Institute of Technology of Cambodia Statistics

I3–TD6
(Single-Factor and Two-Factor ANOVA)

1. Three classes in elementary statistics are taught by three different persons: a regular
faculty member, a graduate teaching assistant, and an adjunct from outside the uni-
versity. At the end of the semester, each student is given a standardized test. Five
students are randomly picked from each of these classes, and their scores are as shown
in Table

Faculty Teaching assistant Adjunct

93 88 86
61 90 56
87 76 73
75 82 90
92 58 47

(a) Construct an ANOVA table and interpret your results.

(b) Test at the 0.05 level whether there is a difference between the mean scores for
the three persons teaching. Assume that the ANOVA assumptions are met.

2. The following data refers to yield of tomatoes (kg/ plot) for four different levels of
salinity; salinity level here refers to electrical conductivity (EC), where the chosen
levels were EC = 1.6, 3.8, 6.0, and 10.2 nmhos/cm:

1.6: 59.5 53.3 56.8 63.1 58.7

3.8: 55.2 59.1 52.8 54.5
6.0: 51.7 48.8 53.9 49.0
10.2: 44.6 48.5 41.0 47.3 46.1

(a) Use the F test at level α = 0.05 to test for any differences in true average yield
due to the different salinity levels.
(b) Apply the modified Tukey’s method to identify significant differences among the
µi ’s.

3. The following partial ANOVA table is taken from the article “ Perception of Spatial
Incongruity ” (J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1961: 222) in which the abilities of three different
groups to identify a perceptual incongruity were assessed and compared. All individuals
in the experiment had been hospitalized to undergo psychiatric treatment. There were
21 individuals in the depressive group, 32 individuals in the functional “ other ” group,
and 21 individuals in the brain-damaged group. Complete the ANOVA table and carry
out the F test at level α = 0.01.

Source df Sum of Squares Mean Square f

Groups 76.09
Error
Total 1123.14

Mr. Phok Ponna 1/5 2022–2023

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Statistics

4. The accompanying summary data on skeletal-muscle CS activity (nmol/min/mg) ap-

peared in the article “Impact of Lifelong Sedentary Behavior on Mitochondrial Function
of Mice Skeletal Muscle” (J. of Gerontology, 2009: 927–939):

Old Old
Young Sedentary Active
Sample size 10 8 10
Sample mean 46.68 47.71 58.24
Sample sd 7.16 5.59 8.43

Carry out a test to decide whether true average activity differs for the three groups.
If appropriate, investigate differences amongst the means with a multiple comparisons
method.

5. Lipids provide much of the dietary energy in the bodies of infants and young children.
There is a growing interest in the quality of the dietary lipid supply during infancy as
a major determinant of growth, visual and neural development, and longterm health.
The article “ Essential Fat Requirements of Preterm Infants ” (Amer. J. Clin. Nutrit.,
2000: 245S-250S) reported the following data on total polyunsaturated fats (%) for
infants who were randomized to four different feeding regimens: breast milk, corn-oil-
based formula, soy-oil-based formula, or soy-and-marine-oil-based formula:

Sample Sample Sample

Regimen Size Mean SD
Breast milk 8 43.0 1.5
CO 13 42.4 1.3
SO 17 43.1 1.2
SMO 14 43.5 1.2

(a) What assumptions must be made about the four total polyunsaturated fat distri-
butions before carrying out a single-factor ANOVA to decide whether there are
any differences in true average fat content?
(b) Carry out the test suggested in part (a). What can be said about the P -value?

6. Although tea is the world’s most widely consumed beverage after water, little is known
about its nutritional value. Folacin is the only B vitamin present in any significant
amount in tea, and recent advances in assay methods have made accurate determination
of folacin content feasible. Consider the accompanying data on folacin content for
randomly selected specimens of the four leading brands of green tea.

Brand Observationst
1 7.9 6.2 6.6 8.6 8.9 10.1 9.6
2 5.7 7.5 9.8 6.1 8.4
3 6.8 7.5 5.0 7.4 5.3 6.1
4 6.4 7.1 7.9 4.5 5.0 4.0

Mr. Phok Ponna 2/5 2022–2023

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Statistics

(Data is based on “Folacin Content of Tea,” J. Amer. Dietetic Assoc., 1983: 627-632.)
Does this data suggest that true average folacin content is the same for all brands?

(a) Carry out a test using α = 0.05 via the P -value method.
(b) Assess the plausibility of any assumptions required for your analysis in part (a).
(c) Perform a multiple comparisons analysis to identify significant differences among
brands.

P
7. In single-factor ANOVA with sample sizes
P ni (i = 1, . . . , I), show that SSTr = ni (X̄i. −
2 2 2
P
X̄.. ) = i ni X̄i. − nX̄.. , where n = ni .

8. When sample sizes are equal (ni = J),P the parameters α1 , α2 , . . . , αI of the alternative
parameterization are P restricted by αi = 0. For unequal sample sizes, the most
natural restriction is ni αi = 0. Use this to show that
1 X
E(MSTr) = σ 2 + ni αi2
I −1
What is E(MSTr) when H0 is true?

9. Consider the ANOVA model

Xij = µi + εij , i = 1, 2, ..., I, , j = 1, 2, ..., J,

where Xij ∼ N (µi , σ 2 ). Then show that

SSE
(a) the random variable ∼ χ2 (I(J − 1)), and
σ2
(b) the statistics SSE and SST r are independent. Further, if the null hypothesis
H0 : µ1 = µ2 = ... = µI = µ is true, then
SST r
(c) the random variable 2
∼ χ2 (I − 1),
σ
M ST r
(d) the statistics ∼ F (I − 1, I(J − 1)), and
M SE
(e) the random variable SSTσ2
∼ χ2 (IJ − 1).

10. The number of miles of useful tread wear (in 1000s) was determined for tires of each
of five different makes of subcompact car (factor A, with I = 5 ) in combination
with each of four different brands of radial tires (factor B, with J = 4 ), resulting in
IJ = 20 observations. The values SSA = 30.6, SSB = 44.1, and SSE = 59.2 were
then computed. Assume that an additive model is appropriate.

a. Test H0 : α1 = α2 = α3 = α4 = α5 = 0(no differences in true average tire lifetime

due to makes of cars) versus Ha : at least one αi = 0 using a level 0.05 test.
b. H0 : β1 = β2 = β3 = β4 = 0(no differences in true average tire lifetime due to
brands of tires) versus Ha : at least one βj using a level 0.05 test.

Mr. Phok Ponna 3/5 2022–2023

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Statistics

11. Four different coatings are being considered for corrosion protection of metal pipe. The
pipe will be buried in three different types of soil. To investigate whether the amount
of corrosion depends either on the coating or on the type of soil, 12 pieces of pipe
are selected. Each piece is coated with one of the four coatings and buried in one of
the three types of soil for a fixed time, after which the amount of corrosion (depth of
maximum pits, in .0001 in.) is determined. The data appears in the table.

Soil Type (B)

1 2 3
1 64 49 50
Coating (A) 2 53 51 48
3 47 45 50
4 51 43 52

a. Assuming the validity of the additive model, carry out the ANOVA analysis using
an ANOVA table to see whether the amount of corrosion depends on either the
type of coating used or the type of soil. Use α = 0.05.
b. Compute µ̂, αˆ1 , αˆ2 , αˆ3 , αˆ4 , βˆ1 , βˆ2 , and βˆ3 .

12. a. Show that a constant d can be added to (or subtracted from) each xij without
affecting any of the ANOVA sums of squares.
b. Suppose that each xij is multiplied by a nonzero constant c. How does this affect
the ANOVA sums of squares? How does this affect the values of the F statistics
FA and FB ? What effect does “coding” the data by yij = cxij + d have on the
conclusions resulting from the ANOVA procedures?

13. In an experiment to see whether the amount of coverage of light-blue interior latex
paint depends either on the brand of paint or on the brand of roller used, one gallon of
each of four brands of paint was applied using each of three brands of roller, resulting
in the following data (number of square feet covered).

Roller Brand
1 2 3
1 454 446 451
Paint 2 446 444 447
Brand 3 439 442 444
4 444 437 443

a. Construct the ANOVA table. [Hint: The computations can be expedited by

subtracting 400 (or any other convenient number) from each observation. This
does not affect the final results.]
b. State and test hypotheses appropriate for deciding whether paint brand has any
effect on coverage. Use α = 0.05.
c. Repeat part (b) for brand of roller.

Mr. Phok Ponna 4/5 2022–2023

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Statistics

d. Use Tukey’s method to identify significant differences among brands. Is there one
brand that seems clearly preferable to the others?
e. Check the normality and constant variance assumptions graphically.

P P
14. Use the fact that E(Xij ) = µ + αi + βj with i αi = j βj = 0 to show that E(X̄i. −
X̄.. ) = αi , so that α̂i = X̄i. − X̄.. is an unbiased estimator for αi .

15. The accompanying data table gives observations on total acidity of coal samples of
three different types, with determinations made using three different concentrations of
ethanolic NaOH (“Chemistry of Brown Coals,” Australian J. Applied Science, 1958:
375-379).

Type of Coal
Morwell Yallourn Maddingley
.404N 8.27, 8.17 8.66, 8.61 8.14, 7.96
NaOH Conc. .626N 8.03, 8.21 8.42, 8.58 8.02, 7.89
.786N 8.60, 8.20 8.61, 8.76 8.13, 8.07

a. Assuming both effects to be fixed, construct an ANOVA table, test for the presence
of interaction, and then test for the presence of main effects for each factor (all
using level .01).
b. Use Tukey’s procedure to identify significant differences among the types of coal.

16. A study was carried out to compare the writing lifetimes of four premium brands of
pens. It was thought that the writing surface might affect lifetime, so three different
surfaces were randomly selected. A writing machine was used to ensure that condi-
tions were otherwise homogeneous (e.g., constant pressure and a fixed angle). The
accompanying table shows the two lifetimes (min) obtained for each brand-surface
combination.

Writing Surface
1 2 3 xi..
1 709, 659 713, 726 660, 645 4112
Brand 2 668, 685 722, 740 692, 720 4227
of Pen 3 659, 685 666, 684 678, 750 4122
4 698, 650 704, 666 686, 733 4137
x.j. 5413 5621 5564 16,598

Carry out an appropriate ANOVA, and state your conclusions.

17. a. Show that E(X̄i.. − X̄ − ...) = αi , so that X̄i.. − X̄... is an unbiased estimator for
αi (in the fixed effects model).
b. With γ̂ij = X̄ij. − X̄i.. − X̄.j. + X̄... , show that γ̂ij is an unbiased estimator for γij
(in the fixed effects model).

Mr. Phok Ponna 5/5 2022–2023