Exercise 2.

Question:1. Use suitable identities to find the following products:

(i) (x + 4) (x + 10)
(ii) (x + 8) (x - 10)
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x - 5)

T IO S
(iv) ( y2 + 3/2 ) ( y2 - 3/2 )

I
(v) (3 - 2x) (3 + 2x)
NO A D
CO N
Ans. :
A
(i) (x + 4) (x + 10)

PY
DO U A

Using identity,
T
ED PR

(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
In (x + 4) (x + 10), a = 4 and b = 10
C
©

Now, (x + 4) (x + 10) = x2 + (4 + 10)x + (4 × 10)

= x2 + 14x + 40

(ii) (x + 8) (x - 10)
Using identity,
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Here, a = 8 and b = -10
(x + 8) (x – 10) = x2 + {8 + (-10)} x + {8 × (-10)}
= x2 + (8 – 10)x – 80
= x2 – 2x – 80
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x - 5)
Using identity,
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Here, x = 3x, a = 4 and b = -5
(3x + 4) (3x – 5) = (3x)2 + {4 + (-5)} 3x + {4 × (-5)}
= 9x2 + 3x (4 – 5) – 20

T IO S
= 9x2 – 3x – 20

I
NO A D
CO N
A
3 3
(iv). (𝑦 2 + ) (𝑦 2 − )

PY
DO U A
2 2
T
Using identity,
ED PR

(x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
3
C

Here, x = y2 and y =
2
©

2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2
(𝑦 + ) (𝑦 − ) = (𝑦 ) − ( )
2 2 2
9
= 𝑦4 −
4

(v) (3 - 2x) (3 + 2x)

using identity
(x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
Here, x = 3 and y = 2x
(3 – 2x) (3 + 2x) = 32 – (2x)2
= 9 – 4x2
Question: 2
Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:
(i) 103 × 107
(ii) 95 × 96
(iii) 104 × 96
Ans.:

T IO S
(i) Using identity,

I
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
NO A D
CO N
Here, x = 100, a = 3 and b = 7
A
103 × 107 = (100 + 3) (100 + 7)

PY
DO U A
= (100)2 + (3 + 7) 100 + (3 × 7)
T
ED PR

= 10000 + 1000 + 21
= 11021
C
©

(ii) Using identity,

(x - a) (x - b) = x2 - (a + b) x + ab
Here, x = 100, a = 5 and b = 4
95 × 96 = (100 - 5) (100 - 4)
= (100)2 - (5 + 4) 90 + (5 x 4)
= 10000 - 1800 + 20
= 9120
(iii) Using identity,
(x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
Here, x = 100 and y = 4
104 × 96 = (100 + 4) (100 – 4)
= (100)2 – (4)2
= 10000 – 16
= 9984

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
Question: 3 Factorize the following using appropriate identities:
A
(i) 9x2 – 6xy + y2

PY
DO U A
(ii) 4y2 - 4y +1
T
ED PR

𝑦2
(iii) x2 –
100
C

Answer :
©

(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2

= (3x)2 + (2 × 3x × y) + y2
Using identity,
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Here, a = 3x and b = y
9x2 + 6xy + y2 = (3x)2 + (2 × 3 × y) + y2
= (3x + y)2
= (3x + y) (3x + y)

(ii) 4y2 - 4y + 1 = (4y)2 - (2 × 2y × 1) + 12

Using identity, (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
Here, a = 2y and b = 1
4y2 - 4y + 1 = (2y)2 - (2 × 2y × 1) + 12
= (2y - 1)2
= (2y - 1) (2y - 1)

(iii) Using identity,

T IO S
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

I
NO A D 𝑦

CO N
Here, a = x and b = ( )
A
10

𝑦 2

PY
𝑦2
DO U A
2 2 -
x - = x ( )
100 10
T
𝑦 𝑦
ED PR

= (𝑥 + ) (𝑥 − )
10 10
C
©

Question: 4 Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:

(i) (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧)2
(ii) (2x – y + z)2
(iii) (-2x + 3y + 2z)2
(iv) (3a – 7b – c)2
(v) (−2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3𝑧)2
1 1 2
(vi) [ 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1]
4 2

Answer.: (i) Using identity,

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = x, b = 2y and c = 4z
(x + 2y + 4z)2 = x2 + (2y)2 + (4z)2 + (2 × x × 2y) + (2 × 2y × 4z) + (2 ×
4z × x)
= x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 + 4xy + 16yz + 8xz

(ii) Using identity,

T IO S
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

I
NO A D
Here, a = 2x, b = -y and c = z

CO N
A
(2x – y + z)2

PY
DO U A
= (2x)2 + (-y)2 + z2 + (2 × 2x × -y) + (2 × -y × z) + (2 × z × 2x)
T
= 4x2 + y2 + z2 – 4xy – 2yz + 4xz
ED PR
C

(iii) Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

©

Here, a = -2x, b = 3y and c = 2z

(-2x + 3y + 2z)2 = (-2x)2 + (3y)2 + (2z)2 + (2 × -2x × 3y) + (2 × 3y × 2z)
+ (2 × 2z × -2x)
= 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 – 12xy + 12yz – 8xz
(iv) Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = 3a, b = -7b and c = -c
(3a – 7b – c)2 = (3a)2 + (-7b)2 + (-c)2+ (2 ×3a × -7b) + (2 × -7b × -c) + (2
× -c × 3a)
= 9a2 + 49b2 + c2 – 42ab + 14bc – 6ac
(v) Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
Here, a = -2x, b = 5y and c = -3z
(-2x + 5y – 3z)2 = (-2x)2 + (5y)2 + (-3z)2+ (2 ×-2x × 5y) + (2 × 5y × -3z)
+ (2 × -3z × -2x)
= 4x2 + 25y2 + 9z2 – 20xy -30yz + 12xz

(vi) Using identity, (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

T IO S
1 −1
Here, a = a, b = b and c =1

I
4 2
NO A D
CO N
1 −1 2 1 2 −1 2 1 −1
( a+ b + 1) = ( a) + ( b) + (1)2 + (2 × a × b) +
A
4 2 4 2 4 2
−1 1

PY
(2 × b × 1) (2 × 1 × a)
DO U A
2 4
T
1 1 1 1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 1 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 + 𝑎
ED PR

=
16 4 4 2
C

Question:5 Factorize:
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(i) 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑧 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 − 24𝑥𝑦 − 16𝑥𝑧

(ii) 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑧 2 − 2√2𝑥𝑦 + 4√2𝑦𝑧 +8xz
Solution :
(i) Using identity,
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (-4z)2 + (2 × 2 × 3y) + (2 × 3y × -4z) + (2 × -4z × 2x)
= (2x + 3y – 4z)2
= (2x + 3y – 4z) (2x + 3y – 4z)
(ii) Using identity,
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2x2 + y2 + 8z2 - 2√2xy + 4√2yz – 8xz
= (-√2x)2 + (y)2 + (2√2z)2 + (2 × -√2x × y) + (2 × y × 2√2z) + (2 × 2√2z
× -√2x)
= (-√2x + y + 2√2z)2
= (-√2x + y + 2√2z) (-√2x + y + 2√2z)

T IO S I
NO A D
Question:6 Write the following cubes in expanded form:

CO N
A
(i) (2x+1)3

PY
(ii) (2a - 3b)3
DO U A

3
T
(iii) [ x+1]3
ED PR

(iv) [x - 2/3 y]-3

C

Answer:
©

(i) (2x + 1)3

Using identity,
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(2x + 1)3 = (2x)3 + (1)3 + (3 × 2x × 1) (2x + 1)
= 8x3 + 1 + 6x (2x + 1)
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1

(ii) Using identity,

(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(2a – 3b)3 = (2a)3 – (3b)3 – (3 × 2a × 3b) (2a – 3b)
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 18ab (2a – 3b)
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 36a2b + 54ab2

(iii) Using identity,

(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
3

T IO S
( x + 1)3 = (x)3 + 13 + (3 × x × 1) (x + 1)
2

I
27 27
𝑥3 + 1 + 𝑥2 +
=
8 NO A D 4

CO N
A
27 27 9
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥+1
8 4 2

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

(iv) Using identity

(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
C

2 2 2 2
(x - y)3 = (x)3 – ( y)3 – (3 × x × y) (x - y)
©

3 3 3 3
8 3 2
= x3 - y – 2xy (x - y)
27 3
8 3 4
= x3 - y – 2x2y + xy2
27 3

Question:7 Evaluate the following using suitable identities:

(i) (99)3
(ii) (102)3
(iii) (998)3
Answer:
(i) (99)3 = (100 – 1)3
Using identity,
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(100 – 1)3 = (100)3 – 13 – (3 × 100 × 1) (100 – 1)
= 1000000 – 1 – 300 (100 – 1)
= 1000000 – 1 – 30000 + 300
= 970299

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
(ii) (102)3 = (100 + 2)3
A
Using identity,

PY
DO U A
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
T
ED PR

(100 + 2)3 = (100)3 + 23 + (3 × 100 × 2) (100 + 2)

= 1000000 + 8 + 600 (100 + 2)
C

= 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200

©

= 1061208

(iii) (998)3 = (1000 – 2)3

Using identity,
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(1000 – 2)3 = (1000)3 – 23 – (3 × 1000 × 2) (1000 – 2)
= 1000000000 – 8 – 6000 (1000 – 2)
= 1000000000 – 8 – 6000000 + 12000
= 994011992
Question: 8 Factorize each of the following:
(i) 8𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 6𝑎𝑏 2
(ii) 8𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 − 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 6𝑎𝑏 2
(iii) 27 -125𝑎3 – 135a + 225𝑎2
(iv) 64𝑎3 - 27𝑏 3 - 144𝑎2 𝑏 + 108𝑎𝑏 2
1 9 1
(v) 27𝑝3 - - 𝑝2 + 𝑝
216 2 4

T IO S
Ans.:

I
(i) 8𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 6𝑎𝑏 2
NO A D
CO N
A
Using identity:

PY
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 b + 3𝑎𝑏 2
DO U A
T
= 8𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 12𝑎2 b + 6𝑎𝑏 2
ED PR

= (2𝑎)3 + 𝑏 3 + 3(2𝑎)(2𝑏) + 3(2𝑎)(𝑏)2

C

= (2𝑎 + 𝑏)3
©

= (2a+b) (2a+b) (2a+b)

(ii) 8𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 12𝑎2 𝑏 + 6𝑎𝑏 2

Using identity,
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 b + 3𝑎𝑏 2
= 8𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 12𝑎2 b + 6𝑎𝑏 2
= (2𝑎)3 − 𝑏 3 − 3(2𝑎)(2𝑏) + 3(2𝑎)(𝑏)2
= (2𝑎 − 𝑏)3
= (2a - b) (2a - b) (2a - b)
(iii) 27 -125𝑎3 – 135a + 225𝑎2
Using identity,
(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 3𝑎2 b + 3𝑎𝑏 2
27 -125𝑎3 – 135a + 225𝑎2
= (3)3 − (5𝑎)3 − 3(3)2 (5a) + 3(3)(5𝑎)2
= ( 3 − 5𝑎)3

T IO S
= (3 - 5a) ( 3 - 5a) (3-5a)

I
NO A D
CO N
(iv) 64𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 − 144𝑎2 𝑏 + 108𝑎𝑏 2
A
Using identity

PY
DO U A

64𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 − 144𝑎2 𝑏 + 108𝑎𝑏 2

T
ED PR

= (4𝑎)3 − (3𝑏)3 − 3(4𝑎)2 (3𝑏) + 3(4𝑎)(3𝑏)2

= ( 4𝑎 − 3𝑏)3
C
©

= (4a-3b) (4a-3b) (4a – 3b)

1 9 1
(v) 27𝑝3 − − 𝑝2 + 𝑝
216 2 4

Using identity
(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎2 b + 3𝑎𝑏 2
1 9 1
27𝑝3 − - 𝑝2 + p
216 2 4

3 1 3 1 1 2
= (3𝑝) − ( ) − 3(3𝑝)2 ( ) + 3 (3𝑝) ( )
6 6 6

1 3
= (3𝑝 − )
6
 1 1 1
= (3𝑝 − ) (3𝑝 − ) (3𝑝 − )
6 6 6

Question: 9 Verify:
(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 + y2 – xy)
(ii) x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + y2 + xy)
Ans.:

T IO S
(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 + y2 – xy)

I
NO A D
we know that

CO N
(𝑥 + 𝑦 )3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
A

PY
⟹ x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 + y2 – xy)
DO U A
T
[Taking (x + y) common]
ED PR

⟹ x3 + y3 = (x+y) [(𝑥 + 𝑦 )2 − 3𝑥𝑦]

⟹ x3 + y3 = ( x+y) [(x2 + y2 +2xy) – 3xy]
C
©

……[(𝑥 + 𝑦 )2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2xy]

(ii) x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + y2 + xy)

We know that,
⟹ (𝑥 − 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
Taking (x-y) common
⟹ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)[ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + 3𝑥𝑦 ]
⟹ 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (x-y) [(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)+ 3xy]
…….[(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 ]
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)
Question: 10 Factorize each of the following:
(i) 27y3 + 125z3
(ii) 64m3 – 343n3
Ans.:
(i) Using identity,
x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
27y3 + 125z3 = (3y)3 + (5z)3

T IO S
= (3y + 5z) {(3y)2 – (3y) (5z) + (5z)2}

I
NO A D
CO N
= (3y + 5z) (9y2 – 15yz + 25z2)
A

PY
DO U A
(ii) Using identity,
T
ED PR

x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)
64m3 + 125n3 = (4m)3 - (7n)3
C

= (4m – 7n) {(4m)2 – (4m) (7n) + (7n)2}

©

= (4m-7n) (16m2 + 28mn + 49n )2

Question: 11 Factorize:
27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 9𝑥𝑦𝑧
Ans.:
27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 9𝑥𝑦𝑧
= (3𝑥)3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3 × 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
Using identity,
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧)
27𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 9𝑥𝑦𝑧
= ( 3x + y + z) {(3𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧}
= (3x + y + z) (9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑧)

Question: 12 Verify that:

1
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑧)2 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)2
2

T IO S
Ans.:

I
NO A D
We know that:

CO N
A
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧)

PY
DO U A
Dividing and Multiplying RHS by 2 gives,
T
1
ED PR

𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) × 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧)

2
1
= ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑥)
C

2
©

1
= ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)[(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)+ (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 ) + (𝑧 2 + 𝑥 2 −
2
2𝑧𝑥)]
As,
[ (x - y)2 = x2 + y2 - 2xy, (y - z)2 = y2 + z2 - 2yz, (z - x)2 = z2 + x2 - 2zx]
1
= ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 -2xy -2yz - 2zx )
2

= R.H.S.

Question: 13 If x + y + z = 0, show that x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.

Ans.:
We know that,
x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – xz)
Now, put (x + y + z) = 0
x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (0) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – xz)
x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = 0
x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
Hence proved.

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
Question: 14 Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of
A
each of the following:

PY
DO U A
(i) (−12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
T
(ii) (28)3 + (−15)3 + (−13)3
ED PR
C

Ans.:
©

(i) Let x = -12, y = 7 and z = 5

We observed that,
x + y + z = -12 + 7 + 5 = 0
We know that if,
x+y+z=0
Then,
x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
(-12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3 = 3 (-12) (7) (5)
= -1260
(ii) Let x = 28, y = -15 and z = -13
We observed that,
x + y + z = 28 – 15 – 13 = 0
We know that if,
x+y+z=0
Then,

T IO S I
x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
NO A D
CO N
(28)3 + (-15)3 + (-13)3 = 3 (28) (-15) (-13)
A
= 16380

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR

Question: 15 Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of

each of the following rectangles, in which their areas are given:
C

(i) Area: 25a2 – 35a + 12

©

(ii) Area: 35y2 + 13y – 12

Ans.:
(i) Area: 25a2 – 35a + 12
Since the area is the product of length and breadth therefore by
factorizing the given area, we can know the length and breadth of the
rectangle
25a2 – 35a + 12
So for factorizing the above equation, we would need two numbers such
that, their product is 300 and their sum is 35
= 25a2 – 15a – 20a + 12
= 5a (5a – 3) – 4 (5a – 3)
= (5a – 4) (5a – 3)
Possible expression for length = (5a – 4) or (5 a - 3)
Possible expression for breadth = (5a – 3) or ( 5 a - 4)

(ii) Area: 35y2 + 13y – 12

35y2 + 13y – 12

T IO S I
Now we will factorize this equation such that, the product of two
NO A D
numbers is 420 and their difference is 12.

CO N
A
= 35y2 – 15y + 28y – 12

PY
DO U A
= 5y (7y – 3) + 4 (7y – 3)
T
= (5y + 4) (7y – 3)
ED PR

Possible expression for length = (5y + 4) or (7y - 3)

C

Possible expression for breadth = (7y – 3) or (5 y + 4)

©

Question: 16 What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of

the cuboids whose volumes are given below?
(i) Volume: 3x2 – 12x
(ii) Volume: 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k
Ans.:
(i) Volume: 3x2 – 12x
Since, the volume is the product of length, breadth, and height therefore
by factorizing the given volume we can know the length, breadth and
height of the cuboid
3x2 – 12x
= 3x (x – 4)
Possible expression for length = 3
Possible expression for breadth = x
Possible expression for height = (x – 4)

(ii) Volume: 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k

T IO S I
Since, the volume is the product of length, breadth, and height therefore
NO A D
by factorizing the given volume, we can know the length, breadth and

CO N
A
height of the cuboid

PY
12ky2 + 8ky – 20k
DO U A
T
= 4k (3y2 + 2y – 5)
ED PR

= 4k (3y2 + 5y – 3y – 5)
= 4k [y (3y + 5) – 1 (3y + 5)]
C
©

= 4k (3y + 5) (y – 1)
Possible expression for length = 4k
Possible expression for breadth = (3y + 5)
Possible expression for height = (y – 1)