Name: ________________________
Hess Law Pack 1
Class: ________________________
Date: ________________________
Time: 37 minutes
Marks: 35 marks
Comments:
Page 1 of 13
Q1.
Nitrogen dioxide is produced from ammonia and air as shown in these equations
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) ΔH = –909 kJ mol–1
2 NO(g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) ΔH = –115 kJ mol–1
What is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol–1) for the following reaction?
4 NH3(g) + 7 O2 (g) → 4 NO2 (g) + 6 H2O(g)
A −679
B −794
C −1024
D −1139
(Total 1 mark)
Q2.
This question is about enthalpy changes.
(a) A student determined the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane (C 6H12).
The student
• placed a pure sample of cyclohexane in a spirit burner
• placed the spirit burner under a beaker containing 50.0 g of water and ignited
the cyclohexane
• extinguished the flame after a few minutes.
The results for the experiment are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Initial temperature of the water / °C 19.1
Initial mass of spirit burner and
192.730
cyclohexane / g
Final mass of spirit burner and
192.100
cyclohexane / g
The student determined from this experiment that the enthalpy of combustion of
cyclohexane is –1216 kJ mol–1
Use the data to calculate the final temperature of the water in this experiment.
The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J K–1 g–1
The relative molecular mass (Mr) of cyclohexane = 84.0
Page 2 of 13
Final temperature of the water ________________________°C
(4)
(b) A data book value for the enthalpy of combustion of cyclohexane is –3920 kJ mol–1
The student concluded that the temperature rise recorded in the experiment was
smaller than it should have been.
Suggest a practical reason for this.
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(1)
(c) Table 2 gives some values of standard enthalpies of combustion (∆ cH⦵).
Table 2
Substance C(s) H2(g) C6H12(l)
Standard enthalpy of
−394 −286 −3920
combustion, ∆cH⦵ / kJ mol–1
Use the data in Table 2 to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
represented by this equation
6 C(s) + 6 H2(g) → C6H12(l)
Enthalpy change ________________________kJ mol –1
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 3 of 13
Q3.
What is the enthalpy of formation of buta-1,3-diene, C4H6(g)?
Substance Enthalpy of combustion / kJ mol–1
C4H6(g) –2546
C(s) –394
H2(g) –286
A +112 kJ mol–1
B –112 kJ mol–1
C +746 kJ mol–1
D –746 kJ mol–1
(Total 1 mark)
Q4.
The table shows the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfHθ, for some of the substances in
the reaction
C2H6(g) + 6F2(g) ⟶ C2F6(g) + 6HF(g) ΔHθ = −2898 kJ mol−1
C2H6(g) C2F6(g)
ΔfHθ /kJ mol−1 −84 −1344
What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol−1, for HF(g)?
A −1638
B −273
C +273
D +1638
(Total 1 mark)
Q5.
(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction with enthalpy change
equal to the standard enthalpy of formation for CF 4(g).
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(1)
(b) Explain why CF4 has a bond angle of 109.5°.
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Page 4 of 13
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(2)
(c) Table 1 gives some values of standard enthalpies of formation (Δ fHϴ).
Table 1
Substance F2(g) CF4(g) HF(g)
ΔfHϴ / kJ 0 −680 −269
mol−1
The enthalpy change for the following reaction is −2889 kJ mol −1.
C2H6(g) + 7F2(g) 2CF4(g) + 6HF(g)
Use this value and the standard enthalpies of formation in Table 1 to calculate the
standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g).
Standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g) = ____________________ kJ mol −1
(3)
(d) Methane reacts violently with fluorine according to the following equation.
CH4(g) + 4F2(g) CF4(g) + 4HF(g) ΔH = −1904 kJ mol−1
Some mean bond enthalpies are given in Table 2.
Table 2
Bond C−H C−F H−F
Mean bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1 412 484 562
A student suggested that one reason for the high reactivity of fluorine is a weak F−F
bond.
Is the student correct? Justify your answer with a calculation using these data.
Page 5 of 13
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.
Standard enthalpy of combustion data can be used to calculate enthalpies of formation.
(a) State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(b) The equation corresponding to the enthalpy of formation of propan-1-ol is shown.
Table 1 contains some standard enthalpy of combustion data.
Table 1
C(s) H2(g) CH3CH2CH2OH(I)
∆Hc⦵ / kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –2010
Use data from Table 1 to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation of
propan-1-ol. Show your working.
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Page 6 of 13
(3)
(c) An equation for the complete combustion of gaseous propan-1-ol is shown.
Table 2 shows some bond enthalpy data.
Table 2
C–H C–O O–H C=O O=O
Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–
1 412 360 463 805 496
Use data from Table 2 and the enthalpy change for this reaction to calculate a value
for the bond enthalpy of a C–C bond in propan-1-ol.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7.
Hess’s Law is used to calculate the enthalpy change in reactions for which it is difficult to
determine a value experimentally.
(a) State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.
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(1)
(b) State Hess’s Law.
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(1)
(c) Consider the following table of data and the scheme of reactions.
Page 7 of 13
Reaction Enthalpy change / kJ mol–1
HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) –75
H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g) –432
H(g) + Cl(g) → H+(g) + Cl–(g) +963
Use the data in the table, the scheme of reactions and Hess’s Law to calculate a
value for ∆Hr
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 8 of 13
Mark schemes
Q1.
D
[1]
Q2.
(a)
M1
Correct answer scores 4 marks
1
M2 heat released = 1216 x 1000 x 0.0075 (= 9120) (J)
[or 1216 x 0.0075 = (9.12) (kJ)]
0.0075 scores M1 with or without working
9120 or 9.12 scores M1 and M2 with or without working
1
M3
Allow ECF at each stage
correct M3 scores M1 and M2
1
M4 final temperature = 19.1 + M3 = 62.7 or 63 (°C)
1
Alternative M3/4
M3 9120 = 50 × 4.18 × (Final T – 19.1)
M4 Final T = 62.7 or 63 (°C)
Ignore negative sign for q in M2 and/or ΔT in M3, but penalise if
used as a temperature fall in M4 (if alternative method used for
M3/4 and negative value for q is used, allow M3 for expression
with negative q value but do not allow M4)
(temperatures to at least 2sf)
If candidates use a value in kJ rather than J to find ΔT / final T then
they lose M3, but ECF to M4 [e.g. 9.12 rather than 9120 giving ΔT
= 0.0436 and final temperature = 19.1(436) – this would give 3
marks]
If candidates use 0.63 g for m in M3, they will get ΔT = 3.46 and
final temperature = 22.56 – this would give 3 marks]
Cannot score M2 using moles = 1
(b) thermal energy / heat loss or
or idea of heat being transferred to calorimeter
incomplete combustion or
allow idea that it is not under standard conditions
Page 9 of 13
evaporation
allow no lid / poor/no insulation
1
(c) M1 6 × (–394), 6 × (–286) and –3920
1
M2 (ΔH =) [6 × (–394)] + [6 × (–286)] + 3920
(or (ΔH =) [–2364)] + [–1716)] + 3920)
(or (ΔH =) –4080 + 3920)
1
M3 = –160 (kJ mol–1)
1
–160 scores 3 marks; +160 scores 2 marks
–8000 scores 2 marks; +8000 scores 1 mark
–1876 scores 2 marks; +1876 scores 1 mark
M1 is for correct coefficients, i.e. 6 × ΔcH H2 & 6
× ΔcH C & 1 x ΔcH C6H12 (ignore whether + or –)
ECF from M1 to M2/3 for incorrect coefficients /
arithmetic error / transposition
Correctly labelled cycle can score M1
[8]
Q3.
A
[1]
Q4.
B
[1]
Q5.
Page 10 of 13
(a) C(s) + 2F2(g) CF4(g)
State symbols essential
1
(b) Around carbon there are 4 bonding pairs of electrons (and no lone pairs)
1
Therefore, these repel equally and spread as far apart as possible
1
(c) Correctly labelled cycle:
Hence = (2 × –680) + (6 × –269) – (x) = –2889
1
x = 2889 – 1360 – 1614 = –85 (kJ mol–1)
1
–1
Score 1 mark only for +85 (kJ mol )
(d) Bonds broken = 4(C–H) + 4(F–F) = 4 × 412 + 4 × F–F
Bonds formed = 4(C–F) + 4(H–F) = 4 × 484 + 4 × 562
Both required
1
–1904 = [4 × 412 + 4(F–F)] – [4 × 484 + 4 × 562]
4(F–F) = –1904 – 4 × 412 + [4 × 484 + 4 × 562] = 632
1
F–F = 632 / 4 = 158 (kJ mol–1)
1
The student is correct because the F–F bond energy is much less than the C–
H or other covalent bonds, therefore the F–F bond is weak / easily broken
Relevant comment comparing to other bonds
(Low activation energy needed to break the F–F bond)
1
[10]
Page 11 of 13
Q6.
(a) The enthalpy / heat energy change when 1 mol (of a substance)
If enthalpy of formation definition given CE=O
NOT just ‘energy’
ALLOW alternatives for substance e.g.
molecule/compound/element
1
Is burned/reacts completely in oxygen
ALLOW reacts in excess oxygen
1
With all reactants and products in their standard states
OR
With all reactants and products in their normal states at
298K/given temp & 100kPa
ALLOW ‘everything’ for ‘reactants and products’
Penalise incorrect conditions if given
ALLOW ‘normal states under standard conditions’
1
(b) Correctly and fully balanced cycle
Correct answer scores 3
1
∆H = [3(-394) + 4(-286)] – (-2010)
OR
∆H = -2326 + 2010
M2 also scores M1
1
∆H = -316 (kJ mol-1)
+316 scores 1 mark only
IGNORE units
Check for AE in working – can award M3 as ecf (error
carried forward) from M2 if M2 not given due to AE
1
(c) ∆H/-1893 = ΣB(reactants) - ΣB(products)
Page 12 of 13
OR
∆H/-1893 = ΣBonds broken - ΣBonds formed
OR
∆H/-1893 = 2B(C-C) + 7B(C-H) + B(C-O) + B(O-H) + 4½ B(O=O) – 6B(C=O) –
8B(O-H)
Correct answer scores 3
1
-1893= 2B(C-C) + 7(412) + 360 + 463 + 4½(496) – 6(805) – 8(463)
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) +5939 – 8534
OR
-1893= 2B(C-C) -2595
OR
2B(C-C) = 702
M2 also scores M1
May see no 463 in bonds broken and 7x463 in made (gives
5476 – 8071)
1
B(C-C) = (+)351(kJ mol-1)
If NOT 351 check for AE. This would lose M2, but could gain
M1 and M3
(+)234 scores 1 (due to 3(C-C))
NOT M3 from incorrect M2 unless incorrect M2 is due to AE
IGNORE units
If no other mark awarded then
ALLOW 1 if 5939 or 5476 or 8534 or 8071 seen
1
[9]
Q7.
(a) Heat (energy) change at constant pressure
Ignore references to standard conditions, but credit specified
pressure.
1
(b) The enthalpy change/heat (energy) change (at constant pressure) in a
reaction is independent of the route/path taken (and depends only
on the initial and final states)
1
(c) ΔH + 963 = –75 – 432 OR ΔH + 963 = – 507 (M1)
ΔH = –75 – 432 – 963 (M1 and M2)
ΔH = –1470 (kJ mol–1)
Award 1 mark for + 1470
Award full marks for correct answer
Ignore units.
Ignore numbers on the cycle
M1 and M2 can score for an arithmetic error
3
[5]
Page 13 of 13
