Cellular Respiration

⚫ All living things

need energy
⚫ Energy in the form
of…

⚫Food=chemical
energy
⚫ Cell
energy= ATP
Some examples of the use muscle
of energy in organisms contraction

Respiration
supplies
the energy
for
germination

chemical changes in cells cell division

 Energy Transformation

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Energy transfer in food chain
 Energy and Organisms

⚫ Organisms are classified based on the kind of energy

they use.
– Autotrophs
⚫ Use the energy from sunlight to make organic molecules (sugar)
⚫ Use the energy in the organic molecules to make ATP
– Heterotrophs
⚫ Obtain organic molecules by eating the autotrophs
⚫ Use the energy in the organic molecules to make ATP
⚫ Autotrophs use photosynthesis.
– To use the energy from light to make organic molecules
⚫ All organisms use cellular respiration.
– To harvest the energy from organic molecules and use it to
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Table 6-01
 Aerobic Respiration: An Overview

⚫ A series of enzyme controlled reactions

– Oxygen is used to oxidize glucose.
– Glucose is oxidized to form carbon dioxide.
– Oxygen is reduced to form water.
⚫ During the oxidation of glucose
– The C-H and O-H bonds will be broken.
– The electrons will be transferred to electron carriers, NAD
and FAD.
⚫ Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle
– The electrons will be passed through an electron transport
chain.
⚫ The energy from the electrons will be used to pump protons.
⚫ The energy from the diffusion of protons will be used to make
ATP.
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Equation summary of Aerobic respiration

Covalent bonds in glucose (C-H, O-H bonds) are broken

Energy of electrons can ultimately be used to phosphorylate ADP

molecules to produce higher energy ATP molecules

Hydrogen ions are released

The high energy electrons are controlled by energy transfer

molecules NAD+ and FAD and transfer to other electron transfer
molecules and ATP is formed.
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 Aerobic Respiration and
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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 Mitochondria Structure

⚫ Smooth outer
Membrane
⚫ Folded inner
membrane
⚫ Folds called Cristae
⚫ Space inside cristae
called the Matrix
 Diagram of the Process
Occurs
across
Cristae

Occurs in
Cytoplasm

Occurs in
Matrix
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Overview

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 Glycolysis

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 Details of Glycolysis

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 Details of
Glycolysis

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Krebs Cycle History

⚫ Discovered by Hans
Krebs in 1937
⚫ He received the Nobel
Prize in physiology or
medicine in 1953 for his
discovery
17
 The Details of the Kreb’s Cycle

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 Electron-Transport System

⚫ NADH and FADH2 release the electrons

they received during glycolysis and the
Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport
chain (ETC).
⚫ The proteins of the ETC transfer the
electrons and use the energy released to
pump protons.
– Protons are pumped from the matrix to
the intermembrane space.
– Creates a concentration gradient
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 Electron-Transport System

⚫ Oxygen is the final

electron acceptor at the
end of the ETC.
– Oxygen accepts the
electrons, combines
with protons and
becomes water.
⚫ The accumulated protons
diffuse back into the
matrix through ATP
synthase.
⚫ The energy
released from the
diffusion fuels the
6-20 formation of ATP.
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 The Details of the Electron
Transport System

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 Total Yields for Aerobic Cellular
Respiration per Glucose Molecule

⚫ Glycolysis
– 2 ATP
– 2 NADH (converted to 2 FADH2)
⚫ Kreb’s cycle
– 2 ATP
– 8 NADH
– 2 FADH2
⚫ Electron transport chain
– Each NADH fuels the formation of 3 ATP.
⚫ 8 NADH x 3 ATP = 24 ATP
– Each FADH2 fuels the formation of 2 ATP.
⚫ 4 FADH2 x 2 ATP = 8 ATP
⚫ Total ATP=2+2+24+8=36 ATP made from the metabolism of
one glucose molecule.
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 Aerobic Respiration
in Prokaryotes

⚫ Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes

⚫ Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in
the cytoplasm.
⚫ Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t
converted to FADH2

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 Certain poisons interrupt critical events in cellular respiration
• Various poisons
– Block the movement of electrons
– Block the flow of H+ through ATP synthase
– Allow H+ to leak through the membrane

Rotenone Cyanide, Oligomycin

carbon monoxide
H+
H+ H+

H+ H+ ATP
H+
H+ H+ H+
Synthase

DNP

FADH2 FAD

1 O2 + 2 H+
NADH NAD+
2

H+
+ ADP + P ATP
H H2O
+
H

Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis

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 23

Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

⚫ Some organisms do not have the enzymes for

Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system.
⚫ Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the
absence of oxygen.
⚫ Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is
called anaerobic respiration.
– Involves the incomplete oxidation of glucose
– Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway that uses an organic
molecule as the final electron acceptor.

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 Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

⚫ Anaerobic respiration usually starts with

glycolysis.
– Glucose is metabolized into pyruvic acid.
– 2 ATP are made.
⚫ The fermentation reactions oxidize NADH to
regenerate the NAD+ that is needed in
glycolysis.
– In the process, pyruvic acid is reduced to either
lactic acid or ethanol or another organic molecule.

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 Types of Fermentation

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 Alcoholic Fermentation

⚫ Starts with glycolysis

– Glucose is metabolized to pyruvic
acid.
– A net of 2 ATP is made.
⚫ During alcoholic fermentation
– Pyruvic acid is reduced to form
ethanol.
– Carbon dioxide is released.
⚫ Yeasts do this
– Leavened bread
– Sparkling wine

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 Lactic Acid Fermentation

⚫ Starts with glycolysis

– Glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid.
– A net of 2 ATP is made.
⚫ During lactic acid fermentation
– Pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid.
– No carbon dioxide is released.
⚫ Muscle cells have the enzymes to do this, but brain
cells do not.
– Muscle cells can survive brief periods of oxygen deprivation,
but brain cells cannot.
– Lactic acid “burns” in muscles.
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 Metabolizing Other Molecules

⚫ Cells will use the energy in carbohydrates first.

– Complex carbohydrates are metabolized into
simple sugars.
⚫ Cells can use the energy in fats and proteins as well.
– Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol.
– Proteins are digested into amino acids.
⚫ Cells must convert fats and proteins into molecules
that can enter and be metabolized by the enzymes
of glycolysis or the Kreb’s cycle.

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 Fat Respiration

⚫ Fats are broken down into

– Glycerol
– Fatty acids
⚫ Glycerol
– Converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
– Enters glycolysis
⚫ Fatty acids
– Converted to acetylCoA
– Enter the Kreb’s cycle
⚫ Each molecule of fat fuels the formation of many
more ATP than glucose.
– This makes it a good energy storage molecule.
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 Protein Respiration

⚫ Proteins are digested into amino acids.

⚫ Then amino acids have the amino group
removed.
– Generates a keto acid (acetic acid, pyruvic acid,
etc.)
– Enter the Kreb’s cycle at the appropriate place

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 The Interconversion of Fats,
Carbohydrates and Proteins

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 The Bottom Line

⚫ Carbohydrates, fats and proteins can all be

used for energy.
– Glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle allow these types
of molecules to be interchanged.
⚫ If more calories are consumed than used
– The excess food will be stored.
– Once the organism has all of the proteins it needs
⚫ And its carbohydrate stores are full
⚫ The remainder will be converted to and stored as fat.
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