Parallel Projections –
Orthographic
Axonometric-
Trimetric
Dimetric
Isometric
Oblique-
Cavalier
Cabinet
Perspective-
Single-point
Two-point
Three-point
PARALLEL PROJECTION
• In a parallel projection, the observer position is at an infinite distance, so
the projection lines are parallel.
• Parallel projection preserves the relative proportions of objects, but does
not give a realistic view.
Figure (a) – perspective projection
Figure (b) – parallel projection
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Simplest of the parallel projections.
Used for engineering drawing.
True Size and shape is retained after projection.
Show only single face of the object.
Center of projection is at infinity on one of the co-ordinate axis.
For objects with planes that are not parallel to one of the co-ordinate
planes, the standard orthographic projections do not show correct shape of
these planes.
Thus to guess the true shape and size of the object, multiple orthographic
projections are required (usually 3 i.e. top, bottom and right).
AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Axonometric projection overcomes the problem of orthographic projections
of not being able to show the shape of the object using single projection.
Axonometric projections are obtained by rotating and translating the object
such that at least 3 adjacent faces are shown, the result is then projected
from center of projection at infinity onto one of the co-ordinate planes,
usually z=0 plane.
Unless a face is parallel to the plane of projection, an axonometric
projection does not show the true shape.
However the relative lengths of originally parallel lines remain constant, i.e.
parallel lines are equally foreshortened (foreshortening factor is equal to
the ratio of the projected length to its true length).
The trimetric projection is least restrictive and isometric projection is most
restrictive.
In fact, isometric is a special case of dimetric projection, and dimetric is a
special case of trimetric projection.
TRIMETRIC AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
A trimetric projection is formed by arbitrary rotations, in arbitrary order,
about any or all of the coordinate axes, followed by parallel projection onto
z=0 plane.
Three foreshortening factors are arbitrary.
DIMETRIC AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
A dimetric projection is a trimetric projection with two of the three
foreshortening factors equal; the third is arbitrary.
A dimetric projection is obtained by rotation about y-axis through a specific
angle followed by rotation about x-axis through a specific angle, and then
parallel projection onto z=0 plane.
Rotation angle along x-axis = sin-1(+-fz/(2)1/2)
Rotation angle along y-axis = sin-1(+-fz/(2- (fz)2)1/2)
There are 4 dimetric projections for each foreshortening factor.
ISOMETRIC AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
In an isometric projection all three foreshortening factors are equal.
Rotation angle along x-axis = +- 35.260
Rotation angle along y-axis = +- 450
Isometric projection is a special case of a dimetric projection with
fz=0.8165.
OBLIQUE PROJECTION
In orthographic & axonometric projections, the projectors are perpendicular
to the plane of projection, whereas oblique projection is formed by parallel
projectors from center of projection at infinity that intersect the plane of
projection at an oblique angle.
Only faces of the object parallel to the plane of projection are shown at their
true size and shape, i.e., angles and lengths are preserved for these faces
only.
Faces not parallel to the plane of projection are distorted.
a = f cos α
b = f sin α, where f is the foreshortening factor, α is the angle between the
horizontal and projected z-axis, β is the angle between the oblique
projectors and the plane of projection.
β = cot -1(f)
If f=0, β = 900 ,then an orthographic projection results.
CAVALIER OBLIQUE PROJECTION
Cavalier projection is obtained when the angle between the oblique
projectors and the plane of projection is 450
In cavalier projection, the foreshortening factors for all three principle
directions are equal.
The resulting figure appears too thick.
f=1, i.e., edges perpendicular to the projection plane are not foreshortened.
β = cot -1(1) = 450
α is a free parameter, usual values are 450 and 300
CABINET OBLIQUE PROJECTION
For cabinet projections, the angle between the projectors and the plane of
projection is β = cot -1(1/2) = 63.430, i.e. fz = ½.
In cabinet projections, foreshortening factor for edges perpendicular to the
plane of projection is one-half.
α is a free parameter, usual values are 450 and 300
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
• A perspective transformation is a transformation from one three space to
another three space.
• In perspective projections, parallel lines converge, object size is reduced
with increasing distance from the center of projection, and non-uniform
foreshortening of lines occur.
• All these effects aid depth perception of human visual system, but the
shape of the object is not preserved.
• In a perspective projection, object positions are projected onto the view
plane along lines which converge at the observer.
• Perspective projection gives realistic views, but does not preserve
proportions.
• Projections of distant objects are smaller than projections of objects of the
same size which are closer to the view plane.
SINGLE-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
3 point perspective 2 point perspective 1 point perspective
projection projection projection
