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Work Energy - Notes

1) Work is done when a force causes an object to be displaced in the direction of the force. Work is calculated as force multiplied by displacement. 2) The unit of work is the joule, which is equal to 1 newton multiplied by 1 meter of displacement. Work can be positive, negative, or zero depending on if the force acts in the same direction, opposite direction, or perpendicular to displacement. 3) Energy is the ability to do work and is also measured in joules. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or shape. Energy can transform between kinetic and potential forms.

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50 views

Work Energy - Notes

1) Work is done when a force causes an object to be displaced in the direction of the force. Work is calculated as force multiplied by displacement. 2) The unit of work is the joule, which is equal to 1 newton multiplied by 1 meter of displacement. Work can be positive, negative, or zero depending on if the force acts in the same direction, opposite direction, or perpendicular to displacement. 3) Energy is the ability to do work and is also measured in joules. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or shape. Energy can transform between kinetic and potential forms.

Uploaded by

sukaina fatima
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WORK AND ENERGY – NOTES

Condition of Work
(i) Force should be applied on the body.
(ii) Body should be displaced.
Work Done by a Fixed Force

• Work done in moving a body is equal to the product of force and displacement of body in
the direction of force.
• Work = Force × Displacement
W=F×S

• Work is a scalar quantity


Unit of Work

• Unit of work is Newton metre or Joule.


• When a force of 1 Newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own
direction, then the work done is 1 Joule.
1 Joule = 1 Newton × 1 metre
1 J = 1 Nm
Negative, Positive and Zero Work
Work done by a force can be positive, negative or zero.

• Work done is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of the body.
• Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the
body.
• Work done is zero when a force acts at right angles to the direction of motion.
Energy

• The capacity of doing work is known as energy.


• Energy is a scalar quantity.
• Unit: The SI unit of energy is Joule (J) and its bigger unit is kilo joule (kJ).
1 kJ = 1000 J

• The energy required to do 1 Joule of work is called 1 Joule energy.


Forms of Energy
• Mechanical energy
The energy possessed by a body on account of its motion or position is called mechanical
energy.

• Kinetic Energy
The energy of a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
Examples of kinetic energy:
• A moving cricket ball
• Running water
• A moving bullet
• Flowing wind
• A moving car
• A running athelete
• A rolling stone
Kinetic energy is directly proportional to mass and the square of velocity.
Formula for Kinetic Energy
If an object of mass ‘m’ moving with uniform velocity ‘u’, it is displaced through a distance ‘s’.
Constant force ‘f’ acts on it in the direction of displacement. Its velocity changes from ‘u’ to ‘v’.
Then acceleration is ‘a’.
Work done, W = F × s ...(i)
and F = ma ...(ii)
According to third equation of motion, relationship between u, v, s and a is as follows:
• Potential Energy
The energy of a body due to its position or change in shape is known as potential energy.
Examples:
• Water kept in dam: It can rotate turbine to generate electricity due to its position above
the ground.
• Wound up spring of a toy car: It possess potential energy which is released during
unwinding of spring. So toy car moves.
• Bent string of bow: Potential energy due to change of its shape (deformation) released in
the form of kinetic energy while shooting an arrow.
Factors affecting Potential Energy
(i) Mass: P. E. ∝ m
More the mass of body, greater is the potential energy and vice-versa.
(ii) Height above the ground:
P. E. ∝ h (Not depend on the path it follows)
Greater the height above the ground, greater is the P.E. and vice-versa.
(iii) Change in shape: Greater the stretching, twisting or bending, more is potential Energy.

Potential energy of an object on a Height


If a body of mass ‘m’ is raised to a height ‘h’ above the surface of the earth, the gravitational
pull of the earth (m × g) acts in downward direction. To lift the body, we have to do work
against the force of gravity.
Thus, Work done, W = Force × Displacement
Or W = m × g × h = mgh
This work is stored in the body as potential energy (gravitational potential energy).
Thus, Potential energy, EP = m × g × h
where g = acceleration due to gravity.
Transformation of Energy
The change of one form of energy to another form of energy is known as transformation of
energy.
Example:
(i) A stone on a certain height has entire potential energy. But when it starts moving downward,
potential energy of stone goes on decreasing as height goes on decreasing but its kinetic energy
goes on increasing as velocity of stone goes on increasing. At the time stone reaches the
ground, potential energy becomes zero and kinetic energy is maximum.
Thus, its entire potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.
(ii) At hydroelectric power house, the potential energy of water is transformed into kinetic
energy and then into electrical energy.
(iii) At thermal power house, chemical energy of coal is changed into heat energy, which is
further converted into kinetic energy and electrical energy.
(iv)Plants use solar energy to make chemical energy in food by the process of photosynthesis.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Energy can be transformed from one form to
another.
Rate of Doing Work – Power
“Power is defined as the rate of energy consumption.”
Power = Work done/Time taken
Or W =P/t

where P = Power
W = Work done
t = Time taken
Unit of Power
SI unit of Power is Watt (W) = 1 Joule/second.
Bigger unit of Power: Bigger unit of power is called Kilowatt or KW.
1 Kilowatt (KW) = 1000 Watt = 1000 W or 1000 J/s
Commercial Unit of Energy:
For commercial purpose, bigger unit of energy is Kilotwatt hour (KWh).
Relation between Kilowatt hour and Joule

1 Kilowatt hour = 1000 Watt × 3600 seconds J= 36,00,000 Joules


So, 1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 J = 1 unit

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