SKELETAL SYTEM- is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that

perform essential functions for the human body. It provides support, protect and facilitate movements. It is also
consist of 206 bones in the adult human body, which are constantly changing.

These are the following functions of the skeletal system:

 Protects- our delicate organs need protection

a. The skull protects the brain
b. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord
c. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs
 Supports –our body needs a framework
a. The skeleton gives shape to our bodies
b. It holds our vital organs in place
c. It enables us to achieve a good posture
 Moves – our muscles use our bones to cause movement
a. The skeleton provides attachment for the muscles
b. The skeleton is jointed, which allows a wide range of movement
c. Different joints allow different types of movement
 Produces blood
a. Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs, humerus, vertebrae and
femur

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

1. Long bones – is cylindrical in shape being longer than it is wide.

We use them in the main movement of our body, it work as levers; they move when the muscles
contract.
They are found:
Arms- ( humerus, ulna, radius)
Legs- ( femur, tibia, fibula)
Fingers- (metarcarpals, phalanges)
Toes-( metatarsals, phalanges)
Bones and their functions:
Humerus- upper arm bone; supports arm functions, such as lifting
Ulna- inner, larger bone of the forearm
Radius- lateral, shorter bone of the forearm
Femur- the thighbone; the longest and strongest bone in the body
Tibia- the inner, larger bone of the lower leg
Fibula- the outer, smaller bone and located between the knee and the toes
Metarcarpals- the five bones of the metacarpus, located between the wrist and the fingers
Phalanges- any of the bones of the fingers; there are 14 phalanges in each hand
2. Short bones- that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width and thickness.
The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the
ankles. We use them i n fine movements of our body. The functions of this is to provide stability and
support, while allowing some motion.
They are found:
Wrist- (carpals)
Ankles- (tarsals)
Bones and their functions:
Carpals- any of the 8 bones of the carpus/wrist
Tarsals- the 7 bones of the ankle joint
3. Flat bones- is typically thin, it is also often curved. We use them to protect the organs of our body.
These bones are the protectors of our internal organs.
They are found:
Skull- (cranial)
Shoulder blades- (scapula)
Breastbone- (sternum)
Ribs
Bones and their functions:
Cranial- the skull; protects the brain
 Scapula-also called the shoulder blad; provides a foundation for joint function
Sternum- a large flat bone at the front pf the rib cage; it helps to make the ribs cage stronger
Ribs – acts a protective cage for the hearts, lungs, and liver there are 12 pairs of ribs.
4. Irregular bones- does not have easily characterized shape and therefore does not any other
classification. These bonds tend to have more complex shape, like the vertebrae that support the
spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. We use them to give our body protection and
shape.
Bones are found and their functions:
Vertebrae- it support the spinal cord
Sacrum- also called sacral pine, is a large flat triangular-shaped bone between the hip boneand below
the last lumbar vertebra.
Facial bones- there are 14 bones
5. Semamoid bones- is a small, round bone, shaped like a sesame seed.
These bones form in tendons and these bones protects tendons by helping them overcome
compressive forces.
Bone are found and function:
Patella- the kneecap; allows for knee extension

TWO MAIN PARTS OF THE SKELETEON

 AXIAL SKELETON
 SKULL
- Made up 28 bones
- 14 bones in the face
- 6 bones in the ears
- It protects the brain, eyes and ears
 STERNUM
- A large flat bone at the front of the rib cage
 RIBS
-7 pairs are joined to the sternum
-2 ribs are unattached (floating ribs)
-the ribcage protects our lungs and heart

 APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 SHOULDER GIRDLE
- 2 clavicles and 2 scapulas
- This gives us great flexibility in our arms and shoulder
 ARMS
- Humerus, radius, and uln8 carpal bones i the wrist
- 5 metacarpal bones in the hand
- 14 phalanges in each hand
 HIP GIRDLE
- Made up of two halves each formed by three bones
- Supports the lower abdomen and provides a strong joint for the femur
 LEGS
- Femur, tibia, fibula
- 7 tarsals in each foot
- 5 metatarsals in the foot
- 14 phalanges in each foot
PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
How do we move?

- The skeleton has many joints.

Joint/articulation- is any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together to form a connection.

Two classification of joints:

1. Structural- classification of joints take into account whether the adjacent bones are strongly anchored to
each other by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage.
2. Functional- describe the degree of movement available movement between the bones, ranging from
immobile, to slightly mobile, to freely moveable joints.
Immobile or slightly moveable joints serve to protect internal organs, give stability to the body, and
allow for much more extensive movements of the body and limbs.
 Immovable joints- a formulation of two bo nes that have been fused together. Such joints are capable
movement by muscular force. These are places in the body where bones are joined together but where
very little or no movement occurs and no joint. Examples: skull sutures, the joint between the first pairs
of ribs and the sternum.
 Slightly movable joints-is to provide a stable union between bony surfaces. Examples of these joints are
located in the spine. It is also found between the sacrum and ilia, and at the front and back attachments of
the ribs.
 Freely movable joints- it allows move to freely
Examples: the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, and knee joints.

Muscular sytem- is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of
the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.

All our movements happen as a result of the shortening (contracting) and lengthening (extending) of muscles.
Our muscles can:

1. Enable us to move our body parts

2. Give us our own individual shape
3. Protect and keep in place our abdominal organs
4. Enable us to maintain a good posture
5. Help in the circulation of our body
6. Generate body heat when they contract.
a. There are 600 skeletal muscles in the body , 150 in the head and neck.

Muscles – is the tissue that allows us for active movement of our body or materials within our body.

Three types of muscles:

Skeletal muscles – skeletal or voluntary muscles work as we instruct them. They are under our control. They
make our bodies move. We use them for everyday and sporting activities such as walking, running, and
jumping.

Smooth muscles – smooth or involuntary muscles work automatically. They are not under our conscious
control. They work our internal organs such as stomach, gut bladder.

Cardiac muscles – cardiac or heart muscle is a very special type of involuntary muscle. It is found only in the
heart. It contracts regularly, continuously and without tiring. It works automtically but is under constant nervous
and chemical control.

Main parts of our muscles:

Deltoid – move the arm in all directions at the shoulder

Ex: bowling in cricket

Triceps – extends the forearm at the elbow, extends the arm at the shoulder

Ex. A smash in badminton

Hamstrings – extend the hip joint, flex the knee joint

Ex: drawing the leg back before kicking a ball

Trapezius – helps to conrol the shoulder girdle

Ex: a player holding his head up in a rugby scrum

Latissimus dorsi – adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

Ex: swimming the butterfly stroke

Gluteals – abduct the extend the hip joint

Ex: stepping up durinh rock climbing

Biceps – flex the arm at the elbow

Ex: drawing a bow in archery

Abdominals – rotate and raise the trunk, strengthen the abdominal wall, help with breathing

Ex: performing upward circles on the bar gymnastics

Pectorals – adduct the arm and shoulder

Quadriceps – flex the hip joints, extend the knee joint

Ex: taking off in high jump