I
rms
= (10 )2 + (5 )2 + (2 )2 = 129A

RMS Voltage, V = 100V

rms

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 Power Electronics

500
Input power factor = = 0.44
100  129

46. Ans: (b)

Solution:

Active Power of Converter, P = 10  100  cos = 500 W
3

47. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Since, the converter is used to feed power from DC side (Solar Energy) to AC side. The converter acts as Line Commutated
Inverter. Since, current cannot be reversed in Thyristor so the output voltage should be negative so that Power is negative.
So the battery must be connected in reverse polarity.
3Vml
Average Output voltage of the converter = cos 

The converter acts as line commutated inverter and for such mode   900
So, current through battery:-
V − ( −400 ) V + 400
I = o = o
o R R
Since, V is negative so for maximum current it must have minimum negative value which occurs when V = 0 or
o o
 = 900

( Io )max = 400
10
= 40 Amp.

48. Ans: (c)

Solution:
RMS value of supply current in case of 3 −  bridge converter,

I = I 2 = 40 2
s o 3 3
I = 32.66A
s
KVA rating of the input transformer = 3V I
ss
S = 3  400  32.66  10 −3KVA = 22.6KVA

49. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Freewheeling Diode conducts when thyristor becomes forward biased but is yet not fired. Due to this thyristor cannot
begin conduction and the load current has to flow through Free-wheeling Diode.
This happens from 0  t   and   t   + 
Hence, Free-wheeling diode conducts for 2 in a cycle of 2π.
2 
Fraction = =
2 

50. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Since, initial conditions are zero. So, the current in LC Oscillator is,

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 Power Electronics

C
i ( t ) = Vs sin 0 t
L
1
where, 0 =
LC
After 0t =  , the current reverses its direction but Thyristor is a unidirectional switch so it cannot conduct in reverse
direction and hence it turns off.
  100  100 
Hence, Thyristor conducts only upto 0t =  or t = =  LC t =    10−6   10−6  = 100 μ-sec
0     

51. Ans: 23 ohm

Solution:
If rectifier is connected to a resistive load, V0 waveform is as shown in figure.

( V )rms = ( Vi )rms = 230V

0

( V )rms
( I )rms =
0
0

For current source at load the supply current waveform is shown below,
( I )rms = I = 10A
s L

( V )rms 230
0
10 = =
R R
R = 23

52. Ans: 69.310

Solution:
Let firing angle = 
For a Half Wave Rectifier with Free Wheeling Diode, the Thyristor stops to conduct after t = 1800
Hence, average output voltage is given by,
V
V0 ( avg) = m (1 + cos  )
2
325
70 =
2
(1 + cos  )
1 + cos  =1.3533
cos  =0.3533 =>  =69.31°

53. Ans: 0.78

Solution:
For a single phase full bridge converter,
2 2
Distortion factor = = 0.9

3
Displacement power factor = cos  = cos30 =
0

2
3
Input power factor = (DF) × (DPF)= 0.9 × = 0.78
2

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 Power Electronics

54. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The schematic of the converter arrangement is shown below,

Assuming each secondary winding is identical and has the same resistance.
When R phase on primary has maximum voltage, the R phase on secondary has maximum voltage and thus lines ‘a’ and ‘c’
conduct. Currents leaves through ‘a’ terminal and enters in winding through ‘c’ terminal.
The current in R on secondary would be,
2R 2
IR ( sec ) = 1  =
R + 2R 3
2K
IR (pri) =
3
Similarly when Y phase has maximum voltage, lines ‘b’ and ‘c’ conduct and current goes out of ‘b’ terminal and enters
through ‘c’ terminal. By Current division,
R 1
IR ( sec ) = 1  =
R + 2R 3
K
IR (pri) =
3
Hence, the most appropriate option would be B.

55. Ans: 17.07A

Solution:
When voltage is applied across inductor, current in inductor increases till voltage is positive.
1 1
T= = = 20ms
f 50
Angle corresponding to 2.5 ms
2.5 
=  2 = rad
20 4
1
iL =  Vdt
L
Maximum current occurs at θ =  , as current increases till VS  0 .
1  1   100 
iL (max ) =  ( Vmsin t ) d ( t ) = −3    sin t d ( t )
L 4 31.83  10   4   
100   
iL (max ) = −3 cos 4 − cos  = 17.07A
100  31.83  10  

56. Ans: 61.529V

Solution:
The following devices will conduct,

 t  , T1 and D2 conduct
6
  t  2, D3 and D 4 conduct

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 Power Electronics

The output waveform looks like,

1 
2
 1  2 
Average Voltage, Vavg =   Vo d( t) =   100sin t d( t) −  100sin t d( t)
2  0  2   6  
1 
100  − cos t   6 − 100  − cos t   
 2
Vavg =
2  

100
Vavg = (1 + cos30) + (2)
2 
100
Vavg = 3 + cos30 = 61.529 V
2 

57. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Since the DC current is ripple free,

Irms = IDC = 10A and  = 30

Power factor = distortion factor (g)  displacement factor of AC side

4I0
Fourier Series of Supply Current, Is = 
n=1,3,5... n
sinnt

4I0 2 2I0
Rms value of fundamental component = =
2 
Since the source current is continuous, rms value of source current, I0 = 10A

Is1 2 2I0 2 2
g= = =
Is   I0 
Displacement factor = cos 
2 2 2 2
p.f. = cos  =  cos30 = 0.7796 0.78
 

58. Ans: 57.7A

Solution:
Io = 100A (DC current)
Load is highly inductive, output current is constant & it is continuous conduction mode.
Each diode will conduct for 120° out of 360°.
120 I 100
Rms value of diode current = Io = o = = 57.70 A
360 3 3
59. Ans: 6kW
Solution:
Vm = 200 sin (100t ) V

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 Power Electronics

Since it is in continuous conduction mode,

2Vm 2  200  1
Average output DC voltage, Vo = cos  =  cos120 = 400   − 
   2
Vo = −200
Vo = IoR + E
−200 = Io  20 − 800
600
Io = = 30A
20
Real power fed back to converter = VoIo = 200  30 = 6000 W = 6 kW

60. Ans: 9.210

Solution:
Input Power, P = VsIs cos 

5  103 = 220  Is  1
Is = 22.72 A
Vs = Vc1 + j ( Is  ) X s

Vc1 = Vs 0 − j ( Is  ) X s

(
Vc1 = 2200 − 22.720  2  50  5  10 −3 90 )
Vc1 = 220 − 35.6890
Vc1 = 222.87 − 9.21
Therefore, the voltage shift between Vs & Vc1 is 9.21

61. Ans: 224.17

Solution:
For single phase full bridge controlled converter
Vm
I0 =
2L s
(
cos  − cos (  +  ) )
For diode bridge rectifier α=00
220 2
14 = cos0 − cos  
2  100  0.01 
28
cos  = − +1
220 2
 = 44.170
Conduction angle of diode = 180 +  = 224.170

62. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The inductance given in the problem is source inductance due to which there is overlap between the two diodes.
Hence, each diode conducts for (180 + )
where  is overlap angle.

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 Power Electronics

63. Ans: 0
Solution:
Since the load is purely resistance, the conduction does not go beyond 180°.
Hence, the freewheeling diode does not come into conduction. So, rms current through D 3 is 0.

64. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In single phase full bridge rectifier, the output voltage is as shown below,

Hence, fo = 2fs
Ripple frequency at output = 2 × 50 = 100 Hz

65. Ans: 0.71

Solution:
The circuit is a half wave rectifier whose output voltage is shown below.

1
1  2
Vo(rms) =  (Vm sin  t)2 d( t)
 2 o 
1
 1   1 − cos 2 t   2 Vm
Vo(rms) = Vm     d( t) =
 2 o  2   2
Po I2 R
Input power factor = = o(rms)
Vs(rms) Is(rms) Vs(rms) Is(rms)
Is(rms) = Io(rms)
Vm
Vo(rms) 1
IPF = = 2 = = 0.707 = 0.71
Vs(rms) Vm 2
2

66. Ans: (17.39)

Solution:
The current waveform given is

The Fourier series is given by

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 Power Electronics

 4I0 n  n 
Is =  n
cos
2
sin  nt − 
2 
n=1,3,5 
Here,  = 300
Fundamental rms
4  20 30 40 2
Is1 (rms ) = cos = cos15 = 17.392A
 2 2 

67. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Since this converter has freewheeling diode, the output voltage cannot go negative
V0  0
Since, diodes & SCR are unidirectional current cannot reverse
I0  0

68. Ans: (90)

Solution:
Power delivered to battery = 1600W
P 1600
Current = = = 120V
E 80
V0 = E + I0R = 80 + 20  2 = 120V
Vm
V0 =
2
(3 + cos  )
40
80
120 = (3 + cos  )
2
3 + cos  = 3
cos  = 0
 = 90
69. Ans: (b)
Solution:
The harmonic on ac side have the order np  1
Where p is pulse number
For six pulse converter = 6n  1
Lowest order harmonic = 5
th

Harmonic frequency = 5  50 = 250Hz

70. Ans: 0.77 to 0.79

Solution:
2Vm
V0 = cos 

2  230 2
180 = cos 

cos = 0.869
2 2
Input pf = cos  = 0.78


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 Power Electronics

71. Ans: 81 to 82.5

Solution:
2 2
RMS supply current = I0 = 100 = 81.65A
3 3

72. Ans:
Solution:
Output waveforms of highly inductive load (without F.W. diode).

Fourier series of supply current is given as


4I0
is (t) =  n
sinn0 t
n=1,3,5
Frequency components present in supply current is
1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th : all odd frequencies
Two most dominant harmonics are 3rd and 5th,
i.e., 150 Hz and 250 Hz
Two most dominant frequencies are 1st and 3rd,
i.e., 50 Hz and 150 Hz.
Except fundamental, all other frequencies are harmonics in supply current.

73. Ans: 4.80°

Solution:
1- SCR bridge rectifier
 = 45 ,R = 10
Supply 230V, 50 Hz
Ls = 2.28mH,  = ?
Vm
Vd = [cos  − cos( + )] = 4fLsI0

2Vm
V0 = cos  − 4fLsI0 ( with Ls )

2Vm
I0R = cos  − 4fLsI0

Find I0
2  230 2
I0  10 =  cos 45 − 4  50  2.28  10 −3I0


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 Power Electronics

I0 (10+0.456)=146.42
146.49
I0 = = 14.0036 A
10.456
230 2
V = [cos 45 − cos(45 +  )]

= 4  50  2.28  10−3  14
= 6.384

(
cos 45 − cos 45 +  = 0.061659 )
45 +  = 49.80
  = 4.80

74. Ans. 800

Solution
1- full bridge diode rectifier
Load, R = 50 
1- Active power supply
Vs = 200 Volts
2
V0ms
P0 avg =
R
Vor = Vs rms = 200
(For 1- full bridge rectifier)
2002
P0 avg = = 800 W
50

75. Ans. 0.45

Solution
Is1
g=
Isr
10 / 2
=
2 2 2
 10   4   3 
  +  + 
 2  2  2
g = 0.89
pF = g . FDF

pF = g  cos   = 0.447
3

76. Ans. 17.65

Solution
4  l0  n 
l̂sn = cos  
n  2 

l̂s1 =
4  15

cos 22.5 ( )
= 17.65 A

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 Power Electronics

77. Ans. 39 to 40.5

Solution:
Since the load carries constant current one device out of T1 & D1 must always be conducting & one out of T2 T3 most
always be conducting
T1 :  to  i.e. 60° to 180°
D1:  to 2 +  i.e. 180° to 360° & 0° to 60°
T2:  +  to 2 +  i.e. 240° to 240°
T3:  to  +  i.e. 60° to 240°
 Output voltage is
0 to 60° : D1 & T2 : ON V0 = -Vs
60° to 180° : T1 & T3 : ON V0 = Vs
180° to 240° : T3 & D1 : ON V0 = 0
240° to 360° : T2 & D1 : ON V0 = – Vs

1  180 420 
V (avg) = 
2  60 Vm sin td(cos t) + 240 −Vm sin td(cot t)
Vm  420 
= ( − cos t)180
60 + (cos t)240 
2 
Vm
V0 (avg) =[cos60 − cos180 + cos 420 − cos240]
2
V 5 5V 5  100
= m = m = = 39.788 V
2 2 4 4

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 Power Electronics

Chapter 3 – Chopper
01. Figure shows the circuit schematic of a chopper driven, 04. A dc to dc transistor chopper supplied from a fixed
separately excited d.c. motor. The single-pole double-throw voltage dc source feeds a fixed resistive-inductive load and
switch operates with a switching period (TON
/ Ts ) is 0.2. a free-wheeling diode. The chopper operates at 1 kHz and
50% duty cycle. Without changing the value of the average
The motor may be assumed lossless, with an armature
dc current through the load, if it is desired to reduce the
inductance of 10 mH. The motor draws an average current
ripple content of load current, the control action needed
of 20A at a constant back emf of 80V, under steady state.
will be: [1995]
[1991]
(a) Increase the chopper frequency keeping its duty cycle
constant
(b) Increase the chopper frequency and duty cycle in equal
ratio
(c) Decrease only the chopper frequency
(d) Decrease only the duty cycle.

05. Consider the chopper circuit of figure. The chopper

operates at 400Hz and 50% duty cycle. The load current
remains almost ripple free at 10A. Assuming the input
voltage to be 200V and the devices to be ideal, the turn-off
time available to the thyristor ThM is ____________ μs. [1995]
(a) Sketch and label the voltage waveform v 0 t () of the
chopper for one switching period
(b) Sketch and label the motor current ia t () for one
switching period.
(c) Evaluate the peak-to-peak current ripple of the motor.

02. In the circuit shown in figure, L is large and the average

value of ‘i’ is 100A. The thyristor is gated in the
________________ half cycle of ‘e’ at a delay angle  equal to
__________ [1992] 06. In a thyristor dc chopper, which type of commutation
e( t ) = 2 .200 sin314 t results in best performance? [1996]
(a) Voltage commutation
(b) Current commutation
(c) Load commutation
(d) Supply commutation

07. A step down chopper operates from a dc voltage

source Vs and feeds a dc motor armature with a back emf
Eb . From oscilloscope traces, it is found that the current
increases for time t r , falls to zero over time tF , and remains
03. A chopper operating at a fixed frequency is feeding an
R-L load. As the duty ratio of the chopper is increased from zero for time t 0 , in every chopping cycle. Then the average
25% to 75%, the ripple in the load current [1993] dc voltage across the freewheeling diode is: [2000]
(a) Remains constant
(b) Decreases, reaches a minimum at 50% duty ratio and (a)
Vstr
(b)
(V t + E t )
s r b F

then increases (t + t + t )
r F 0 (t + t + t )
r F 0
(c) Increases, reaches a maximum at 50% duty ratio and
then decreases (c)
(V t + E t )
s r b 0
(d)
V t + E (t + t )
s r b r 0

(d) Keeps on increasing as the duty ratio is increased (t + t + t )

r F 0 (t + t + t )
r F 0

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 Power Electronics

08. A voltage commutated thyristor chopper circuit is 11. In Figure, the ideal switch S is switched on and off with
shown in figure. The chopper is operated at 500 Hz with a switching frequency f = 10 kHz. The switching time
50% duty ratio. The load takes a constant current of 20A. period is T = tON + tOFF = 100s . The circuit is operated in
[2001]
steady state at the boundary of continuous and
(a) Evaluate the circuit turn off time for the main thyristor
discontinuous conduction, so that the inductor current I is
Thi.
as shown in Figure. Find [2002]
(b) Calculate the value of inductor L, if the peak current
(a) The on-time tON of the switch.
through the main thyristor Thi is limited to 180% of the
load current. (b) The value of the peak current IP .
(c) Calculate the maximum instantaneous output voltage of
the chopper.

09. A step down chopper is operated in the continuous

conduction mode in steady state with a constant duty ratio
D. If V0 is the magnitude of the dc output voltage and if Vs
12. In the circuit shown in Figure, the source I is a dc
V current source. The switch S is operated with a time period
is the magnitude of the dc input voltage, the ratio 0 is
Vs T and a duty ratio D. You may assume that the capacitance
C has a finite value which is large enough so that the
given by [2002]
voltage. VC has negligible ripple. Calculate the following
(a) D (b) 1− D
1 D under steady state conditions, in terms of D, I and R. [2002]
(c) (d) (a) The voltage VC , with the polarity shown in Figure.
1 −D 1 −D
(b) The average output voltage V0 , with the polarity shown.
10. In the chopper circuit shown in Figure the input dc
voltage has a constant value VS , the output voltage Vo is
assumed ripple-free. The switch S is operated with a
switching time period T and a duty ratio D. what is the
value of D at the boundary of continuous and
discontinuous conduction of the inductor current iL?
[2002]

13. The semiconductor switch S in the circuit of Figure is

V 2L operated at a frequency of 20 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.
(a) D = 1 − s (b) D =
Vo RT The circuit operates in the steady state. Calculate the
power-transferred from the dc voltage source V1 to the dc
2L RT
(c) D = 1 − (d) D = voltage source V2 . [2002]
RT L

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 Power Electronics

17. Figure shows a step-down chopper switched at 1 KHz

with a duty ratio D = 0.5. The peak-peak ripple in the load
current is close to [2005]

(a) 10 A (b) 0.5 A

(c) 0.125 (d) 0.25 A
14. A chopper is employed to charge a battery as shown in
Figure. The charging current is 5A. The duty ratio is 0.2. The
18. Consider a phase controlled converter shown in Figure.
chopper output voltage is also shown in Figure. The peak
The thyristor is fired at an angle α in every positive half
to peak ripple current in the charging current is [2003]
cycle of the input voltage. If the peak value of the
instantaneous output voltage equals 230 V, the firing angle
α is close to [2005]

(a) 45°
(b) 135°

(c) 90°
(d) 83.6°
(a) 0.48 A (b) 1.2 A
(c) 2.4 A (d) 1 A Statement for Linked Answer Questions 19 and 20:
A voltage commutated chopper operating at 1 kHz is used
15. Figure shows a chopper operating from a 100 V dc to control the speed of dc motor as shown in figure. The
input. The duty ratio of the main switch S is 0.8. The load is load current is assumed to be constant at 10 A.
sufficiently inductive so that the load current is ripple free.
The average current through the diode D under steady
state is [2004]

(a) 1.6 A (b) 6.4 A 19. The minimum time in µsec for which the SCR M should
(c) 8.0 A (d) 10.0 A be ON is [2006]
(a) 280 (b) 140
16. Figure shows a chopper. The device S1 is the main (c) 70 (d) 0
switching device. S2 is the auxiliary commutation device. S1
is rated for 400V, 60A. S2 is rated for 400V, 30 A. the load 20. The average output voltage of the chopper will be
current is 20 A. The main device operates with a duty ratio [2006]
of 0.5. The peak current through S1 is [2004] (a) 70 V (b) 47.5 V
(c) 35 V (d) 0 V

21. In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch is operated

at a duty cycle of 0.5. A large capacitor is connected across
the load. The inductor current is assumed to be continuous.
The average voltage across the load and the average
(a) 10 A (b) 20 A current through the diode will respectively be [2008]
(c) 30 A (d) 40 A

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 Power Electronics

If the maximum value of load current is 10A, then the

maximum current through the main (M) and auxiliary (A)
thyristor will be [2011]
(a) iM max = 12A and iA max = 10A

(b) iM max = 12A and iA max = 2A

(c) iMmax = 10A and iA max = 12A

(a) 10V, 2A (b) 10V, 8A (d) iMmax = 10A and iA max = 8A

(c) 40V, 2A (d) 40V, 8A
25. In the circuit shown, an ideal switch S is operated at
22. In the chopper circuit shown, the main thyristor (TM) is 100kHz with a duty ratio of 50%. Given that iC is 1.6A
operated at a duty ratio of 0.8 which is much larger the
commutation interval. If the maximum allowable reapplied peak-to-peak and I 0 is 5 A dc, the peak current in S is
dv/dt on TM is 50 V/µs, what should be the theoretical [2012]
minimum value of C1? Assume current ripple through L0 to (a) 6.6A
be negligible. [2009] (b) 5.0A
(c) 5.8A
(d) 4.2A

26. The separately excited dc motor in the figure below has

a rated armature current of 20A and a rated armature
voltage of 150 V. An ideal chopper switching at 5 kHz is
used to control the armature voltage. If La=0.1mH, Ra=1Ω,
neglecting armature reaction, the duty ratio of the chopper
to obtain 50% of the rated torque at the rated speed and
the rated field current is [2013]
(a) 0.2 µF (b) 0.02 µF
(a) 0.4
(c) 2 µF (d) 20 µF
(b) 0.5
23. The power electronic converter shown in the figure has
(c) 0.6
a single-pole double-throw switch. The pole P of the switch
is connected alternately to throws A and B. The converter (d) 0.7
shown in a [2010]

Common Data for Question 27 and 28:

In the figure shown below, the chopper feeds a resistive
load from a battery source. MOSFET Q is switched at 250
kHz, with a duty ratio of 0.4. All elements of the circuit are
(a) step-down chopper (buck converter) assumed to be ideal.
(b) half-wave rectifier
(c) step-up chopper (boost converter)
(d) full-wave rectifier

24. A voltage commutated chopper circuit, operated at

500Hz, is shown below
27. The average source current in Amps in steady-state is
(a) 3/2 (b) 5/3 [2013]
(c) 5/2 (d) 15/4

28. The PEAK-TO-PEAK source current ripple in Amps is

(a) 0.96 (b) 0.144 [2013]
(c) 0.192 (d) 0.288

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 Power Electronics

29. Figure (i) shows the circuit diagram of a chopper. The 33. A self-commutating switch SW, operated at duty cycle
switch S in the circuit in the figure (i) is switched such that  is used to control the load voltage as shown in the
the voltage v across the diode has the wave shape as figure. Under steady state operating conditions, the
D
average voltage across the inductor and the capacitor
shown in figure [2014-01]
respectively, are [2015-01]
(ii). The capacitance C is large so that the voltage across it
is constant. If switch S and the diode are ideal, the peak to
peak ripple (in A) in the inductor current is ______________

1
(a) VL = 0 and VC = V
1 −  dc
 1
(b) VL = Vdc and VC = V
2 1 −  dc

(c) VL = 0 and VC = V
1 −  dc
 
(d) VL = Vdc and VC = V
2 1 −  dc
30. A step-up chopper is used to feed a load at 400V dc
from a 250V dc source. The inductor current is continuous. 34. A buck converter feeding a variable load is shown in
If the ‘off’ time of the switch is 20s , the switching the figure. The switching frequency of the switch is 100 kHz
frequency of the chopper in kHz is__________. [2014-02] and the duty ratio is 0.6. The output voltage Vo is 36 V.

31. In the following chopper, the duty ratio of switch S is Assume that all the components are ideal, and that the
0.4. If the inductor and capacitor are sufficiently large to output voltage is ripple-free. The value of R (in Ohm) that
ensure continuous inductor current and ripple free will make the inductor current ( iL ) just continuous is
capacitor voltage, the charging current (in Ampere) of the 5
__________. [2015-02]
V battery, under steady-state, is _____________. [2015-01]

32. The circuit shown is meant to supply a resistive load R L

from separate DC voltage sources. The switches S1 and S2 35. For switching converter shown in the following figure,
are controlled so that only of them is ON at any instant. S1 assume steady-state operation. Also assume that the
is turned on for 0.2 ms and S2 is turned on for 0.3 ms in a components are ideal, the inductor current is always
0.5 ms switching cycle time period. Assuming continuous positive and continuous and switching period is Ts . If the
conduction of the inductor current and negligible ripple on
voltage VL is as shown, the duty cycle of the switch S
the capacitor voltage, the outputs voltage V0 (in Volt)
is______. [2015-02]
across R L is ________________. [2015-01]

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 Power Electronics

36. A buck converter, as shown in Figure (a) below, is 2 3 2 3

working in steady state. The output voltage and the (a) D  (b) D 
5 5 3 4
inductor current can be assumed to be ripple free. Figure
1 2
(b) shows the inductor voltage vL during a complete (c) 0  D  1 (d)  D 
switching interval. Assuming all devices are ideal, the duty 3 3
cycle of the buck converter is ___________. [2016-01]
40. In the circuit shown all elements are ideal and the
switch S is operated at 10kHz and 60% duty ratio. The
capacitor is large enough so that the ripple across it is
negligible and at steady state acquires a voltage as shown.
The peak current in amperes drawn from the 50 V DC
source is ___________. (Give the answer up to one decimal
place). [2017-02]

37. A buck-boost DC-DC converter, shown in the figure

below, is used to convert 24V battery voltage to 36 V DC
voltage to feed a load of 72W. It is operated at 20kHz with
an inductor of 2mH and output capacitor pf 1000μF. All
devices are considered to be ideal. The peak voltage across
the solid-state switch (S), in volt, is____________. [2016-02]

41. The figure shows two buck converters connected in

parallel. The common input DC voltage for the converters
has a value of 100V. The converters have inductors of
identical value. The load resistance is 1 . The capacitor
voltage has negligible ripple. Both converters operate in
38. A DC-DC boost converter, as shown in the figure below, the continuous conduction mode. The switching frequency
is used to boost 360V to 400V, at a power of a 4kW. All is 1 kHz, and the switch control signals are as shown. The
devices are ideal, considering continuous inductor current, circuit operates in the steady state. Assuming that the
the rms current in the solid state switch (S), in ampere, converters share the load equally, the average value of is1 ,
is_______________. [2016-02]
the current of switch S1 (in Ampere), is ______ (up to 2
decimal places). [2018]

39. The input voltage VDC of the buck-boost converter

shown below varies from 32 V to 72 V. Assume that all
components are ideal, inductor current is continuous, and
output voltage is ripple free. The range of duty ratio D of
the converter for which the magnitude of the steady-state
output voltage remains constant at 48 V is [2017-01]

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 Power Electronics

42. A DC to dc converter shown in the figure is charging a 46. Consider the boost converter shown. Switch Q is
battery bank, B2 whose voltage is constant at 150V. B1 is operating at 25 kHz with a duty cycle of 0.6. Assume the
another battery bank whose voltage is constant at 50V. The diode and switch to be ideal. Under steady-state condition,
value of the inductor, L is 5mH and the ideal switch, S is the average resistance Rin as seen by the source is _______.
operated with a switching frequency of 5 kHz with a duty (Round off to 2 decimal places.) [2021]
ratio of 0.4. Once the circuit has attained steady state and
assuming the diode D to be ideal, the power transferred
from B1 to B2 (in Watt) is _____ (up to 2 decimal places).
[2018]

43. A DC-DC buck converter operator in continuous

conduction mode. It has 48 V input voltage, and it feeds a 47. Consider the buck-boost converter shown. Switch Q is
resistive load of 24 Ω. The switching frequency of the operating at 25 kHz and 0.75 duty-cycle. Assume diode and
converter is 250 Hz. If switch-on duration is 1 ms, the load switch to be ideal. Under steady-state condition, the
power is [2019] average current flowing through the inductor is _______A.
(a) 48 W (b) 12 W [2021]
(c) 24 W (d) 6 W

44. In a DC-DC boost converter, the duty ratio is controlled

to regulate the output voltage at 48 V. The input DC
voltage is 24 V. The output power is 120 W. The switching
frequency is 50 kHz. Assume ideal components and a very
larger output filter capacitor. The converter operates at the
boundary between continuous and discontinuous 48. The steady state current flowing through the inductor
conduction modes. The value of the boost inductor (in H ) of a DC-DC buck boost converter is given in the figure
is __________. [2019] below. If the peak-to-peak ripple in the output voltage of
the converter is 1 V, then the value of the output capacitor,
45. In the DC-DC converter circuit shown, switch Q is in µF, is _______________. (round off to nearest integer)
switched at a frequency of 10 kHz with a duty ratio of 0.6. [2022]
All components of the circuit are ideal, and the initial
current in the inductor is zero. Energy stored in the
inductor in mJ (rounded off to 2 decimal places) at the end
of 10 complete switching cycles is _________. [2020]

49. The chopper circuit shown in figure (i) feeds power to a

5 A DC constant current source. The switching frequency of
the chopper is 100 kHz. All the components can be
assumed to be ideal. The gate signals of switches S1 and S2
are shown in figure (ii). Average voltage across the 5 A
current source is [2023]

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 Power Electronics

Fig. (i)

Fig. (ii)

(a) 10 V (b) 6 V
(c) 12 V (d) 20 V

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 Power Electronics

Solutions
01. Ans: 6400Ts
Solution:
(a) The output voltage waveform of the chopper looks like as shown below,

(b) The motor current looks like as shown below,

TON
(c) Duty Cycle, D = = 0.2
TS
Voavg = DVin = 0.2  400 = 80V
During the ON Time of the switch, the voltage across inductance will be VL = Vin − E = 400 − 80 = 320V
During this time the inductor current rises from a minimum value to a maximum value. Hence,
iL
L = 320
Ton
320  0.2Ts
iL = = 6400Ts
10−2
If switching period or frequency is given then the ripple can be calculated.

02. Ans: positive, 109.4850

Solution:
V = IOR + E
o
V
m (1 + cos  ) = I R + E
2 O

200  2
2
(1 + cos  ) = (100  0.1 ) + 20
(1 + cos  ) = 0.4241
 = 109.485 = triggering angle
Hence, the thyristor is triggered during positive half cycle of ‘e’ at a delay angle of 109.4850

03. Ans: (c)

Solution:
V (  )(1 −  )
I = s
L fL
s

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 Power Electronics

α = 0.25 to 0.75
I is maximum at
L
α = 0.5
for I to maximum:-
L
d
  (1 −  )  = 0
d  
(1 − 2 ) = 0
 = 0.5
So, it increases, till it reaches a maximum at 50% duty ratio and then decreases.

04. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Average DC Current is given by,
V
I = s
0 R
If Load Current is constant then duty cycle must be constant.
Ripple in Inductor Current is given by,
V (  )(1 −  )
I = s
L fL
If chopper frequency while keeping the duty cycle constant then inductor current ripple decreases.

05. Ans: 40µsec

Solution:
Thyristor turn-off time for Voltage Commutation is given by,
CV −6
Toff = s = 2  10  200 = 40  10−6 = 40 μsec
I 10
o

06. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Voltage commutation results in best performance of dc chopper. Some good properties are high average voltage.

07. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The waveform for the output voltage is shown below,

During the rise time the source is connected to load so the output voltage is same as supply voltage. During the fall time
the current freewheels through the diode and decays to zero so the output voltage is zero. After the current decay the
load voltage is equal to back emf of the source.
The average value of the voltage is,

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 Power Electronics

V t + E .t
V = sr b o
avg t + t + t
r f o

08. Ans: 30µs, 0.234mH, 200V

Solution:
(a) Circuit Turn-off time for Voltage Commutation is given by,
CV 6  10−6  100
T = s = = 30s
c I 20
o
(b) The peak current through main thyristor is sum of peak capacitor current and the load current.

(Im )peak = Vs C
L
+ I = 1.8  I
o o

100 C = 0.8  20 = 16
L

6  10−6
100 = 16
L
6  10−6
10 4  = 256
L
6
L=  10−2 = 0.234mH
256
(c) Maximum instantaneous voltage across the output= 2.V = 2  100 = 200 Volt
s

09. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Average Output Voltage of Step Down Chopper is, V = DV
o s
V
Hence, D = o
V
s

10. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The circuit shown is a Step Down Chopper or a Buck Converter whose average output voltage is given by,
V = V
o s
V T  V (1 −  )
Ripple in Inductor Current is given by, I = o OFF = s
L L Lf
For the boundary of continuous and discontinuous conduction, the minimum value of inductor current is zero and hence,
(I + I )
I = Imax − Imin = Imax = 2 max min = 2I
L 2 L
I
Hence, L = I =I
2 L ( avg) o ( avg)
 V (1 −  )
I = s
o 2Lf

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 Power Electronics

V
The average output current is given by, I = s
o R
V  V (1 −  )
s = s
R 2Lf
2Lf
(
1− =
R
)
2L
Hence, Duty Cycle  = D = 1 −
RT

11. Ans: 83.33μsec, 83.33A

Solution:
The circuit shown in the figure is a Buck-Boost Converter or a Step Up-Down Chopper.
V
(a) o = 
V 1−
s
 500
= =5
1 −  100
 = 5 − 5
T
 = ON = 5 / 6
T
5 500
TON =  100 = s = 83.33s
6 6
(b) During the ON Time the voltage across the inductor is supply voltage which is positive due to which current increases
from zero to a maximum value as shown in the question.

L
(I max
− 0)
= 100
Ton
500  10−6
100Ton 100  6 500
Imax = = = = 83.33A
L 100  10−6 6

 (1 − D ) , − IR (1 − D ) 
2

12. Ans:  Vc = IR
 D D 
 
Solution:
When the switch is ON the capacitor discharges through the resistance and when the switch is OFF the capacitor charges
from the constant current source.
Under steady state we can apply Ampere-sec balance across the capacitor as the amount of charging will be same as
discharging so that charge and voltage is steady.
(a) When 0  t  DT , switch is ON
Vc
Ic = −
R
Here Vc is assumed to be constant and since capacitor is discharging the current is taken to be negative.
When DT  t  T , switch is OFF
Ic = I
By Ampere-sec balance,
Vc
−  DT + I ( T − DT ) = 0
R

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 Power Electronics

Hence, Vc = IR
(1 − D )
D

(b) The output voltage is negative of capacitor voltage when the switch is OFF based on polarity shown and when the
switch is ON the diode turns ON and short circuits the output. So, the output voltage is zero during that interval.
 0, 0  t  DT

Hence, V0 = 
−Vc , DT  t  T

So, average output voltage is given by,
( T − DT ) = −V (1 − D )
2

V0 = −Vc
T c (1 − D ) = −IR
D

13. Ans: 937.5W

Solution:
When the switch is ON, the voltage across the inductor is 100V and it starts charging.
When the switch turns OFF, the inductor discharges through the 300V source and the voltage across it is -200V.
 100, 0  t  DT

VL = 
−200, DT  t  T1

Under steady state, applying Volt-Sec balance across the inductor.
100DT − 200 ( T1 − DT ) = 0
300DT = 200T1
T1 = 1.5DT
Since, D = 0.5
T1 = 0.75T
Since, the inductor discharges before T, it is a case of discontinuous conduction and current waveform is shown below.
The maximum current during inductor charging is,

L
(I max
− 0)
= 100
DT
100  DT 100  D 50
Hence, Imax = = = = 25A
L fL 20  10  100  10 −6
3

The current equation during inductor discharging is,

25 25
i ( t ) = 25 − ( t − DT ) = 25 − ( t − 0.5T ) = 25 − 100f ( t − 0.5T )
T1 − DT 0.75T − 0.5T
The Power Transferred to 300V source is,
P = 300  i ( t ) = 7500 − 30000f ( t − 0.5T )
Average Power Transferred is,
0.75T
1 1
7500 − 30000f ( t − 0.5T ) dt = 7500  0.25T − 15000f ( 0.25T ) 
2
Pavg =
T 
0.5T
  T  
Pavg = 1875 − 937.5 = 937.5W

14. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When the chopper is ON 0  t  200 sec , the voltage across the inductor is given by,
Ldi
VL = 60 − 12 = 48V =
dt
If the change in current during ON time is I (peak to peak ripple)

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48
Then,  TON = I
L
48
I =  200  10−6
20  10−30
I = 0.48Amp

15. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The circuit shown in the figure is a step down chopper so the average output voltage is,
VO = VS = 0.8  100 = 80V
80
I = = 8Amp
o 10
As load current is ripple free, so average diode current,
1
T
( T − TON ) I
ID =  I dt =
T TON o T o

ID = (1 −  ) I = (1 − 0.8 )  8 = 1.6 Amp

o

16. Ans: (d)

Solution:
C
Capacitor current i = V sin t
c s L
C
So, current through S , I =I +I =I +V sin t
1 S1 o c o s L

C 2  10−6
Peak value = I + V = 20 + 200 = 40 A
o s L
200  10−6

17. Ans: (c)

Solution:
1
Here, T = = 10−3 sec
1  103
The ripple in Inductor current in Buck Converter for a duty cycle D is,
VsD (1 − D )
IL =
fL
For D = 0.5
V 100
Ripple = s = = 0.125Amp
4fL 4  103  200  10 −3

18. Ans: (b)

Solution:
If   900 then peak output will be equal to maximum input voltag.

And maximum input voltage = 230  2V

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If   900 , then the output voltage follows the input. But since the input starts decreasing after 900 so the peak output
voltage is input voltage at firing angle.
Vpeak = 230  2 sin 

Since, 230 = 230  2 sin 

Hence,  = 450 or 1350

Since, α must be greater than 900. Hence,  = 1350

19. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The Main SCR remains ON in Mode-1 at least so the minimum ON time is,

T = =  LC =  2  10−3  1  10−6 = 140 μ sec
min 
o

20. Ans: (b)

Solution:
T + 2t 
Average Output Voltage of Voltage Commutated Chopper is given by, V ( o )avg = Vs  ON T cm 

 
CV −6
t = s = 1  10  250 = 25 sec
cm I 10
o
For Minimum Average Output Voltage, minimum ON time of SCR should be considered

( V )min = 250  140  10−6  +  2  25  10−6    1  103  = 47.5 Volt
o
 

21. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The given circuit is that of a Boost Converter.
 = 0.5
V
( ) V = in =
20
o avg 1 −  1 − 0.5

( Vo )avg = 40volt
T
Average current through diode, I ( D )avg = 1T T ILdt
ON

I
( ) I
D avg
=
L
T
( T − TON ) = IL (1 −  ) = 4 (1 − 0.5 ) = 2Amp

22. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The given circuit is a Buck Converter,
Average Output Voltage, V = V = 0.8  100 = 80V
o s

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 Power Electronics

V 80
Average Output Current, I = o = = 10A
o R 8
At, t = 0, capacitor is changed up to V with right plate positive. Now T is turned on immediately after T is on,
s A A
capacitor voltage V applies reverses voltage across T and T is turned off.
s m m
So, V = V capacitor voltage.
TM c
dV dV
c = Tm = 50 V S
dt dt

dV
C s =I
dt D
V
C  50 = 10Amp
s
C = 0.2F

23. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When switch is connected to A for time duration T
1

V =V
P in

When switch is connected to B for time duration T .

2

V =0
P

V T
Average voltage at P = in 1 = V
T +T in
1 2
The same average voltage will be average output voltage as average inductor voltage is 0 by volt-sec balance.
Where,  = duty cycle
Therefore, the converter shown is a step down chopper.

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 Power Electronics

24. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The main thyristor current in Voltage Commutation in Mode-1 is given by,

I = V C sin t + I
M s L o
The peak current thyristor is then,

0.1  10−6
I = V C + I = 200 + 10 = 12A
M (peak ) s L o
1  10−3
When Main Thyristor is turned off then Auxiliary Thyristor supplies the Load Current. Hence,

(iA )peak
= I = 10A
o

25. Ans: (c)

Solution:
i
Peak current = average current + c = 5 + 1.6 = 5.8 A
2 2

26. Ans: (d)

Solution:
By KVL, V = E + I R
a b a a
150 = E + 20  1
b
Eb = 130V
Since, the motor is separately excited so the flux remains constant as the field current is kept at rated value.
For half the rated torque,
I = 20 = 10Amp
a 2
V = 130 + (10  1 ) = 140V
a
The chopper is step down chopper with an Input Voltage of 200V.
140
D= = 0.7
200

27. Ans: (b)

Solution:
V
Average Output Voltage, V = in = 12 = 20V
o 1 −  1 − 0.4

(Io )avg = 2020 = 1Amp

Chopper is equivalent to dc transformer.
V I =V I
SS oo
12  I = 20  1
s
I =5 A
s 3

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 Power Electronics

28. Ans: (c)

Solution:
When the switch is ON, entire supply voltage appears across the Load.
Ldi
=V =V
dt L s
I V
L = s
T L
ON
V T V 
I = s = s
L L fL
12  0.4
I =
L
100  10−6  250  103
I = 0.192Amp
L

29. Ans: 2.5

Solution:
When switch ‘S’ in ON, current in inductor increases from Imin to Imax

Inductor Voltage, VL = Vin − V0 ( )

 i 
L    = ( Vin − V0 )
 DTs 

Here, i = Imax − Imin

For step down chopper, V0 = DVin

So, i =
( Vin-DVin ) DT
s
L
From waveform of Diode Voltage,
TON 0.05
D= = = 0.5
T 0.1
Switching Period, TS = 0.1 ms

100 (1 − 0.5 )  0.5  0.1  10 −3

i = = 2.5A
10−3

30. Ans: 31.25

Solution:
Output of a step-up chopper,
1
V0 = V
( D) i
1 −

1
400 =  250
(1 − D )
3
D=
8
Off time = (1 – D)TS

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 Power Electronics

5
20 s = T
8 S
TS = 32s
1
Switching frequency = = 31.25 kHz
TS
31. Ans: 1
Solution:
This is an example of Buck – converter or step – down chopper
V = DV = 0.4  20 = 8V
0 in
V −E 8 −5
I = 0 = = 1A
0 R 3
Charging current = 1 A

32. Ans: 7
Solution:
When S1 is ON, V0 = 10V
When S2 is ON, V0 = 5V
Output voltage wave form looks
like as shown in figure
10  0.2 + 5  0.3
(V )
0 avg
=
0.5
=7 V

33. Ans: (a)

Solution:
This is an example of boost converter or step – up chopper.
VDC
V0 = = VC
1−
The amount of Inductor charging is same as Inductor discharging so the area under the voltage time curve would be 0 and
hence average inductor voltage, VL = 0

34. Ans: 2500 ohm

Solution:
For the boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction,
IL
I0 =
2
DVin
I0 =
R
For Buck Converter,
D(1 − D) Vin
IL =
fL
DVin D(1 − D) Vin
=
R 2fL
2fL 2  100  103  5  10 −3 1000
R= = =
(1 − D) 0.4 0.4
R = 2500 

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 Power Electronics

35. Ans: 0.75

Solution:
During ON-state, voltage across inductor = Vin
Vin = 15V
During OFF-state, voltage across inductor = Vin − Vo( )
Vin − Vo = −45
Vo = 60V
This is also verified because it is a step-up chopper so Output voltage is more than Input Voltage.
Vin
Vo =
(1 − D)
15 1
(1 − D) = =
60 4
3
D = = 0.75
4

36. Ans: 0.4

Solution:
Voltage wave shape across inductor is shown below,

Since average voltage across the inductor should be zero over a cycle,
(V ) L avg
=0
T

 V dt = 0
0
L

Ton Toff

 30dt +
0
 −20dt = 0
0

30Ton − 20Toff = 0
3
Toff = T
2 on
Ton Ton Ton 2
Duty cycle D = ( ) =
Ttotal Ton + Toff
=
3
= = 0.4
5
Ton + Ton
2
Therefore, duty cycle = 0.4

37. Ans: 60V

Solution:
When switch is off, the diode will be ON.
Since the given diode is ideal, it will have zero voltage drop when it is conducting.
Applying KVL in outer loop,
−24 + Vswitch + ( −36 ) = 0
Vswitch = 60 V

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 Power Electronics

38. Ans: 3.51A

Solution:
Output power = 4000 W
Since all devices are ideal,
Input power = Output power
360  Is = 4000
Is = 11.11 A
In a boost converter,
Vin
V0 =
1 −D
360
1 −D =
400
360 400 − 360
D =1− =
400 400
D = 0.1
When switch is ON, the source current will flow through it upto Ton . When switch is off no current will flow through it.
Iswitch = Is = 11.11 A …….. 0  t  Ton
Iswitch = 0 ..…… Ton  t  Toff

Ton T
Irms = IS2  = I on
T T
Ton
Since = duty cycle = D
T
Irms = Is D = 11.11 0.1 = 3.51 A

39. Ans: (a)

Solution:
 D 
V0 = Vin  
1 − D 

For Vin = 32V and V0=48

 D 
48 = 32  
1 − D 
1.5 − 1.5D = D
D = 0.6

For Vin = 72V

 D 
48 = 72  
1 − D 
2 − 2D = 3D
D = 0.4
Hence, 0.4  D  0.6
2 D  3
5 5

40. Ans: 40
Solution:

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 Power Electronics

The given circuit is buck-boost converter

 D   0.6 
Vo = −Vs   = − 50   = −75V
 1 − D   1 − 0.6 

Since Vo is given to be –75V, the converter operates in continuous conduction mode.

Vo 75
Io = = = 15 A
R 5
Io 15
Average Inductor Current, IL = = = 37.5 A
1 − D 0.4
Peak to peak ripple
 IL
L = Vs = 50
D Ts
(  IL )
L = 50
1
0.6  4
10

50  0.6  10 −4
 IL = = 5A
0.6  10 −3
I
IL(max) = Is(max) = IL + L = 37.5 + 2.5 = 40 A
2

41. Ans: (12.5)

Solution:
V0 = DVs = 0.5  100 = 50V
V0
I0 = = 50A
R
P0 = V0 I0 = 2500W

( )
By power conversion Vs Is avg = V0 I 0

2500
Is ( Avg) = = 25A
100
(
Since both converter share equal current Is Avg = 12.5A)
42. Ans: (12)
Solution:
For continuous condition:
Vs 50 20
V0 = = = = 83.33V
1 −D 1 − 0.4 0.6
Since V0  150V the conduction discontinuous

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 Power Electronics


V0 = V
 −D s

150 =  50
 −D
 = 0.6
The power is transferred to 150V during DT to BT
From 0  t  DT , VL = Vs = 50

IP
50 = L 
DT
50  0.4
IP = = 0.8A
5  10−3  5  103
Energy transferred to 150 V source
1
E = 150   0.8  ( − D ) T = 60  0.2  T
2
E
P = = 12W
T

43. Ans: (c, d)

Solution:
TON
V0 = DVs = Vs
T
V0 = TONfVs = (1msec )  250  48 = 12V
If V0 is ripple free V0 = 12V
V02 122
P= = = 6W
R 24
If the output is not assumed to be ripple free then we have to use rms value of output voltage to determine power.
TON
V0(rms) = DVs = Vs = 0.001 250  48 = 24V
T
V02(rms ) 242
P= = = 24W
R 24

44. Ans: 24
Solution:
By power conservation, Vs Is = P0
24  Is = 120
Is = 5A
Is = IL = 5A
IL
For boundary condition IL =
2
From o to DT
VL = Vs
IL
L = Vs
2

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 Power Electronics

DVs
IL =
fL
DVs
5=
2fL
Vs
Since V0 =
1 −D
24
48 = ; D = 0.5
1 −D
0.5  24
5=
2  50  103  L
2.4
L = 5 = 24H
10

45. Ans:
Solution:

Buck boost converter

D = 0.6 → stores energy

TON
D= = 0.6
T
TON = 0.6 T → Store energy
TOFF = 0.4 T→ releasing energy
For one cycle: Rise in current for 0.2 T
For 10 cycles: Find rise in current (0.2 π) × 10=2 T
50 50 50  2
i= t= (2T) =
L L LP
100
= = 1A
10  10−3  10  103
∴ Energy stored
1
2
1
(
= Li2 =  10  10 −3  (1)2
2
)
= 5 mJ

46. Ans: 1.60

Solution:
Checking for continuous conduction mode
VS 0.6  15
IL = = = 0.36 A ,
fL 25  103  1 10 −3
IL
= 0.18 A
2

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 Power Electronics

IL IL
IL min = IL − = IS −
2 2
=(9.375-0.18)=9.195>0
As it is continuous conduction
VS 15
V0 = = = 37.5 V
1 −  1 − 0.6
V 37.5
I0 = 0 = = 3.75 V
R 10
V0 IS 1
= =
VS I0 1 − 
I0 3.75
IS = = = 9.375 A
1−  1 − 0.6
V 15
Rin = S = = 1.6
IS 9.375

47. Ans: 24
Solution:

 = 0.75, f = 25kHz
Assume continuous conduction:
Vs 0.75  20
V0 = =
1−  1 − 0.75
V0 = 60 V
V0 60
I0 = = = 6A
R 10
I0 6
IL = = = 24 A
1−  1 − 0.75
Vs
L =
fL
0.75  60
= = 1.8 A
25  103  1 10−3( )
IL 1.8
ILmin = IL − = 24 − = 24 − 0.9
2 2
(I
L min = 23.1A  0 )
∴ Continuous conduction assumption is correct
IL = 24 A

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 Power Electronics

48. Ans: 168

Solution:
Imax + Imin 16 + 12
IL = =
2 2
= 14 A
I0 = IL (1 − )
 30 
I0 = 14   
 50 
= 8.4 A
  I0
V0 = Vc =
f C
2
   8.4
5
1=  
1
C
50.10 −6
C = 168 μF

49. Ans. (b)

Solution:
Since the load is a constant current source only devices S1 & D2 can conduct based on current direction.
When S1 is ON
V0=20 V
When S1 is off D2 turns ON
V0=0

Based on switching signal waveform

S1 conducts from 0 to 3s V0 = 20
D2 conducts from 3s to 10s V0 = 0
20  3s + 0  7s
 average output voltage V0 ( avg ) =
10s
V0 (avg) = 6 volt

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 Power Electronics

Chapter 4 – Inverter
01. An inverter capable of supplying a balanced three- (P) Single phase fully controlled ac-dc converter
phase variable voltage variable frequency output is feeding (Q) Voltage commutated dc-ac chopper (E=input dc
a three-phase induction motor rated for 50Hz and 440V. Voltage)
The stator winding resistances of the motor are negligible (R) Phase voltage of a star connected balanced three-
small. During starting, the current inrush can be avoided phase load fed from a three-phase inverter with 180°
without sacrificing the starting torque by suitably applying: Conduction. (input dc voltage=E)
(a) Low voltage at rated frequenc [1995] (S) Line voltage of a six stepped inverter with input dc
(b) Low voltage keeping the V/f ratio constant voltage E
(c) Rated voltage at low frequency (T) Three-phase diode bridge rectifier
(d) Rated voltage at rated frequency
04. A single-phase bridge inverter is fed from a 200V d.c.
02. A single phase inverter with square wave voltage will supply and is operated at 50Hz. It is connected to a load
have in its output waveform a fifth harmonic component having a resistance of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.2H.
equal to ____________________ percentage of the
Draw the load current waveform in the steady indicating
fundamental. [1995]
the peak values. [1997]
03. Match the output wave forms: [1995]
05. A PWM switching scheme is used with a three phase
(a) inverter to [1999]
(a) Reduce the total harmonic distortion with modest
filtering
(b) Minimize the load on the DC side
(c) Increase the life of the batteries
(d) Reduce low order harmonics and increase high order
harmonics
(b)
06. Triangular PWM control, when applied to a three
phase, BJT based voltage source inverter, introduces
[2000]
(a) Low order harmonic voltages on the dc side
(b) Very high order harmonic voltages on the dc side
(c) (c) Low order harmonic voltages on the ac side
(d) Very high order harmonic voltage on the ac side

07. A three phase voltage source inverter supplies a purely

inductive three phase load. Upon Fourier analysis, the
output voltage waveform is found to have an n-th order
(d)
harmonic of magnitude  n times that of the fundamental

( )
frequency component n  1 . The load current would
then have an n-th order harmonic of magnitude [2000]
(a) Zero
(b)  n times the fundamental frequency component

(e) (c) nn times the fundamental frequency component

n
(d) times the fundamental frequency component
n

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 Power Electronics

08. Figure (a) shows an inverter circuit with a dc source (a) 0.0 %
voltage VS . The semiconductor switches of the inverter are
(b) 20.6 %
operated in such a manner that the pole voltages V01 and
(c) 31.7 %
V02 are as shown in Figure (b). What is the RMS value of
(d) 53.9 %
the pole-to-pole voltage V12 ? [2002]

13. "Six MOSFETs connected in a bridge configuration

(having no other power device) MUST be operated as a
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)'". This statement is [2007]
(a) True, because being majority carrier devices, MOSFETs
are voltage driven
(b) True, because MOSFETs have inherently anti-parallel
diodes
Vs   (c) False, because it can be operated both as Current
(a) (b) Vs
 2  Source Inverter (CSI) or a VSI
(d) False, because MOSFETs can be operated as excellent
 Vs
(c) Vs (d) constant current sources in the saturation region
2 
14. A single-phase voltage source inverter is controlled in a
09. An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the single pulse-width modulated mode with a pulse width of
output waveform as shown in Fig. When the conduction 150° in each half cycle. Total harmonic distortion is defined
angle α=120°, the RMS fundamental component of the
output voltage is [2003] Vrms2 − V12
as THD =  100 , where V1 is the RMS value
(a) 0.78 V V1
(b) 1.10 V of the fundamental component of the output voltage. The
(c) 0.90 V THD of output AC voltage waveform is [2007]
(a) 65.65% (b) 48.42%
(d) 1.27 V (c) 31.83% (d) 30.49%

10. With reference to the output waveform given in Figure, 15. A 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter is operated in 180o
the output of the converter will be free from 5th harmonic conduction mode. Which one of the following statements
when [2003] is true? [2008]
(a)  = 72o (b)  = 36o (a) Both pole-voltage and line-voltage will have 3rd
(c)  = 150o (d)  = 120o harmonic components
(b) Pole-voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but
11. The output voltage waveform of a three-phase square- line-voltage will be free from 3rd harmonic
wave inverter contains [2005] (c) Line-voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but
(a) Only even harmonics pole-voltage will be free from 3rd harmonic
(b) Both odd and even harmonics (d) Both pole-voltage and lone-voltage will be free from
(c) Only odd harmonics 3rd harmonic components
(d) Only triplen harmonics
16. A single phase voltage source inverter is feeding a
12. A single phase inverter is operated in PWM mode purely inductive load as shown in the figure.
generating a single-pulse of width 2d in the center of each
half cycle as shown in figure. It is found that the output
voltage is free from 5th harmonic for pulse width 144o.
What will be percentage of 3rd harmonic present in the
 V03 
output voltage   ? [2006]
V
 01max 

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 Power Electronics

The inverter is operated at 50Hz in 180o square wave mode. Common Data for Questions 19 and 20:
Assume that the load current does not have any dc In the 3-phase inverter circuit shown, the load is balanced
component. The peak value of the inductor current i0 will and the gating scheme is 1800 conduction mode. All the
be [2008] switching devices are ideal.
(a) 6.37 A (b) 10 A
(c) 20 A (d) 40 A

17. The Current Source Inverter shown in figure is operated

by alternately turning on thyristor pairs ( T , T ) and
1 2

(T ,T ) .
3 4
If the load is purely resistive, the theoretical
maximum output frequency obtainable will be [2009]

(a) 125 kHz

(b) 250 kHz 19. The RMS value of load phase voltage is [2012]
(a) 106.1V (b) 141.4V
(c) 500 kHz (c) 212.2V (d) 282.8V

(d) 50 kHz 20. If the dc bus voltage Vd = 300V , the power consumed
by 3-phase load is [2012]
18. A three-phase current source inverter used for the
speed control of an induction motor is to be realized using (a) 1.5kW (b) 2.0kW
(c) 2.5kW (d) 3.0kW
MOSFET switches as shown below, Switches S1 to S 6 are
identical switches. Statement for linked Answer Questions 21 and 22:
The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) shown in the figure below
is switched to provide a 50 Hz, square-wave ac output
voltage (V₀) across an R-L load. Reference polarity of V₀
and reference direction of the output current i₀ are
indicated in the figure. It is given that R=3Ω, L=9.55mH.

The proper configuration for realizing switches S1 to S 6 is [2011]

(a) (b)

21. In the interval when V₀<0 and i₀>0 the pair of devices
which conducts the load current is [2013]
(a) Q1, Q2 (b) Q3, Q4
(c) (d)
(c) D1, D2 (d) D3, D4

22. Appropriate transition i.e., Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)

/Zero Current Switching (ZCS) of the IGBTs during turn-
on/turn-off is [2013]
(a) ZVS during turn-off (b) ZVS during turn-on
(c) ZCS during turn-off (d) ZCS during turn-on

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 Power Electronics

23. The figure shows one period of the output voltage of 25. The single-phase full-bridge voltage inverter (VSI),
an inverter.  should be chosen such that 60    90 . shown in figure, has an output frequency of 50 Hz. It uses
If rms value of the fundamental component is 50V, then  unipolar pulse width modulation with switching frequency
in degree is ____________ [2014-01] of 50 kHz and modulation index of 0.7. For
Vin = 100V DC , L = 9.55 mH, C = 63.66 F , R = 5Ω, the
amplitude of the fundamental component in the output
voltage V0 (in Volt) under steady-state is __________________.
[2015-01]

24. A single-phase voltage source inverter shown in figure

feeding power to a load. The triggering pulses of the
devices are also shown in the figure.

26. The switches T1 and T2 in figure

(a) are switched in a complementary fashion with sinusoidal
pulse width modulation technique. The modulating voltage
v
m
( t ) = 0.8sin (200t ) V and the triangular carrier

voltage (VC) are as shown in figure

(b). The carrier frequency is 5kHz. The peak value of the
100Hz component of the load current (iL), in ampere, is
_______________. [2016-01]

If the load current is sinusoidal and is zero at 0, ,2.........,

the node voltage VAO has the waveform [2014-03]
(a)

(b)

(c)

27. A single-phase full-bridge voltage source inverter (VSI)

(d) is fed from a 300V battery, A pulse of 1200 duration is
used to trigger the appropriate devices in each half-cycle.
The rms value of the fundamental component of the
output voltage, in volts, is [2016-01]
(a) 234 (b) 245
(c) 300 (d)331

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 Power Electronics

28. A three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) as shown in 32. The figure below shows a half-bridge voltage source
the figure is feeding a delta connected resistive load of inverter supplying an RL-load with R = 40  and
30 /phase. If it is fed from a 600V battery, with 1800  0.3 
conduction of solid-state devices, the power consumed by L=  H . The desired fundamental frequency of the
  
the load, in kW, is_____________. [2016-02]
load voltage is 50 Hz. The switch control signals of the
converter are generated using sinusoidal pulse width
modulation with modulation index, M = 0.6 . At 50 Hz, the
RL-load draws an active power of 1.44 kW. The value of DC
source voltage VDC in volts is [2017-02]

29. A 3-phase voltage source inverter is supplied from a

600V DC source as shown in the figure below. For a star
connected resistive load of 20 per phase, the load
power for 120° device conduction, in kW, is ___________.
[2017-01]

(a) 300 2 (b) 500

(c) 500 2 (d) 1000 2

33. The output voltage of a single-phase full bridge voltage

source inverter is controlled by unipolar PWM with one
30 In the converter circuit shown below, the switches are pulse per half cycle. For the fundamental rms component
()
controlled such that the load voltage v o t is a 400 Hz of output voltage to be 75% of DC voltage, the required
square wave. [2017-01] pulse width in degrees (round off up to one decimal place)
is _____________. [2019]

34. A single-phase inverter is fed from a 100 V dc source

and is controlled using a quasi-square wave modulation
scheme to produce an output waveform, v(t) as shown. The
angle σ is adjusted to entirely eliminate the 3rd harmonic
component from the output voltage. Under this condition
for v(t), the magnitude of the 5th harmonic component as a
()
The RMS value of the fundamental component of v o t in percentage of the magnitude of the fundamental
volts is ______________. component is _________. (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
[2020]
31. A three-phase voltage source inverter with ideal
devices operating in 180° conduction mode is feeding a
balanced star-connected resistive load. The DC voltage
input is Vdc. The peak of the fundamental component of
the phase voltage is [2017-02]
Vdc 2Vdc
(a) (b)
 
3Vdc 4Vdc
(c) (d)
 

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 Power Electronics

35. A single-phase full-bridge inverter fed by a 325 V DC 36. Consider an ideal full-bridge single-phase DC-AC
produces a symmetric quasi-square waveform across ‘ab’ inverter with a DC bus voltage magnitude of 1000 V. The
as shown. To achieve a modulation index of 0.8, the angle 0 inverter output voltage 𝑣(𝑡) shown below, is obtained when
expressed in degrees should be ________. (Round off to 2 diagonal switches of the inverter are switched with 50%
decimal places.) [2021] duty cycle. The inverter feeds a load with a sinusoidal
(Modulation index is defined as the ratio of the peak of the   2
fundamental component of Vab to the applied DC value.) ()
current given by, i t = 10sin  t −  A , where  =
3 T
.

The active power, in watts, delivered to the load is _________.
(round off to nearest integer) [2022]

37. A 3-phase grid-connected voltage source converter

with DC link voltage of 1000 V is switched using sinusoidal
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. If the grid phase
current is 10 A and the 3-phase complex power supplied by
the converter is given by (−4000 − 𝑗3000) VA, then the
modulation index used in sinusoidal PWM is ___________.
(round off to two decimal places) [2022]

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 Power Electronics

Solutions
01. Ans: (b)
Solution:
At starting the resistance of motor can be neglected due to high slip so the starting current is given by,
V V
I= 
X f
Current inrush can be avoided by keeping low voltage and maintaining v/f ratio constant to avoid magnetic saturation.
1
The starting Torque in this case is proportional to Tst  so it will increase.
f

02. Ans: 20%

Solution:
 4V
s sinnt
V =
o  n
n = 1,3,5
For fundamental component.
4V
( V1 )rms =   s2
For fifth harmonic
4V
( V5 )RMS = 5  s 2
4V
s  2
5 1
Percentage =  100% =  100% =20%
4V 5
s  2

03. Ans:
Solution:
(A) (R)
(B) (S)
(C) (P)
(D) (T)
(E) (Q)

04. Ans:
Solution:
The output voltage waveform of the Inverter is shown below:

During positive half cycle of output voltage the inductor charges & it discharges negative half cycle. Assuming I L = Imin
during the stort of positive half cycle
IL = Imax at end of positive half cycle
During positive half cycle

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200
I () = = 10 A
R
i (t) = 10 + (Imin – 10) e–tR/L
= 10 + (Imin – 10) e– 100t
T
at t = , i (t) = Imax
2
T 1 1
t= = = sec
2 2f 100
Imax = 10 + (Imin – 10) e–1 ------- (i)

During negative half cycle

−200
i () = = 10 A
20
i (t) = – 10 + (Imax + 10) e–100 t
T
after t = i (t) = Imin
2
Imin = – 10 + (Imax + 10) e–1
Imin e–1 + 10 e–1 + Imax e–2 + 10 e–2
From (i)
Imax = 10 – 10e–1 – 10e–1 + Imax e –2 + 10 e –2
10 − 20e−1 + 10e−2
Imax = = 4.621 A
(1 − e )
−2

wave form of current is shown below

05. Ans: (d)

Solution:
PWM switching scheme is used to reduce lower order harmonics and increase higher order harmonics with a 3 − 
inverter.

06. Ans: (d)

Solution:
PWM control introduces higher order harmonics voltage on the ac side.

07. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Fourier Series of output voltage is given by,
 4V
s sinnt
V =
o  n
n = 1,3,5
The current nth order harmonic is given by,
Vn
In =
n L

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 Power Electronics

an
Hence, nth order harmonic current is 1/n times the nth order harmonic voltage. So, nth order harmonic current will be
n
times the fundamental frequency component.

08. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The pole to pole voltage can be obtained by subtracting the two pole voltages.
V =V −V
12 10 20
The waveform of pole to pole voltage is shown below,

The RMS value of voltage is given by,

( V12 )RMS = 2
.V =
2 s

.V
 s

09. Ans: (a)

Solution:
For single pulse modulation scheme in Inverter the Fourier Series of Output Voltage waveform is given by,
 4V
s sinndsin n sinnt
V =
o  n 2
n = 1,3,5
The pulse width = 2d =120
Hence, d = 600
RMS value of fundamental component,
4V 4V
V1 RMS = s sind = s  sin60 = 0.78  V
2 2 s
Since, V = 1
s
V1 RMS = 0.78 Volt

10. Ans: (a)

Solution:
From the Fourier Series it can be observed that to eliminate 5th harmonic
sin5d = 0 =
5d = 0, ,2

d = 0,  , 2
5 5
Pulse width = 2d = 0, 2 , 4
5 5
Pulse Width = (0, 720, 1440)
From the given option only A satisfies this condition.

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 Power Electronics

11. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In 1800 conduction mode, fourier series of line voltage is
 4V
V =
ab  n 6
(
s cos n sinn t + 
6 )
----------(1)
n = 1,3,5
Line to neutral output voltage, Fourier Series of Phase Voltage is
 2V
s sin t
V =
ao  n
----------(2)
n = 6k  1
Where k = 0,1,2
In 1200 conduction mode,
60 2V
V =
ao  n 6
(
s cos n sinn t + 
6 ) ----------(3)
n = 1,3,5
60 3V
V =
ab  n
(
s sinn t + 
3 ) --------------(4)
n = 6k  1
where K = 0,1,2
It is clear from equation 1, 2, 3 and 4 output voltage waveform contains only odd harmonics.

12. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The Fourier Series for the output voltage in Single Pulse Modulation is given by,
 4V
s sinndsin n sinnt
V =
o  n 2
n = 1,3,5
The Third Harmonic Voltage is given by,
4V 3
V = s sin3dsin
03 3 2
4V
The maximum value of Fundamental Voltage is, V ( 01)max = 
s sindsin 
2
Pulse width for Single Pulse Modulation is, 2d = 144
Hence, d = 720
4V
s sin3d
V03 3 sin216  sin270
Therefore, = = = 0.206
( V01 )max 4Vs sind 3  sin72  sin90


13. Ans: (b)

Solution:
As MOSFET have antiparallel body diodes. MOSFET cannot withstand reverse voltage, due to which MOSFET cannot be as
current source inverter (CSI).

14. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Pulse width = 2d = 150
Hence, d = 750

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2d
RMS Output Voltage, V =V = V 5 6 = 0.913V
rms s  s s
Fourier Series of Output Voltage,,
 4V
s sin n sinndsinnt
V =
o  n 2
n = 1,3,5
RMS value of fundamental component of output voltage.

1  4Vs 
V = sin75 = 0.87V
1 2    s


(0.913Vs ) − (0.87Vs )
2 2
V2 − V2
Total Harmonic Distortion, T.H.D. = rms 1  100 =  100
2
V2
1 (0.87Vs )
THD = 31.83%

15. Ans: (b)

Solution:
 4Vs
 n   
Line voltage Vab =
n =1,3,5 n
cos   sinn  t + 
 6   6
3 
For triplen harmonic cos = cos = 0
6 2
All triplen harmonic are absent from the line voltages
Similarly
 2Vs
Pole voltage = 
n=1,3,5 n
sinnt

Pole voltage will have all odd harmonics.

16. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The output voltage waveform of square wave inverter would be a square wave and so the current waveform in purely
inductive load would be triangular in shape.
Since, DC component is zero in the load current so the current waveform would be symmetric about x-axis which means
minimum current is negative of maximum value.
Imax = − Imin = I
When the output voltage is positive the load current would increase from the minimum value to the maximum value.
Change in current = Imax − Imin = 2I

 T
 200, 0t
2
Since, the output voltage is, V0 = 
−200, T
tT
 2
I
L = 200
T
2

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T 1 1
2I = 200  = 200  = 200  = 20A
2L 2fL 2  50  0.1
Hence, peak current would be 10A

17. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Maximum Attainable Frequency in CSI is given by,
1 1
f = = = 250kHz
max 4RC
4  10  0.1  10−6

18. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Device used in current source inverter must have reverse voltage blocking capacity. Therefore, devices such as GTO, power
transistor and power MOSFET cannot be used in a CSI, so a diode is added in series with the device for reverse blocking.

19. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For 1800 conduction mode,

RMS value of line voltage. = 2 V

3 s
line voltage 2 300  2
RMS value of load phase voltage. = = V = = 141.4V
3 3 s 3

20. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Power consumed by each resistor.
2
Vph2 ( 141.4 )
P= = = 1000W
R 20
Total power consumed by all the resistors = 3  1000 = 3000Watts = 3kW

21. Ans: (d)

Solution:
The output voltage can only be negative if either Q or D ( 3 3 ) conducts and either (Q4 or D4 ) conducts.
(
But since, current is positive so D ,D
3 4 ) should be conducting. This can be seen by completing a loop of current flow.
22. Ans: (d)
Solution:
ZCS during turn – on is appropriate due to lowest switching losses.

23. Ans: 77.15

Solution:
This is not a standard inverter output & there is no direct Fourier Series Expansion so Fourier Series need to be derived.

Since the function is odd function, we need to compute only sine terms.
T
2
()
Fundamental Voltage, v1 t =
T0  () (
v t sin 0 t dt )

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2
Here, 0 =
T
The Fundamental expression can also be written as,
2
2
v1 ( t ) =  v ( t ) sin (  t ) d (  t )
0 0
2 0

(180− ) (180)
1

v1 ( t ) =   100sint dt −  100sint dt +  100sint dt
 0  (180− )

(180+ ) (360− ) (360) 
−  100sint dt +  100sint dt −  100sint dt 
180 (
180+ ) ( 360− ) 
100
v1 ( t ) = (1 − cos  ) − ( cos  + cos  ) + (1 − cos  )
 
− ( −1 + cos  ) + ( − cos  − cos  ) − ( cos  − 1 ) 

Maximum Value of Fundamental Voltage is 50 2

100
v1 ( t ) =  4 − 8cos   = 50  2
 
( 4 − 8cos  ) = 1.57  2
8cos  = 1.78
cos = 0.2224
 = 77.15

24. Ans: (d)

Solution:
It is given that load current is sinusoidal, so continuous conduction.
−VDC
When S1 and S4 are off from 0 to θ, diodes parallel to S3 & S2 conduct and hence, VAO =
2
V
( )
From θ to  −  , S1 & S4 conduct, VAO = DC
2
V
( ) ( )
Again, from  −  to  , diode conducts & VAO = − DC
2
V
When S2 and S3 are off from π to π+θ, diodes parallel to S1 & S4 conduct and hence, VAO = DC
2
VDC
( )
From π+θ to 2 −  , S2 & S3 conduct, VAO = −
2
V
( ) ( )
Again, from 2 −  to 2 , diode conducts & VAO = DC
2

25. Ans: 62.76

Solution:
The fundamental peak of output voltage is, VRM = 0.7  100 = 70V
Reactance of Inductor for Fundamental Frequency, XL = 2  50  9.55  10−3 = 3
1
Reactance of Capacitor for Fundamental Frequency, X C = = 50
2  50  63.66  10 −6

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5  − j50
Equivalent Impedance at output, Z = = 4.975 − 5.710 
5 − j50
Fundamental Voltage Amplitude at output,
4.975 − 5.710
V0m = 70  = 62.76 − 32.550 V
4.975 − 5.710 + j3

26. Ans: 10A

Solution:
Peak Value of Modulating Signal
Modulation Index = = 0.8
Peak Value of Carrier Signal
200
Based on modulating signal, fundamental frequency = = 100Hz
2
Peak Value of Fundamental Output Voltage = 0.8  250 = 200 V
200
Peak Fundamental Current = = 10A
122 + 162

27. Ans: (a)

Solution:
It is single pulse-width modulation technique.
4Vs  n 
Fourier series of output voltage =  ( sinnd)( sinnt )  sin 
n=1,3,..  n  2 
2d= pulse width of each half-cycle
2d = 120
d = 60
Vs = 300V
4Vs  4  300
RMS value of fundamental component = .sind.sin =  sin60 = 234 V
1  2 2 2

28. Ans: 24
Solution:
Input DC voltage = 600V

It is 180° three-phase inverter.

2
For delta connected load, output phase voltage=line voltage =  600 = 489.89 V
3

(V )
2
3 ( 489.89 )
2
ph
Power consumed by load = 3  = = 24000 W = 24 KW
R 30

29. Ans: 9
Solution:
Vdc
In 1200 conduction mode, Vph(rms) =
6
3V 2
ph(rms ) 6002 6 6002
For Y connected resistive load P = = 3 = = 9kW
R 20 40

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30. Ans: 198.06

Solution:
The Fourier series of output voltage is

4Vdc
V0 = 
n=1,3,5 n
sinnt

2 2 2 2
RMS fundamental voltage = V =  220 = 198.06V
 dc 

31. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The waveform for phase voltage of three phase inverter in 180° conduction mode is

2
RMS value of phase voltage = V
3 dc
3 2 2
RMS value of fundamental = DF × RMS phase voltage =  V = V
 3 dc  dc
2 2
Peak value of fundamental. 2 Vdc = Vdc
 

32. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The peak value of fundamental voltage
Vpf = 0.6 Vdc
0.3
At 50 Hz, X = 2f  L = 100   = 30 

Z = R + jX = 40 + j30 = 50 36.86 
Since, active power drawn = 1.44 kW
Irms2 R = 1440
1440
Irms2 = = 36
40
Irms = 6A
Vrms = Irms Z = 50  6 = 300 V
peak value = 300 2 = 0.6 Vdc
300
Vdc = 2 = 500 2 V
0.6

33. Ans. 111 to 114

Solution:
2 2
Fundamental rms is given by V sind
 dc

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2 2 3
V sind= Vdc
 dc 4
3
sind =
8 2
sind = 0.833 , d = 56.4081
Pulse width = 2d = 112.80

34. Ans.
Solution:
Using Result
4Vs
Vn = cosn
n
For V3 = 0
cos3 = 0

Or 3 =
2

=
6
V5 cos5 cos5 / 6
Now, = =
V1 5cos  5cos  / 6
1
=−
5
V5 1
% =  100 = 20%
V1 5

35. Ans. (51.10)

Solution:
Peak value, V̂01 = maVS = 0.8  325 = 260 V
4VS
V̂01 = sind = 260

4(325)
sind = 260

260  
sind = = 0.628
4  325
d = 38.9

= − d = 90 − 38.9 = 51.1
2

36. Ans. (3182)

Solution:

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P0 = P01

( )
= V01  I0r  cos 60

2 2   10 
=  (1000)     (0.5)
    2 
 
3182 W

37. Ans. (0.47)

Solution:

S = (−4000 − 000)VA
P0 = 3  VL1  I0r  (pF)
 4000 
4000 = 3  VL1  10   
 2 2 
 4000 + 3000 
VL1(ms) = 288.675 V
3- VSI – SPWM
MA  1
Vs
V̂L1 = 3  MA 
2
 3 
VLi(ms) = MA   1000 
2 2 
 
 3 
288.675 = MA   1000 
2 2 
 
MA =0.47

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Chapter 5 – AC and DC Drives

01. A separately excited d.c. motor is fed from a chopper
operating at 500 Hz with a duty cycle of 50% and is
drawing an average current of 10A from a 200V d.c. source.
A field wheeling diode is connected across it. The motor
has negligible armature resistance; a field inductance of
50mH and a torque constant of 0.5 N-m/A. determine the
minimum and maximum motor current, motor back e.m.f.
and the mechanical torque developed. [1997]

02. In a speed controlled d.c. motor drive, the load torque

is 40Nm. At time t=0, the operation is under steady and
(a) Calculate the motor armature current
speed is 500rpm. Under this condition at t = 0+ , the
(b) Evaluate the motor speed in rad/sec
generated torque is instantly increased to 100Nm. The
(c) Calculate the RMS value of the fundamental component
inertia of the drive is 0.01Nm sec2 / rad . The friction is of the input current to the bridge.
negligible [1998]
(a) Write down the differential equation governing the 06. A variable speed drive rated for 1500 rpm, 40 Nm is
speed of the drive for t>0 reversing under no load. Figure shows the reversing torque
(b) Evaluate the time taken for the speed to reach 1000 and the speed during the transient. The moment of inertia
rpm of the drive is [2004]

03. A dc motor with armature resistance R a is fed from a

step down chopper in the continuous mode, and operates
at some known speed and known excitation current. The
motor current rises from Imin to Imax in the ON period Ton
of the chopper; and drops from Imin to Imax in the OFF
period Toff of the same circuit. Both the rise and fall of the
current may be assumed to be approximately linear. [2000]
What is the average power loss in the machine armature?

04. In case of an armature controlled separately excited dc

motor drive with closed-loop speed control, an inner
current loop is useful because it [2001]
(a) Limits the speed of the motor to a safe value
(b) Helps in improving the drive energy efficiency
(c) Limits the peak current of the motor to the permissible
value
(d) Reduced the steady state speed error (a) 0.048 kg m2 (b) 0.064 kg m2
(c) 0.096 kg m2 (d) 0.128 kg m2
05. A separately excited dc motor is controlled by varying
its armature voltage using a single phase full-converter 07. An electric motor, developing a starting torque of 15
bridge as shown in figure; the field current is kept constant
Nm, starts with a load torque of 7 Nm on its shaft. If the
at the rated value. The motor has an armature resistance
of 0.2, and the motor voltage constant is 2.5V (rad/sec). acceleration at start is 2 rad/sec2, the moment of inertia of
The motor is driving a mechanical load having a constant the systems must be (neglecting viscous and
torque of 140 Nm. The triggering angle of the converter is Coulomb/friction). [2005]
600. The armature current can be assumed to be (a) 0.25 kg m2 (b) 0.25 N m2
continuous and ripple free. [2001] (c) 4 kg m2 (d) 4 N m2

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 Power Electronics

08. A 220 V, 20 A, 1000 rpm, separately excited dc motor

has an armature resistance of 2.5. The motor is controlled
by a step down chopper with a frequency of 1 kHz. The
input dc voltage to the chopper is 250 V. The duty cycle of
the chopper for the motor to operate at a speed of 600
rpm delivering the rated torque will be [2008]
(a) 0.518 (b) 0.608
(c) 0.852 (d) 0.902

09. A 220V. 1400 rpm, 40A separately excited dc motor has

an armature resistance of 0.4. The motor is fed from a
single phase circulating current dual converter with an
input ac line voltage of 220V (RMS). The approximate firing
angles of the dual converter for motoring operation at 50%
of rated torque and 1000 rpm will be [2008]
(a) 43o, 137o (b) 43o, 47o
(c) 39o, 141o (d) 39o, 51o

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Solutions
01. Ans:11A, 9A, 100V, 5N-m
Solution:
Average Output Voltage of the Chopper is, V0avg = DVin = 0.5  200 = 100V
Since, armature resistance is neglected so on an average there is no voltage drop between terminal voltage and back emf.
Hence, Eb = 100V
During the ON time of chopper the current in inductor increases from minimum to a maximum value.

L
(I max
− Imin )
= Vs − E
Ton

0.05
(I max
− Imin )
= 200 − 100
0.5
500
( Imax − Imin ) = 2A
Since, average current is 10A. So,
(I max
+ Imin )
= 10A
2
Hence, Imax = 11A and Imin = 9A
Developed Torque = Km  Ia = 0.5  10 = 5 N − m

02. Ans: 8.73 msec

Solution:
(a) Neglecting Damping, the differential equation of DC Drive is,
d
T =J m +T
G dt L
Here, TG is the generated Torque and TL is the Load Torque.
Since, generated torque is increased to 100 N-m
d d
100 = 0.01 m + T = 0.01 m + 40
dt L dt
d
(b) m = 60 = 6000
dt 0.01
2
Initial Speed = 500 rpm = 500  = 52.36 rad / sec
60
2
Final Speed = 1000 rpm = 1000  = 104.72 rad / sec
60
t 104.72 d
m
0 dt = 52.36
 6000
104.72 − 52.36
t= = 8.73msec
6000

03. Ans:--
Solution:
To Calculate the Power Loss in the armature we need to determine the RMS current of Armature Current waveform.
The equation` for armature current would be,

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 Power Electronics

 t
 Imin + ( Imax − Imin ) T 0  t  TON

i(t) =  ON

I − ( I − I ) t 0  t  T
 max max min
TOFF OFF

The current waveform during the OFF time has been started from zero instead of T ON just in order to simplify the analysis
but it does not impact the final expression.
The RMS current is given by,
1/2
 TON  2 TOFF 2

1  t   t  
IRMS =   Imin + ( Imax − Imin )  dt +  Imax − ( Imax − Imin )  dt 
 TON + TOFF T T 
 0 
 ON  0  OFF  

1/2
 2 2 T 
Imin TON + ( Imax − Imin ) + Imin ( Imax − Imin ) TON + Imax TOFF 
ON 2
 1 3 
IRMS =  
 TON + TOFF 2 T


 
(
+ I − I
max min ) OFF
3
− I max ( I max
− I min ) TOFF 

The Power Loss in armature is given by, PLOSS = IRMS2R

2 ( TON + TOFF ) 
  2 
PLOSS

=
1

(
 Imin TON + Imax
2
)
TOFF + ( Imax − Imin )
3

 R
 TON + TOFF + I I ( T + T ) − I2 T + I2 T
  max min ON OFF (
min ON max OFF

)

2
(
PLOSS = Imin + Imax
2
+ Imax Imin ) R3
04. Ans: (c)
Solution:
The inner current loop is to limit the peak current of the motor to the permissible value. The input to the inner loop is the
armature current and hence it limits the value of armature current to a safe value.

05. Ans: (56A, 40.55red/sec, 50.44A)

Solution:
(a) Developed Torque in the motor is,
T = 140Nm = KI
a
140 = 2.5  I
a
140
I = = 56Amp
a 2.5

(b) Back Emf, E = kω

2V
Average Output Voltage, V = m cos  = 2  250  2 = 112.59Volt
o  3.14
E= V −I R
o a a
E = 112.59 − 56 ( 0.2 ) = 101.39V

E 101.39
= = = 40.55 rad / sec
k 2.5

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2 2 2 2
(c) RMS value of the fundamental component = I =  56 = 50.44 Amp
 o 

06. Ans: (a)

Solution:
 = angular acceleration
2 − 1 500 − ( −1500 ) 2 2
= =  rad / sec2 = 418.38rad / sec
T 0.5 60
Torque (T) = 20 Nm = I
20
Moment of inertia = T = = 0.048kgm2
 418.88

07. Ans: (c)

Solution:
T = starting torque developed by the motor= 15 Nm
s
Load Torque, TL = 7N.m
T = accelerating torque = T − T = 8N.m
a s L
2
Angular Acceleration,  = 2rad / sec
Since, T = I

Moment of Inertia, I = 8 = 4kg − m2

2

08. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Under rated conditions,
Terminal Voltage, Vt = 220V
Armature Current, Ia = 20A
Back Emf of the motor, Eb = Vt − IaRa = 220 − 20  2.5 = 170V
This emf is developed at the rated speed of 1000rpm.
600
At 600 rpm, the emf developed will be =  170 = 102V
1000
Here, flux is assumed as constant as the motor is separately excited.
Armature current will remain same for rated load torque.
Armature Voltage = Vt = Eb + IaRa = 102 + 20  2.5 = 152V
Armature Voltage of machine is output of the chopper.
V0 152
Hence, Duty Cycle = = = 0.608
Vin 250

09. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Under rated condition,
Terminal Voltage, Vt = 220V
Armature Current, Ia = 40A
Back Emf of the motor, Eb = Vt − IaRa = 220 − 40  0.4 = 204V
This emf is developed at the rated speed of 1400rpm.

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1000
At 1000 rpm, the emf developed will be =  204 = 145.714V
1400
Here, flux is assumed as constant as the motor is separately excited.
Since, the torque is reduced to half so the armature will also be halved, Ia = 20A
Armature Voltage = Vt = Eb + IaRa = 145.714 + 20  0.4 = 153.714V
Armature Voltage of machine is average output of the dual converter.
2Vm
V0 = cos  = 153.714

2  220 2
cos  = 153.714

Hence, firing angle  = 390
Due to circulating current converter 1 +  2 = 1800
Hence, 2 = 1410

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 Power Electronics

Chapter 6 – AC Voltage Controller

01. Thyristor circuits that directly convert poly-phase ac 06. Thyristor T1 is triggered at an angle a (in degree), and
voltages from one frequency to another frequency are T2 at angle 180° + , in each cycle of the sinusoidal input
called _________________ [1994] voltage. Assume both thyristors to be ideal. To control the
load power over the range 0 to 2 kW, the minimum range
02. A single phase voltage source of magnitude Vs and of variation in a is: [2020]

frequency ω (rad/s) is connected to an inductance L

through an anti-parallel back-to-back pair of thyristors. The
forward and reverse conducting thyristors are fired at an

angle of   from the positive going and negative
2
going zero crossings of the supply voltage respectively, in
each cycle. (a) 0° to 60° (b) 0° to 120°
Obtain an expression for the inductor current in each cycle (c) 60° to 120° (d) 60° to 180°
for a given value of α.
The voltage drop across the thyristors, when either of them
is in conclusion, may be assumed to be negligible. [2000]

03. The triac circuit shown in figure controls the ac output

power to the resistive load. The peak power dissipation in
the load is [2004]

(a) 3968 W (b) 5290 W

(c) 7935 W (d) 10580 W

04. In the single phase voltage controller circuit shown on

the figure, for what range of triggering angle (), the
( )
output voltage V0 is not controllable? [2008]

(a) 0o    45o (b) 45o    135o

(c) 90o    180o (d) 135o    180o

05. A single-phase SCR based ac regulated is feeding

power to a load consisting of 5 resistance and 16mH
inductance. The input supply is 230V, 50Hz ac. The
maximum firing angle at which the voltage across the
device becomes zero all throughout and the rms value of
current through SCR, under this operating condition, are
[2014-02]
(a) 30 and 46A (b) 30 and 23A
0 0

(c) 45 and 23A (d) 45 and 32A

0 0

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Solutions
01. Ans: Cyclo – Converters
Solution:
Cyclo-converters can convert AC Voltage into another AC voltage having controllable amplitude and frequency. If
Frequency is increased then it is termed as Step-up Cyclo- converter and if frequency is reduced then it is termed as Step-
Down Cyclo-converter.

02. Ans:
Solution:
The circuit for the given question is shown below,


The inductor will start conduction from an angle   and the current will continue to increase till the voltage across the
2
inductor which is supply voltage is positive.
di Vs
It is so because, =
dt L
During negative cycle the current in thyristor decays to zero.
Conduction angle curing positive cycle =  − 
The same conduction angle will be during the negative half cycle so it will continue to conduct till an angle
 +  −  = 2 − 
The current and supply voltage waveform is shown below,

Assuming that the supply voltage is Vm sin t

di Vm
= sin t
dt L
Vm t V
i(t) =  sin t d ( t ) = m cos  − cos t 
L  L

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03. Ans: (d)

Solution:
V = peak value of input voltage.
m
V = 230 2V
m
Since, the firing angle is less than 900 the voltage waveform at the output attains peak at t = 900
Peak power dissipation in the resistive load corresponds to maximum voltage.
2
P
V2
= m=
230  2 ( ) = 10580 Watt
max R 10

04. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Impedance of the load, Z = R + jX = 50 + j50 = 50 245
0
L L L
Load Impedance angle,  = 45
0
L
The output voltage (VO) is controllable when    . So for 0    450 , output voltage is uncontrollable.
L

05. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Voltage across the device is zero if V0 = Vi , i.e. output voltage is perfectly sinusoidal & same as input voltage.
The output voltage of an AC Voltage Regulator is controllable if and only if   
If    then the SCR turns ON at t =  and output is same as input and thus the voltage across the device turns OFF.
 L  −1  2    50  0.016 
Hence, maximum firing angle,  = tan−1   = tan   45
 R   5 
If input & output voltages are identical, then V0 ( ) rms
= ( Vi )rms = 230V

(V ) 230 230
(I )
0 rms
=
0 rms

Z
=
2 2
= A
5 2
(5) + ( 2    50  0.016 )
Each thyristor conducts for half cycle
(I )
Hence, I T( ) rms
=
0 rms

2
230
(I )
T rms
= = 23A
5 2 2

06. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Given load,  = 60°
For  < i.e.  < 60°
V0 = Vs and output voltage is not controlled
i.e. output power is constant
P = 2000 W
2000
I2 Z =
cos60
4000
I= = 20 A
10

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 Power Electronics

V0 = IZ = 200V = Vs(rms)
i.e.    or   60°
as , V0(rms) & output power reduces
 as output power goes from 2 kW to 0,  increases from 60° to 180°.

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Singnal and System