Reviewer for Calculus 1 - Prelim Exam
Function
- f(x) read as “f is a function of x”
Domain and Range
- (x,y) where x is the Domain of a function and y is the Range of a
function.
Ex. “Determine the Domain and Range”
Sol.
- X = {14,3,8,5,2,9}
- Y = {5,2,6,1,8,7}
Odd or Even Functions
- If f(x) = f(-x) = f(x), the function is Even
- If f(x) = f(-x) = f-(x), the function is Odd
Ex. Determine whether the function is Even or Odd
Evaluating Functions
- Distributing all x into the given f(x)
Ex. Evaluate the following functions.
a. f(3) = 5x³-2x²+4x-3
f(3) = 5(3)³-2(3)²+4(3)-3
f(3) = 5(27)-2(9)+12-3
f(3) = 135-18+9
f(3) = 120
b. f(2) = 5x³-2x²+4x-3
f(2) = 5(2)³-2(2)²+4(2)-3
f(2) = 5(8)-2(4)+8-3
f(2) = 40-8+5
f(2) =37
c. f(-2) = 5x³-2x²+4x-3
f(-2) = 5(-2)³-2(-2)²+4(-2)-3
f(-2) = 5(-8)-2(4)-8-3
f(-2) = -40-8-11
f(-2) = -59
d. f(-5) = 5x³-2x²+4x-3
f(-5) = 5(-5)³-2(-5)²+4(-5)-3
f(-5) = 5(-125)-2(25)-20-3
f(-5) = -625-50-23
f(-5) = -698
Operations of Functions
- Addition = f(x) + g(x) = (f+g)x
- Subtraction = f(x) - g(x) = (f-g)x
- Multiplication = f(x) x g(x) = (f x g)x
- Division = f(x)/g(x) = (f/g)x where g(x) 0
- Composite = f(x) 0 g(x) = (f 0 g) x
Basic Limit Theorems
Constant theorem
c=c
Ex.
9=9 ½=½
2590 = 2590 9/16 = 9/16
X approaches to c
Ex.
Constant Multiple Theorem
Ex.
Addition and Subtraction Theorem
Ex.
Multiplication Theorem
Ex.
Division Theorem
Ex.
Power Theorem
Ex.
Radical/Root Theorem
Ex.
Limits of a Polynomial Function Examples
Given: lim f(x)
x→2
f(x) = 2x²-x+3
Solution:
f(x)= (x² + 1)(x-3)
Solution:
Limits of Radical Functions
Conjugate - A pair of binomials with identical terms but parting opposite
arithmetic operators in the middle of these similar terms.
Ex. lim f(x) Solution:
x->2
lim f(x) Solution:
x->16
Finding the Domain and Range of a Function
Terms: Parenthesis () = not included
Brackets [] = included
Positive Infinity = ∞ or + ∞
Negative Infinity = - ∞
Domain = ‘x’ variables
Range = ‘y’ variables
Formula:
Finding the Vertex = -b/2a
Value y = mx + b
Restrictions:
1. Radicals’ value must not be a negative value
that is greater than or equal to 0
2. Fraction’s denominator must not be = to 0
Examples:
y=2x² + 5
(since this is a polynomial, and no restrictions, the domain will be (-∞,∞))
To get the range, you must find the vertex.
V= -b/2a = -(0)/2(2) = 0/4 = 0
X=0
Then return to from the original given, change all x to its value.
y=2x²+5 = 2(0)²+5 = 0+5 = 5
V=(0,5)
X is > or to 5
Interval Notation:
D = (-∞,∞)
R = [5,∞)
Y = x²+1
(No restrictions, polynomial, hence D = (-∞,∞))
V= x²+1 =√x²=√y-1
= x²=y-1 = x = √y-1 y-1 > 0 = y > 1
Interval Notation:
D = (-∞,∞)
R = [1,∞)
y= √x-2
= x-2 > 0
=x>2
D = [2,∞)
R = (-∞,∞)
f(x) = 3x-8
x²-9x+20
(We can factor the denominator to simplify)
x²-9x+20 ≠ 0
(x-4)(x-5) ≠ 0
x≠4&x≠5
IKAW NA BAHALA MAG GRAPH BASTA TAMA YAN
Interval Notation:
D = (-∞,4) U (4,5) U (5,∞)
f(x) = √x²+3x-28
(Factor to simplify)
x²+3x-28 > 0
(x-4)(x+7) > 0
x > 4 & x > -7
IKAW NA BAHALA MAG GRAPH BASTA TAMA YAN
(2)
Interval Notation:
D = (-∞,-7] U [4,∞)
One Sided Limits, Infinite Limits & Limits at
Infinity
One Sided Limits
- Left Hand Limit (LHL) = (a,0)
lim f(x)
x->a-
- Right Hand Limit (RHL) = (0, a)
lim f(x)
x->a+
Example Problem
2 if x < 1 LHL = lim f(x)x->1- = 2
1. f(x)= { -1 if x = 1 RHL = limf(x)x->1+ = -3
-3 if 1 < x
lim f(x)
x->1
lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x), Hence it does not exist
x->1- x->1+
2r + 3 if r<1 LHL = lim f(x)x->1- = lim 2r+3x->1- = 5
2. f(x)= { 2 if r = 1 RHL = lim f(x)x->1+ = lim 7-2rx->1- = 5
7-2r if 1<r
lim f(x)
x->1
lim f(x) = 5, Hence it does exist
x->1
Limits at Infinity
1. Limits Constants at Infinity
i. lim k = k
x->+∞
ii. lim k = k
x->-∞
2. Limits of Polynomial Functions at Infinity
i. lim f(x) = [sign of a leading coefficient an]∞
x->+∞
ii. lim f(x) =[sign of a leading coefficient an(-1)^n]∞
x->-∞
Examples
lim 2x³+4x²-2 = (+) * (-1)³ = (+) * (-) = -∞
x->-∞
lim -2x³+4x²-2 = (-) * (-1)³ = (-) * (-) = +∞
x->-∞
3. Limits of Rational Function at Infinity
i. lim c/x¹ = 0
x->+∞
ii. lim c/x¹ = 0
x->-∞
CASE 1: Numerator is < to the degree of the Denominator (N<D)
Example
lim 2x+3 * 1/x² = 2x+3/1/x² = 2/x + 3/x² = 0 = 0
x->-∞ x²-5x+1 1/x² x²-5x+1/1/x² 1-5/x=+1/x² 1
CASE 2: Numerator is = to the degree of the Denominator (N=D)
Example
lim 9x³+3x+5 * 1/x³ = 9x³+3x+5/1/x³ = 9/5
x->-∞ 5x³+3 1/x³ 5x³+3/1/x³
CASE 3: Numerator is > to the degree of the Denominator (N>D)
Example
Limit of the simplified ratio (-∞ or ∞)
Example
lim 4x³+x+1 = 4x³/2x² = 2x = + ∞
x->+∞ 2x²+5
lim x-x³+x^5 = x^5/-4x^4 = x/-4 = -1/4x = (-) * (-1) = (-) * (-) = + ∞
x->-∞ 7-4x^4
Infinite Limits
Trigonometric Identities and Trig-Limit Theorems
Examples
Differentiation by Definition (4-Step Rule)
Four-Step Rule
- The derivative of the function f(x) can be solved using the Four-step
rule.
1st step: Determine f(x+△x) by changing all x by x+△x on the given function.
2nd step: Subtract f(x)from f(x+△x).
3rd Step: Divide the expression by △x
4th Step: Apply lim△x->0 on the 3rd step.
Example
Fundamental Rules of Differentiation
Constant Rule Examples:
Power Rule Examples:
Constant Multiple Rule Examples:
Addition & Subtraction Examples:
Rule
Product Rule Examples:
Quotient Rule Examples:
Chain Rule Example:
More Examples for Chain Rule Differentiation:
