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Bio (Enzymes)

Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They function by lowering the activation energy of reactions through the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex via a "lock and key" fit between the enzyme's active site and the substrate. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is affected by temperature and pH levels. Increased temperature up to the enzyme's optimal level results in higher reaction rates due to greater kinetic energy of molecules. However, temperatures above the optimum lead to enzyme denaturation and reduced activity. Similarly, deviations from the optimum pH cause changes to the active site shape, preventing substrate binding and reaction.

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19 views2 pages

Bio (Enzymes)

Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They function by lowering the activation energy of reactions through the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex via a "lock and key" fit between the enzyme's active site and the substrate. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is affected by temperature and pH levels. Increased temperature up to the enzyme's optimal level results in higher reaction rates due to greater kinetic energy of molecules. However, temperatures above the optimum lead to enzyme denaturation and reduced activity. Similarly, deviations from the optimum pH cause changes to the active site shape, preventing substrate binding and reaction.

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66rdsmh2mw
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GCE O LEVEL BIOLOGY 5090

TOPIC 5: ENZYMES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES (ENZYME ACTION): PART 1


o Describe what is catalyst.
o Describe what is enzymes.
o Explain enzyme action with reference to the substrate, active site, enzyme-substrate complex, and product.
o Explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the complementary shape and fit of active site with the substrate (‘lock and key hypothesis)

Catalyst:
➔ A substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction

Enzymes:
➔ Proteins that function as biological catalyst and are involved in all metabolic reactions

Enzymes action:

Lock and key hypothesis:


• Enzymes are specific to their function
• Every enzyme has its own specific shape of active site
• Hence, each enzyme has its complementary shape of active site with the substrate
Example:
Enzyme: Sucrase isomaltase breakdown sucrose to glucose and fructose
Describe the lock and key hypothesis of the enzymes above:

DANIELSYAFIQ-15/11/2023[ENZYMES] 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES (EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND pH): PART 2
o Understand that the progress of enzyme-catalysed reactions can be followed by measuring the concentrations of the reactants and
products.
o Investigate and describe the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity.
o Explain the effect of changes in temperatures and pH on enzyme activity in terms of kinetic energy, shape and fit, denaturation and the
frequency of effective collisions.

Factors affecting the enzyme action:

1. Temperature

• As the temperature increases up to the enzyme’s optimum


• The rate of reaction increases,
• Because the molecules have more kinetic energy, thus move faster.
• Consequently, more collisions occur, and more enzyme-substrate complexes can form.
• At high temperature above the optimum, the enzymes become denatured and the active site
change shape.
• This decreases the rate of reaction as enzyme-substrate complexes cannot form.

2. pH

• Enzymes have an optimum pH that they work best at.


• As the pH moves away from this, the rate of reaction decreases.
• The change in pH causes the shape of the active site to change.
• This means that the substrate cannot fit in the active site,
• Hence no enzyme-substrate complexes can form.
• This means that the enzyme has become denature.

DANIELSYAFIQ-15/11/2023[ENZYMES] 2

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