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Working environment-related leisure time satisfaction levels and health

behaviors of university office workers and ergonomic solutions

Article in Medicine Science | International Medical Journal · January 2022

DOI: 10.5455/medscience.2022.01.021

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Medicine Science
ORIGINAL ARTICLE International
Medical Journal
Medicine Science 2022;11(2):814-9

Working environment-related leisure time satisfaction levels and health

behaviors of university office workers and ergonomic solutions

Cihan Onen1, Muhammed Bahadir Sandikci2, Erhan Dincer3

1Bitlis Eren University, School of Health, Department of Nursing, Bitlis, Turkey
2Munzur University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Tunceli, Turkey
3 Bitlis Eren University, School of Health, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Bitlis, Turkey

Received 27 January 2022; Accepted 15 March 2022

Available online 30.03.2022 with doi: 10.5455/medscience.2022.01.021

Copyright@Author(s) - Available online at www.medicinescience.org

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate the health behaviors of university office workers related to the working environment, compare them with leisure time satisfaction, and
suggest ergonomic solutions. Office workers at Bitlis Eren University and Munzur University, which are situated in the eastern part of Turkey, constituted the population
of this study. The sample size was 196 based on the formula [n = (N*t2*p*q)/d2*(N-1)+t2*p*q)], which was applied when the number of people in the population was
known. The required sample size was determined based on the estimation of a proportion of 0.5 in a finite population of 401, with a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.05 using
simple random sampling. The data of Questionnaire and Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS) were collected from 178 participants by a face-to-face interview voluntarily. The
findings obtained in this study showed that nearly half of the participants did not sufficiently support their wrists and backs and did not adjust their working posture or the
screen inclination and brightness. The mean score of leisure time satisfaction was higher for those who worked in places with ideal physical conditions, including heat and
sound insulation and in places with good psychological conditions without stress and work overload. The leisure time satisfaction score was significantly higher among
those who engaged in leisure time activities, such as recreational activities reading books, and physical activity. It was observed that employees in offices with improved
noise, heat, workload and stress had better satisfaction levels in leisure time. One cannot separate leisure activities from workplace activities and both should be conducted
in harmony. As an ergonomic solution, the worktable and tools should be comfortable and designed in a way that does not require the back muscles to be strained.

Keywords: Office workers, leisure time satisfaction, ergonomic activities, health behaviors

Introduction accepted as a particular health risk and impacts health adversely

[3]. If an ideal body posture cannot be ensured during the working
One of the negative features of modern working life is that jobs period, discomfort and pain occur in the low back, extremities,
are becoming less and less active. As technology advances, people and neck [4]. Musculoskeletal disorders are also a considerable
find themselves in occupational settings where sedentary work health problem for office workers. Several office-related physical
predominates [1]. risk factors might be determinants in these disorders. The primary
physical factors are strange or static body posture while using
Over the last two decades, the number of workers operating in the computer and unsuitable equipment (monitors, keyboards,
the service sector and offices has been increasing. Utilizing and input devices) [5]. The chair/seat has an important place in
computers and other equipment in these workplaces has become the healthy execution of work in the office environment. Office
an indispensable part of almost all office settings [2]. Office workers may not be competent in using equipment, such as
workers sit in front of the computer for long hours while using chairs and seats [6]. Prolonged sedentary time is associated with
these tools. Prolonged sedentary behavior is also increasingly musculoskeletal disorders and various illnesses, including diabetes
and cardiovascular disease [7].

However, proper use of office equipment alone is not enough

*Corresponding Author: Cihan Onen, Bitlis Eren University, School of Health,
Department of Nursing, Bitlis, Turkey
to manage work-related pain. Besides, other physical and
E-mail: [email protected] psychological factors must evolve favorably [8]. Office workers

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must work in a setting that provides optimal lighting, heat, LSS score increases, leisure satisfaction also increases. The scale
ventilation, sound insulation, and daylight conditions. Individuals has six sub-dimensions, namely “Psychological,” “Educational,”
working in settings with improved conditions can reduce the “Social,” “Physical,” “Relaxation” and “Aesthetics.” A brief
adverse health symptoms related to work and complete their tasks description of the LSS sub-dimensions is given below.
efficiently. To illustrate, adequate and regular ventilation can reduce
acute and chronic health problems and enhance work performance. Some descriptions, such as fun, feeling of freedom, participation
Individual control of ventilation and other parameters is considered and intellectual challenge, explain the psychological dimension.
a remarkable factor impacting satisfaction levels of staff owing to Individuals who are helping people and those around them to learn
its physical and positive psychological effects [9]. explain the educational dimension. The way people communicate
with other people explains the social dimension. Getting rid of the
Leisure time is a period that is necessary for the elimination tension and stress of daily life explains the relaxation dimension.
of many negative problems, such as stress, physical fatigue, Improving people's physical fitness and staying healthy explains
and psychological weariness in professional life. Leisure time the physical dimension. The interesting and beautiful design
satisfaction is important for the individual to be more productive in of the leisure time activity of individuals explains the aesthetic
his/her working life and a very important factor for his/her social dimension.
life. Physical and psychological exposure in leisure time is also
associated with leisure time satisfaction [10]. Shapiro-Wilk test, Skewness, Kurtosis values and Histogram graph
were used to analyze whether the data conformed to the normal
Historically, the relationship between work and leisure has been distribution. Independent samples t-test was used for statistical
complex and dynamic. [11]. Good time management is essential for comparison. The results were considered statistically significant
an individual to be efficient and effective in leisure time. Directing at p<0.05.
employees to activities appropriate to their abilities according to
their leisure time leads to positive results in business and social Ethical approval of the present study was obtained with the decision
life. A person's ability to meet certain needs in different areas of of Bitlis Eren University Ethical Principles and Ethics Committee
life, quality of life, occupational and life satisfaction is ascertained dated March 07th, 2019 and numbered 2019/03-XXI-XXII.
by the relationship between work and leisure time [12].
The findings obtained in this study can be generalized to two
This study was conducted to investigate the health behaviors of universities that have constituted the scope of this research.
university office workers related to the working environment,
suggest ergonomic solutions, and compare them with leisure time Results
satisfaction.
The socio-demographic characteristics of the study group are
Materials and Methods presented in Table 1. The findings showed that 401 people were
actively working in the office in both universities. In the present
Office working arrangement has changed during the COVID-19 study, 178 people who were included in the sample were analyzed.
pandemic. With flexible and remote working models, houses of
most public employees have also become their offices. Thus, Table 1 The majority of the participants were male, they were
public employees had to perform some of their work at home and married, their income level was medium and they had a university
some in their offices during the epidemic period. education.

The scope of this cross-sectional research consisted of 401 active Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
office employees working at Bitlis Eren University and Munzur Variables n %
University, located in the eastern region of Turkey. The sample
Female 43 24.2
size was 196 based on the formula [n = (N*t2*p*q) / (d2*(N- 1) Sex
Male 135 75.8
+ t2*p*q)], which was applied when the number of people in the
18-34 89 50.0
population was known. The required sample size was determined Age
based on the estimation of a proportion of 0.5 in a finite population 35-65 89 50.0
of 401, with a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.05 using simple Marital status
Single/widow 46 25.8
random sampling. A sample of 196 workers was required. Data Married 132 74.2
were collected from the workers through face-to-face interviews Primary/high school 15 8.4
Educational status
between April 20, 2019, and June 30, 2019. Eighteen people University 163 91.6
whose data were incomplete and refused to participate in the Officer 160 89.9
present study were excluded from the assessment, and 178 people Position in the office
Technical services 18 10.1
were analysed. ≤ 2500 TL* 5 2.8
Level of income Between 2500-5000 TL 135 75.8
A questionnaire form with 37 questions, which the researchers
prepared in accordance with the purpose of this study and the ≥ 5000 TL 38 21.3
Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), were used as data collection tools. * TL: Turkish lira
The scale was developed by Beard JG, Ragheb MG. (1980) [13]. It
was adapted to Turkish by Gokce and Orhan (2011) [14]. The scale Table 2 As shown in Table 2, the majority of employees maintained
consists of 24 items, and each item is scored between 1 and 5. As the the distance between the monitor and the eye, adjusted the screen at

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a readable level and eye level, adjusted the arm and wrist distance Table 3 There was a significant difference between the office
when using the keyboard, provided adequate space between the setting's temperature and sound insulation and the mean score of
table and the foot, adjusted their chairs to fit their bodies, moved leisure time satisfaction (p<0.05). Those who worked in places
their necks from time to time, and stood up at least once an hour with adequate office heat and sound insulation had higher leisure
and adopted correct practices. However, it was observed that time satisfaction.
nearly half of the participants did not support their wrists and
backs, worked in the same position for a long time, and used the A significant difference was determined between thinking that the
screen at an inclined and high brightness. work environment was stressful and the mean score of leisure time
satisfaction (p<0.05). Leisure time satisfaction level was higher in
Table 2. Employees' behaviours for using office tools those who thought that the working environment was stress-free
and those who did not have a high workload.
Positive behaviors of employees about the use of office n %
Texts on the Screen is readable 172 96.6 Table 4 As shown in Table 4, the overall mean scores of the
Standing up at least once an hour 158 88.8 participants' leisure satisfaction and the mean scores in each
domain were at a medium-high level.
Adjusting arm and wrist distance for keyboard use 153 86.0
Chair is adjustable 151 84.8 Table 5 Comparison of the work environment characteristics,
Tables have enough space for legs 146 82.0
the activities of the participants and leisure time satisfaction
subcomponents are shown in Table 5.
Moving the neck occasionally while working 143 80.3
The placement of the keyboard is parallel to the arms 136 76.4 A significant difference was found between all sub-components
of physical activity and leisure time satisfaction. Psychological,
At least 65cm distance between the monitor and the eye 133 74.7
physical, social, relaxation and aesthetic scores were higher in
Using the screen at eye level 126 70.8 employees who did the physical activity. Relaxation and aesthetics
Back support 95 53.4 were higher in those with good nutrition, and there was a
significant difference. A significant difference was found between
Supporting the wrist in front of the keyboard 81 45.5
all sub-components of the leisure time satisfaction scale in those
Negative behaviors of employees about the use of office who engaged in hobbies. Those who had hobbies feel better in
Sitting without supporting the feet 105 59.9 multiple ways.
Sitting in the same position for a long time 104 58.4
A significant difference was determined between physical and
Using the screen in a non-proportional way with body 102 57.3 aesthetics, which were subcomponents of the leisure satisfaction
Touching more than two keys per minute continuously over two
92 51.7 scale, scores of those who stated that they were working in a
hours stressful environment. Physical relaxation and aesthetics scores
Using the screen at high brightness 73 41.0
were lower in those who worked in stressful environments.
Working in a tilted position for more than two hours 58 32.6 There was a significant difference between the high workload
Working in a kneeling position for more than two hours 55 30.9 and physical, psychological, and aesthetic components. Physical,
psychological, and aesthetic scores were lower in those with a high
Data editing in the office for over four hours incessantly 51 28.7
workload.

Table 3. The comparison of leisure time scale by office environments or working environments

For the office n Mean SD p

Adequate 132 3.46 0.62
Temperature 0.000*
Inadequate 46 3.04 0.66
Adequate 156 3.35 0.65
Lightening 0.868
Inadequate 22 3.33 0.72
Adequate 143 3.37 0.66
Ventilation 0.384
Inadequate 35 3.26 0.65
Adequate 107 3.43 0.72
Sound insulation 0.022*
Inadequate 71 3.22 0.53
Adequate 141 3.37 0.65
Daylight 0.358
Inadequate 37 3.26 0.70
Stressful 87 3.22 0.68
Working environment 0.012*
Not stressful 91 3.47 0.61
Yes 146 3.36 0.66
Trust-based communication 0.529
No 32 3.28 0.63
Yes 28 3.21 0.77
Mobbing from Superior 0.243
No 150 3.37 0.63
Overload 70 3.20 0.72
Workload 0.014*
Normal 108 3.44 0.59
*p<0.05

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Table 4. Leisure Satisfaction Scale and mean score of its subcomponents

Variables n Mean SD Min Max

Overall score 178 3.35 0.66 1.46 5.00
Psychological 178 3.26 0.83 1.00 5.00
Educational 178 3.44 0.86 1.00 5.00
Social 178 3.37 0.80 1.00 5.00
Physical 178 3.72 0.89 1.00 5.00
Relaxation 178 3.00 0.89 1.00 5.00
Aesthetic 178 3.29 0.87 1.00 5.00
SD: Standard deviation, min: minimum score, max: maximum score

Table 5. Comparison of the leisure time satisfaction domains according to characteristics of the work environment and activities of the participants

Working environment Psychological Educational Social Physical Relaxation Aesthetic

Temperature t:2.169 t:3.454 t:4.037 t:3.641 t:1.748 t:2.501
(Adequate-Inadequate) p:0.031* p:0.001* p:0.000* p:0.000* p:0.820 p:0.013*
Lightening t:-0.189 t:0.095 t:-0.453 t:-0.310 t:0.517 t:1.041
(Adequate-Inadequate) p:0.850 p0.924 p:0.651 p:0.757 p:0.606 p:0.299
Ventilation t:-0.229 t:-0.265 t:0.525 t:0.768 t:1.013 t:2.143
(Adequate-Inadequate) p:0.819 p:0.791 p:0.600 p:0.444 p:0.312 p:0.033*
Sound insulation t:0.876 t:1.520 t:0.877 t:1.770 t:3.509 t:1.432
(Adequate-Inadequate) p:0.382 p:0.130 p:0.382 p:0.079 p:0.001* p:0.154
Daylight t:1.288 t:0.302 t:-0.238 t:1.104 t:0.993 t:0.721
(Adequate-Inadequate) p:0.200 p:0.763 p:0.812 p:0.271 p:0.322 p:0.472
t:-1.630 t:-1.798 t:-1.319 t:-2.785 t:-1.324 t:-2.648
The work environment is stressful
p:0.105 p:0.074 p:0.189 p:0.006* p:0.187 p:0.009*
Mobbing from superior t:-1.405 t:-1.012 t:-1.392 t:-0.485 t:-0.354 t:-0.827
(Yes-No) p:0.162 p:0.313 p:0.166 p:0.629 p:0.724 p:0.410
t:-2.146 t:-1.445 t:-0.952 t:-2.136 t:-1.833 t:-2.803
Workload (Overload-Normal)
p:0.033* p:0.150 p:0.342 p:0.034* p:0.068 p:0.006*
Trust-based communication (Yes- t:-0.599 t:0.221 t:0.638 t:0.541 t:0.883 t:1.161
No) p:0.550 p:0.825 p:0.524 p:0589 p:0.378 p:0.247
Activities of the participants outside of working hours
Physical activity t:3.516 t:4.482 t:5.219 t:3.536 t:5.144 t:2.196
(Yes-No) p:0.001* p:0.000* p:0,000* p:0.001* p:0.000* p:0.029*
Regular sleep t:1.307 t:1.093 t:1,385 t:1.298 t:1.234 t:2.393
(Yes-No) p:0.193 p:0.276 p:0,168 p:0.196 p:0.219 p:0.018*
Nutrition t:0.134 t:-0.128 t:0,928 t:0.202 t:2.246 t:2.655
(Yes-No) p:0.893 p:0.898 p:0,355 p:0.840 p:0.026* p:0.009*
Hobby t:2.872 t:2.930 t:3,049 t:2.789 t:2.318 t:2.775
(Yes-No) p:0.005* p:0.004* p:0,003* p:0.006* p:0.022* p:0.006*
Reading t:1.852 t:1.614 t:1,871 t:1.628 t:1.722 t:1.252
(Yes-No) p:0.066 p:0.108 p:0,063 p:0.105 p:0.087 p:0.212
* p<0.05; t: Independent sample t-test,

Table 6. Activities of the participants outside of working hours and leisure time satisfaction score

Characteristics n Mean SD p
Yes 77 3.62 0.60
Physical activity 0.000*
No 101 3.14 0.62
Yes 69 3.46 0.67
Regular sleep patterns 0.059
No 109 3.27 0.64
Yes 23 3.44 0.56
Adjusting ergonomics 0.492
No 154 3.34 0.67
Yes 65 3.44 0.68
Having regular diet 0.189
No 112 3.30 0.64
Yes 56 3.61 0.64
Engaging in a hobby 0.000*
No 122 3.23 0.63
Yes 101 3.44 0.60
Reading 0.032*
No 77 3.23 0.71
Yes 101 3.37 0.69
Having brisk walking 0.596
No 77 3.32 0.61
*p<0.05, SD: Standard deviation

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In the independent sample t-test comparison, there was a average of 2.58, while low back pain was the second with 2.75 and
significant difference between the temperature of the setting and neck pain was in third place with 2.79. The least common health
the scores obtained from subcomponents of the leisure satisfaction problem was weakness and tingling in the fingers, with an average
scale, psychological, social, physical, aesthetic, and educational. of 3.57 [16].
The values for these components were higher in working settings
with ideal temperatures. There was a significant difference Leisure time satisfaction is crucial for the individual to be more
between having sufficient ventilation and aesthetics. The scores productive in his/her working life and social life. Physical or mental
for the aesthetic subdomains of those who worked in settings influences of individuals in their free time are also reflected in their
with sufficient ventilation were higher. There was a significant leisure time satisfaction [10]. The fact that there is a significant
difference between those with adequate sound insulation and association between the temperature of the office setting, sound
relaxation. The findings showed that those working in settings insulation, and the average score of leisure time satisfaction in
with adequate sound insulation had higher relaxation scores. our study indicates that individuals working in settings where the
heat and sound insulation of the office environment are sufficient
Table 6 The comparison of the activities performed by the to have a higher leisure time satisfaction. The association between
participants outside the working hours and the leisure time ergonomic conditions and leisure time satisfaction similarly
satisfaction score is presented in Table 6. The leisure time indicates that ergonomic improvements in the office environment
satisfaction of those who did a regular physical activity outside the can help employees achieve more satisfaction in the activities they
office, those who had hobby activities and those who read books do in their free time.
were statistically and significantly higher.
The degree of difficulty of the work to be done in the working
Discussion
environment and the unsuitability of the tools and equipment for
In this study conducted on office workers, it has been observed the personnel or the job may lead to a decrease in work efficiency.
that employees achieve more leisure time satisfaction if the office Furthermore, loud noise in the working environment, noise
environment is physically ideal together with ideal noise level and pollution, lighting malfunctions, ventilation problems, excessive
ideal temperature, psychologically stress-free and workload is low. heat, or coldness create some effects on the employee that
Moreover, those who do physical activity in their free time, those adversely impact the performance. Combining improvements in
reading books and being engaged in hobbies were found to have ergonomics, which substantially affect productivity, with psycho-
better self-satisfaction. Considering the behaviors of the employees social techniques would produce more favorable outcomes [17].
in the working environment, it was determined that they did not act In our study, the findings have shown that there is a significant
ergonomically in terms of health such as sitting without supporting difference in the mean scores of leisure time satisfaction between
their feet (59.9%), sitting in the same position for a long time levels of workload and whether or not the office environment was
(58.4%) and not using the monitor proportionally to their body stressful. Besides, leisure time satisfaction level has been higher
(57.3%). If working individuals feel comfortable in the working in those who think that the working environment is stress-free
environment, their working efficiency can increase. However, the and those who do not have a high workload. Based on this result,
environments with poor business conditions, such as inadequacies it is considered that working individuals were not satisfied with
in lighting, ventilation, heating and similar conditions, as well as their leisure time activities due to their stressful work and high
negative effects in physical conditions like noise, more or less workload. On the other hand, it is noticed that those who stated that
humidity, may negatively affect both mental and physical health. the working environment was not stressful and that their workload
was low reached more satisfaction with the activities they did in
Today, rapidly developing technology substantially reduces the their leisure time. In our study, when some physical, psychological
difficulty of manual labor, but the increasing speed of work and features of the work environment and the leisure time satisfaction
the decrease in preparing work time increase the psycho-physical subcomponents of the participants were compared, many
workload. These changes, which enable workers to relieve their significant differences were found.
fatigue and regain their energy, require breaks within certain periods
during the working day. The implementation of a continuous Based on these data in our study, employees who do physical
working day shortens the free time of the workers and makes the activity are psychologically, physically, socially, relaxed, and
recovery process insufficient. Consequently, it may cause different aesthetically better. Relaxation and aesthetics are higher in
fatigue and lead to occupational accidents [15]. The findings those with good nutrition, and there is a significant difference. A
showed that 58.4% of the individuals who were included in our significant difference was found between all sub-components of
study sat in the same position for a long time in the working setting. the leisure time satisfaction scale in those who engage in hobbies.
Moreover, it was observed that of the individuals participating Those who have hobbies feel better in multiple ways. A significant
in our study, 32.6% worked by bending over for more than two difference was determined between physical and aesthetics, which
hours, 45.5% supported their wrist in front of the keyboard, 30.9% are subcomponents of the leisure satisfaction scale, scores of those
worked by kneeling for more than two hours, and 53.4% of them who stated that they were working in a stressful environment.
used back support. Based on the data of the individuals included Physical relaxation and aesthetics scores are lower in those who
in our study, it can be concluded that the risk of developing spine, have worked in stressful environments. There is a significant
waist-neck, and muscle-joint disorders may increase over time, difference between the high workload and physical, psychological,
given that there are deficiencies in their ergonomic behaviors. and aesthetic components. Physical, psychological, and aesthetic
Accordingly, drawing on the findings obtained in a study in the scores are lower in those with a heavy workload. When the
literature, back pain was the most common health problem with an relevant literature is reviewed, it is seen that the level of leisure

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