\ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES Tel. Nos. (033) 3291971 (to 79) Local 1085 Fax No. (033) 3203004 Email: chem. [email protected] MODULE 1 — Part 3 PRINCIPLES of TRANSPORT PROCESSES ae rene Material having thermal conduct & rea a c 72 f Z Th dh TrCONVECTION | most situation involving a liquid or a gas in heat transfer, convective heat transfer usually ‘occurs as well as conduction, In most industrial processes where heat transfer is occurring, heat is being transferred from the one through a solid wall to a second fluid. 1 This is the temperature profile heat transfer by convection from one fluid A to another one luid B. | | warm fluid A Heat is being transferred from the hot flowing fluid to the cold flowing fluid. The velocity gradient, when the fluid is in turbulent flow, is very steep next to the wall in the thin viscous sublayer where turbulence is absent. Here the heat transfer is mainly by conduetion, with a large temperature difference of 7, -7,in the warm fluid. ‘As we move farther from the wall, we approach the turbulent region, where rapidly moving eddies, tend to equalize the temperature. Hence, the temperature gradient is less and the difference 7, -T,is small. ‘The average temperature of fluid Ais slightly less than the peak value, 7, . The convective coefficient for heat transfer through a fluid is given by Working Formula: q=hAT-T,) where: 7'= bulk or average temperature of the fluid in K T,,= temperature of the wall in contact with the fluid in K The type of fluid flow, whether laminar or turbulent of the individual fluid has a great effect on h (often called a film coefficient) Since most of the resistance to heat transfer is in a thin film close to the wall. The more turbulent the flow, the greater the heat-transfer coefficient.TYPES OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER. 4. Free or natural convection = this is where the motion ofthe fuid results from density changes in heat transfer and the buoyant effect is the reason why there 's just natural Circulation of the fluid, so it moves past the solid surface. 2. Forced convection - the form of convection when the fluid is forced to flow by pressure differences, a pump, a fan, a blower and s0 on. Most ofthe correlation for predicting film coefficients h, are semi empirical in nature and are affected by the physical properties of the fluid, the type and velocity of flow, the temperature difference, and the geometry of the specific physical system. Table 1 - APPROXIMATE MAGNITUDE OF SOME HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS Range of Values of ft Mechanism | ie ft °F Vrek ‘Condensing steam 1,000 - 5,000 5,700 - 28,000 ‘Condensing organics 200 - 500 1,100 - 2,800 Boiling liquids 300 - 5,000 1,700 - 28,000 ‘Moving water 50 - 3,000 ‘280 - 17,000 ‘Moving HC 10 - 300 ‘55- 1,700 ‘Still air 05-4 28-23 Moving air 2-10 113-55 To convert HTC from English unit to SI unit: oe hr fPOF To correlate the physical properties of the fluid for HTC, dimensionless numbers such as the Re and P, numbers are used. is the ratio of the shear component of diffusivity for momentum to the diffusivity for ° heat and physically relates the relative thicknesses of the hydrodynamic layer and ae thermal boundary layer: ™, Ye =H. n= Pe E / Note: The values of the N, for gases are given in Perry's Handbook * Its values range from about 0.5 to 1.0- gases + Its values range from about 2 to well over 10* — liquidsNusselt No. (1V,, )- used to relate data for HTC, h, to thermal conductivity k of the fluid and a a AD character dimension D: N,, =" (for flow inside a pipe, D fs the diameter) FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER Case 1; HTC for laminar flow inside a pipe ‘The most important convective heat transfer process industrially is that of cooling or heating @ fluid flowing inside a closed circular conduit or pipe. The following different types of correlation for the convective coefficient are needed for different types of flow. 1.Forlaminarflow (N,,below 2100) 2. For fully turbulent flow (N;,, above 6000) 3. For transition region (1V,, between 2,100 and 6,000) For laminar flow of fluids inside horizontal tubes or pipes, the following equation of Sieder and Tate (SI) can be used for Nj, < 2,100 a 4D DY*( uy () = MP 104-2) (#2) —p Cen where: D= pipe diameter in meter L= pipe length before mixing occurs in the pipe in meter, ,= fluid viscosity at bulk average temperature in Pa - sec 4, viscosity at the wall temperature C,=heatcapadiyin 44, ; k= thermal conductivity in //, f= average heat transfer coefficient in W/ Ny,= dimensionless Nusselt Number Note: All the physical properties are evaluated at the bulk fluid temperature except 11, DG , 2SIf greater than 10 it holds true, but :20% margin of error is applied. If less than 10, we have another expression to use but is no longer covered by this lecture. Note: In laminar flow, , > average coefficient, depends strongly on heated length (7.-%,)+(T.-Te) A: 2 i AAT, = x ‘Average (arithmetic mean) temperature drop AT, is used to calculate the heat transfer, q where: T= wall temp. in K ; 7,,= inlet bulk fluid temp. ; 7,,= outlet bulk fluid temp. For large pipe diameter and large AT’ between pipe wall and bulk fluid, natural convection effects can increase h. Note: Equations are also available for laminar flow in vertical tubes. Case 2: HTC for turbulent flow inside a pipe (when N,, > 6,000) Since the rate of heat transfer is greater in the turbulent region, many industrial heat transfer processes are in the turbulent region. The following equation has been found to hold for tubes and also used for pipes Itholds for Nz. >6,000; Np, between 0.7 and 16,000 ; £5 60 a oxrnetny 82) ===> | Equation 2 4, hD k where: /,- HTC based on the log mean driving force 47. _ ‘The fluid property except for ,, are evaluated at mean bulk temperature = Note: The use of the above equation may be trial and error since the value of h, must be known in order to evaluate 7, and hence 41, at the wall temperature, HTC for turbulent flow for a pipe) HTC for turbulent flow for a smooth tubeFor air at latm pressure, the following equation holds true for turbulent flow in pipes. 3.5v%" =a (SD; hy where: Dis inm ; vin D' isin inch in Kt : Buy ee BW a Water is often used in heat-transfer equipment. A simplified equation to use for a temperature range of T'=4-105°C (40-220°F ) is; h, =1429(1+0.01467'C). “as. ($7); h, =150(1+.0.001T°F) ae (English) ca For organic liquids, a very simplified equation to use for approximation is hh = 423 pF “* (SI) i h,= ~ (English) “ r Example 1: Heating of Air in Turbulent Flow Air at 206.8kPa and an average of 477.6K is being heated as it flows through a tube of 25.4mm inside diameter at a velocity of 7.62"Y/.. The heating medium is 488.7K steam condensing on the outside of the tube. Since the HTC of condensing steam is several thousand a [x and the resistance of the metal wall is very small, it will be assumed that the surface wall temperature of the metal in contact with the air is 488.7K’. Calculate the heat-transfer coefficient for an 17, > 6o.and also the heat-transfer flux Data from Perry's Handbook for the physical properties of air at 477.6K(204.4°C) = 26x10 Pas=2,6«10°KE =2.6x10 Pas =2.6x10°*8/, + k= W, o + k= 0.038947"; N,, = 0.686 At 488.7K(2155°C): 1, = 2.6410" Pas ion p99 —1—\ 2068) 2732 pe SON G7 a4 \101.33 14776 p=1s09/, ;_ Dvp _0.0254(7.62\1.509). y= 1.20x10* soe ne AA4TTOK: N, ; aa 2.6x10" ‘The flow is turbulent, use equation 2: Nw 42 =0. wor(4) y Ee anor. iro)" (0.6s04{ oe) 6. den(n-r); 4 E Lema a A(t.-1), 4=63.(488.7 ans); 4=1011 5 Case 3: Liquid Metals Heat Transfer Coefficient ‘Tia HTC ie sometimes used in cases where a fuid la neaded over a wide temporsiure ne at relatively ow pressure. Often used in nuctear reactors, which require a high heat transfer reticent and high heat capacty/volume. The high heatsransfer coefficients are due (0 very high thermal conductivities and therefore low Np, Note: In quid metals in pipes, HT by conduction is very important than the convection effects. For fully developed turbulent flow in tubes which uniform heat flux, the following equations are used. AD o Ny = "E> =0.625Ne" = | equation 3 where the Np, = Ngee This holds true for toa ‘and N>, between 100 and 10° For constant wall temperature nD 8 Nya“ =5,0+0.025N,,"" ===> | Equation 4 This holds true for D and ‘Al physical properties are evaluated at the average bulk temperature.Example 2: A liquid Metal Heat Transfer Inside a Tube A liquid metal flows at a rate of 4kg/sec through a tube having an inside diameter of 0.05m The liquid enters at 500K and is heated to5S0SK in the tube. The tube wall is maintained at temperature of30K above the fluid bulk temperature and constant heat flux is also maintained. Calculate the required tube length. The average physical properties are as follows: M2710 Pars p=1400'6/, C,=120 he-K 2134, kaif TA Solution: 2 4D 1005) a 963.10 n? 4 4 4 ks G=——_.. = 2.038x10°*8, 1.963x107 * Te s ‘then Ny = PG 00512038510") 435,19 Hw 71x10 = = 0.00655 but Npe= Nee" hy = Nw ~Kioes)n,; hy, -K0s2s},, Ny) 18 ry D 605 =2510/ h, = 25127 (0.28)/1.495x10%o, votes) Using a heat balance: q=m-C, AT = 4(120(505 -500) ; ¢=240017fant, =T)=2512(30) 2400 _ W, ak = 75,360 w/a = 2400 3.185107 m? 75,360 A=aDL = 2(0.05)L L-=0.203m a NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER ‘This occurs when a solid surface is in contact with a gas or liquid which is ata different temperature from the surface. Density difference in the fluid arising from the heating process provide the buoyancy force required to move the fluid. Free or natural is observed as a result of the motion of the fluid. Example: Hot radiator used for heating a room the radiator is heated and rises in natural convection because of Cold air encounter buoyancy forces Case 1 - Natural Convection from vertical planes or plates and cylinder For an isotrermal vertical surface or plates with height L < Im , average natural convection HTC can be expressed by the following equation gehen PREY aaa Ma where a and m are constants, Nos the Grashof No, , pin #8/, 14, Viscosity in kg /m—s ; AT, the positive temperature difference between the wall and the bulk fluid or vice versa in kelvin ke, the thermal conductivity in 1/7 - C, , heat capacity in J /kg-K ; g = 9.80665 m/s? {B, the volumetric coefficient of expansion ofthe fluid in.For gases fis 1 Note: All properties are evaluated at 1g and g is 32.174x(3600) 5 In English Units: Ppa = g (3600) 5 Example 3: Natural Convection from a vertical wall of an oven ‘Aheated vertical wall 1 ft (0.305 m) high of an oven for baking food with the surface at 450° (505.4K) is in contact with air at 00°F (311K). Calculate the HTC and the heat transfer! width of wall. Use English and SI units Solution: AT=T, -T, = 450-100=350°F(194.4K); 7,47, . eee et =408.2K 2136%10-3/ ; p= = 2.45%10" ro ee ro ix 2 92 _ Le ‘gBST FO. 0541) (32.174)3600F (1.36x10° J350) _ ren H (0.0562 ‘The physical properties of air at275°F are k= 0.019821), or o,86748/, in Slunts: Ny =0.69; 4=(0.0232C, J2.4191)=0.0562"%/, oF 2.32x10° Pa-see Wy gop © OD, p=0.0541 _ 0.305) (0.867Y' 0.806 sui” 94.4), Ne =Lbsxt0" (2.32x10 No-N y= (1.84108 (0.69) = 1.27 x10" From Table 4.7 — 1 (photo shared clo Chat Group): For vertical planes and cylinders with height & L10? where p= pressure in iy : Nps 10"to 10? is encountered when! (247) is less than In English units the range of No, be corrected to pressures other than lam absolute by about 300/7°F .The value of h can multiplying the h at atm by PY for NoNps 10" 10 and by P¥ for Nq,Np, above 10°, where P = atmospheric absolute pressure.