Solution

ELECTROMAGNETICWAVES

Class 12 - Physics

1.
(c) all of these
Explanation: The ozone layer absorbs e.m. radiation of wavelength range from 120 nm to 380 nm.
2.
(d) 1

√ε0 μ0

Explanation: c = 1

√μ0 ε0

3.
(d) 8.15 ×10 13
km
Explanation: distance = speed × time = 3 × 108 × 8.61 × 365 × 24 × 3600 = 8.15 × 1016 m = 8.15 × 1013 km
4.
(b) 2 MHz
= 2 × 106 Hz = 2 MHz
8

Explanation: ν = c

λ
=
3×10

150

5.
(b) ZA < ZB
Explanation: ZA < ZB

6.
(d) the electric field is changing
Explanation:
i. Displaced current is defined as the change in the rate of the flow of current or the flow of current changes in the direction.
ii. When the electric field changes with time, then there is a possibility of the occurrence of displaced current.
iii. The current value will also change when the electric field changes.
iv. If there is a steady motion of the electric field, then the current conduction will be also in a steady manner.

7. (a) 2 × 10 −7
T
Eo
Explanation: B o =
c
=
60

8
−7
= 2 × 10 T
(3× 10 )

8.
(d) Ionosphere reflects waves in these bands
Explanation: Long distance radio broadcasts use shortwave bands because only these bands can be reflected by the
ionosphere.
9.
(d) 1.24 ×10 eV −3

hc
Explanation: E = hν = λ

= 1.24× 10-3 eV
−34 8
6.6× 10 ×3× 10
= −3 −19
10 ×1.6× 10

10.
(c) can form standing waves on getting reflected
Explanation: Standing waves are formed when two sinusoidal wave trains of the same frequency are moving in opposite
directions in the same space and interfere with each other. EM waves can be standing waves when electromagnetic waves
reflected from the end of a transmission line.
11.
(c) 10 Hz 9

Explanation: Frequency of em-wave produced by oscillating charge is equal to frequency of oscillation of charged particle.
12.
(c) more than that of infrared waves

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 Explanation: The wavelength of microwaves is more than that of infrared waves.
13.
(b) ν, λ

μ
and
c

Explanation: The frequency of electromagnetic waves does not change, when it goes from medium to another medium.
The wavelength of the electromagnetic waves in the medium becomes λ/μ.
c
The velocity of the electromagnetic waves in the medium becomes, v = μ

14.
(c) Radiowaves, X-rays, Visible rays
Explanation: Radiowaves have wavelength > 0.1m
X-rays have wavelength 1nm to 10-3 nm
visible rays have wavelength 400nm to 700nm
15.
−
− −
−
εμ
(b) √ ε0 μ
0

Explanation: The velocity of an e.m. wave in free space,

1
c =
μ ε
√ 0 0

The velocity of an e.m. wave in a medium, v = 1

√με

Therefore, the refractive index of the medium,

√με
−
− −
−
με
c 1
n= = × = √
v √μ0 ε0 1 μ0 ε0

16. i. Infrared rays are readily absorbed by the (water) molecules in most of the substances and hence increases their thermal
motion. Thus increases the internal energy and temperature of the molecules. This is the reason they are often called as heat
waves.
ii. Electromagnetic waves can set (and sustain) charges in motion. Hence, they are said to transport momentum.
17. i. Ultraviolet Radiations with the wavelength shorter than visible light is used for Water Purification
ii. Ultraviolet rays/Laser
18. t = 30 minute = 30× 60 = 1800 sec = 0.18 × 104 sec.
The total energy falling on the surface is
U = (18 W/cm2) × (20 cm2) × (30 × 60 s)
= 6.48 × 105 J
Therefore, the total momentum delivered (for complete absorption) is
= 2.16 × 10-3 kg m/s
5
U 6.48× 10 J
p = =
c 8
3× 10 m/s

The average force exerted on the surface is

= 1.2 × 10-6 N
p −3
2.16×10
F = =
t 4
0.18×10

19. The oscillating charge produces an oscillating electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field which then
produces an oscillating emf. An oscillating voltage (emf) produces electric fields and so on. This oscillating electric and magnetic
fields regenerate each other as the wave propagates through space. In this way, the oscillating charges produce electromagnetic
waves. Electric and magnetic field vector components of the electromagnetic wave vibrate perpendicular to each other and also
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave.
The frequency of the electromagnetic waves naturally equals the frequency of oscillation of the charge.
20. i. X-rays and Gamma Rays: 5 × 1019Hz
Infrared Rays: 3 × 1013Hz
ii. Microwaves: Long distance telephone communication system.
Radiowaves: used in transmission of TV signals.
21. The microwaves are radio waves of comparatively smaller wavelength and are produced by oscillating electric circuits. They are
part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves are used in radar, long-range communication systems, and in houses as
microwave ovens.
22. Let charge on capacitor plates at any instant t be q. Then electric field between the capacitor plates will be
σ q
E = =
ε0 ε0 A

Flux through the area A/2 will be

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 A q A q
ϕE = E ⋅ = ⋅ =
2 ε0 A 2 2ε0

∴ The displacement current is

dϕ dq
E I I
ID = ε0 = ε0 ⋅ ⋅ =
dt 2ε0 dt 2

23. Yes, the ammeter will show the momentary deflection.

This momentary deflection occurs due to the fact that the conducting current flows through connecting wires during the charging
of capacitor. This leads to deposition of charge at two plates and hence, varying electric field of increasing nature is produced
between the plates which in turn produces displacement current in space between two plates, which maintains the continuity with
the conduction current.
The current inside the capacitor is
dϕE dϕE
I = ϵ0
dt
, where dt
is the rate of change of electric flux with time.
24. Correction for student ‘A'
Peak Value of
Electric field Magnetic field
Electric Field Magnetic Field

Along X-axis Along Z-axis

E
or or E B=
c

Along Z-axis Along X-axis

No correction for student B.
25. a. Microwaves, used in radar systems for aircraft navigation.
b. γ -rays, used in the treatment of malignant tumours.
c. Ultraviolet rays, used in food preservation.
26. i. Wavelength range of 10-11 m < λ < 10-14m shows the presence of both X-rays and Gamma rays as Gamma-rays have
wavelength ranges from 10-14 m - 10-11 m while the X-rays wavelength ranges from 10-12m - 10-8m.
Uses: (any one)
a. Gamma-radiations are used in medical treatment and for checking flaws in metal castings and for detection by
photographic plates or radiation detectors.
b. X-rays are used in medicine and dentistry and may be detected using photographic film.
ii. The wavelength range of 104m < λ < 10-6m shows the presence of Infrared, Visible and Microwave.
Uses : (any one)
a. Infrared radiation is useful for haze photography and is used by Earth resource satellites to detect healthy crops. It can be
used to study human and animal body heat patterns.
b. Visible light affects a photographic film, stimulates the retina in the eye and causes photosynthesis in plants.
c. Microwaves are used in radar, telemetry and electron spin resonance studies and in microwave ovens.
27. Due to leaking, there is a flow of +ve charge from the +ve plate to the -ve plate (or the flow of -ve charge in the reverse direction).
Thus the conduction current within the plates is from the +ve plate to the -ve plate. Now the displacement current is
dϕ
E dE
ID = ε0 = ε0 A
dt dt

d q 1 dq
= ε0 A ( ) = ε0 A
dt ε0 A ε0 A dt

10-8 Cs-1.
dq
or I D =
dt
= 1.5 ×
The direction of displacement current is opposite to that of electric field E and hence opposite to the conduction current. But its
magnitude is same as that of the conduction current. The net current between the plates is zero.
Using Ampere's law (with ID there replaced by I = IC + ID = 0),
→
⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = μ0 I = μ0 (IC + ID ) = μ0 × 0 = 0

So the magnetic field within the plates is : zero at all points.

28. Velocity of light in vacuum = c = 1

√μ0 ε0

Velocity of light in medium = v = 1

√με
−
− −
−
με
∴ Refractive index of the medium, n = c

v
= √
μ ε0
0

29. Arranged in the order of their increasing frequency, the following radiations belong to the electromagnetic spectrum :
Raidowaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and λ -rays.

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30. If Abe the area of the capacitor plates and q be the charge on the plates at any instant t during the charging process, then electric
field in the gap will be
q q
E =
σ

ε0
= or EA = ε0
ε0 A

But EA = ϕ , the electric flux

E
q
∴ ϕ =E or q = ε ϕ ε0
0 E

dq dϕE
Hence, dt
=
d

dt
(ε0 ϕE ) = ε0
dt

Rate of change of charge on each plate

= ε × Rate of change of electric flux ϕ linked with it.
0 E

dϕ
The term ε 0
E

dt
is called displacement current.
31. Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Basically it is the movement of waves from one
place to another. Consider a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. An electric charge, on the plane, will
be set in motion by the electric and magnetic fields of EM wave, incident on this plane. This illustrates that EM waves carry
energy and momentum.
32. i. Radiation re-radiated by earth has greater wavelength
ii. Tanning effect is significant for direct UV radiation due to high intensity ; but it is negligible for radiation coming through the
glass.
33. In the order of increasing wavelength, the e.m. waves are
γ -rays, < X-rays < Microwaves < Radiowaves

Infrared rays are produced by hot bodies or by vibrations of atoms and molecules.
i. Infrared rays maintain earth's warmth through green house effect.
ii. Infrared lamps are used in physical therapy because of the heat produced by infrared rays.
34. The standard equation of magnetic field can be expressed as B = B0 sin ω t.
We are given equation
B = 12 × 10-8 sin (120 × 107 z - 3.60 × 1015 t)T
On comparing this equation with standard equation, we get
B0 = 12 × 10-8 T and
The average intensity of the beam is given by :-
2 −8 2 8
B (12× 10 ) ×3× 10
1 0 1
Iav = ⋅ c = ×
2 μ 2 −7
0 4π×10

= 1.71 W/m2
35. According to Maxwell, an accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves. An oscillating charge (an example of accelerating
charge) produces an oscillating electric field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, is a source of
oscillating electric field, and so on. The two fields regenerate each other as if an electromagnetic wave propagates through space.
The frequency of the wave equals the frequency of the oscillation of the source.
36. i. X-rays/γ -rays
ii. infra-red radiation
iii. microwaves
37. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave is an oscillation field, which causes the force on a charged particle. This electric
force averaged over an integral number of cycles is zero, since its direction changes every half cycle. Hence, the electric field is
not responsible for radiation pressure though it transfers the energy. In fact, radiation pressure appears as a result of the action of
the magnetic field of the wave on the electric currents induced by the electric field of the same wave.
38. Given: Wavelength, λ = 5.5×10−5 cm = 5.5×10−7 m
8

= 5.45×1014 Hz = 5.45 × 10
3× 10 m/s
1. Frequency, ν = c

λ
=
−7
8
M Hz
5.5× 10 m

Time period, T =
1

ν
= 1

8
= 1.83 × 10
−9
μs
5.45×10

= 3.67× 10-7 m
−7

2. Wavelength of the light in the glass, λ = g

λ

μ
= 5.5×10

1.5

39. Here λ = 6.0 mm = 6 × 10-3 m,

E0 = 33 Vm-1

1011 rad s-1

8
2πc 2π×3×10
ω = 2πν =
λ
=
−3
=π ×
6×10

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 = 1.1 × 10-7T
E0 33
B0 = =
c 8
3×10

The equation for the electric field along y-axis can be written as
E = Ey = E sin ω (t − )0
x

11 x −1
= 33 sin π × 10 (t − ) Vm
c

The equation for the magnetic field along z-axis can be written as
x
B = Bz = = B 0 sin ω (t −
t
)

= 1.1 × 10-7 sin π × 10 11

(t −
x

c
) tesla.
40. a. Comparing the given equation with
By = B0sin [2π ( x

λ
+
t

T
)]

We get k = 0.5 × 10-3 m-1, λ = 2π

3
m = 1.26 cm.
0.5×10
11
1 1.5×10
and T
=ν= 2π
= 23.9 GHz
b. E0 = B0C = 2 × 10-7 T × 3 × 108 m/s = 6 × 101 V/m
The electric field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and the direction of magnetic field. Therefore,
the electric field component along the z-axis is obtained as
Ez = 60 sin (0.5 × 103 x + 1.5 × 1011 t) V / m
41. i. An accelerating charged particle produces an e.m. wave. A charged particle oscillating about equilibrium position is an
accelerating charged particle. Also, accelerating charges produce changing electric and magnetic fields.
ii.

42. i. λ belongs to Infrared radiations.

1

ii. λ belongs to UHF radiowaves.

2

iii. λ belongs to X-rays.

3

iv. λ belongs to ultraviolet rays.

4

The arrangement of wavelengths in decreasing order of magnitude are λ > λ > λ > λ . 2 1 4 3

43. Average energy density of electric field is given by,

E0
UE =
1

2
∈0
2
Erms =
1

2
∈0 (
2
) =
1

4
∈0 E
0
2
....(i)
√2

Average energy density of magnetic field is given by,

2
B0 B

...(ii)
1 2 1 2 1 0
UB = Brms = ( ) =
2μ0 2μ0 √2 4 μ0

We know E0 = cB0, or B0 = E0/c

Also, c = 1/√−−−
μ ∈
−−
0 0

Putting values in (ii), we get

2
1 E 1 2 1 2
UB = = E × μ0 ∈0 = ∈0 E = UE
4μ0 c2 4μ0 4

44. Let us consider a surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The radiation is falling normally on the surface. Further, intensity
of radiation is I and area of surface exposed to radiation is A.
E = Energy received by surface per second = I.A
N = Number of photons received by surface per second
E Eλ IAλ
N = = =
E hc hc
photon

Let the surface is perfectly absorbing, △P onephoton =

h

⇒ F = N × ΔP one photon
=
IA

Also, Pressure P =
F
=
I

c
, this is the required result.
A

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45. a. Gamma rays, use: it is used in cancer treatment.
b. Ultraviolet rays use: it is used to sterilize surgical instruments.
c. Infrared radiation uses: it is used in thermal imaging cameras.
46. i. The EM waves suitable for radar systems are microwaves. These rays are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes.
ii. Infrared waves are used to treat muscular strain. These rays are produced by hot bodies and vibration of molecules and atoms.
For example, hot charcoal emits infrared radiation not the visible light to give the sensation of heat.
iii. X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. These rays are produced when high energy electrons emitted from cathode
are stopped suddenly on a metal (anode) of high atomic number in an X-ray tube.

Wavelength
EM waves Production Uses
47. range

10 nm to 10-3 Bombarding high energy electrons on a metal target/inner (i) In medical diagnosis
X-rays
nm shell electrons. (ii) In the study of crystal structure.

(i) In LASIK eye surgery.

10-7 m to 10-9 Ultraviolet Movements of inner shell electrons from higher to lower
(ii) In UV lamps to kill germs in
m rays energy levels in atoms
water purifiers.

0.1 m to 1 (i) In radar systems

Microwaves Klystron or magnetron valve and Gunn diode
mm (ii) In microwave - ovens

48. a. The ascending order of frequency is radio waves< micro waves< x rays < gamma rays
b. x-rays
use:
i. x rays are used for imaging of bones and muscles.
ii. x rays are used to scan the bags and luggage at the airports.
49. i. Consider a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. An electric charge, on the plane, will be set in
motion by the electric and magnetic fields of EM wave, incident on this plane. This is only possible if the EM wave
constitutes momentum (the momentum value of an EM wave can be obtained using De Broglie's formula) and energy. Thus,
this illustrates that EM waves carry energy and momentum.
ii. Microwaves are produced by a special vacuum tube like the klystron, magnetron, and Gunn diode. The frequency of
microwaves is selected to match the resonant frequency of water molecules causing more and more vibrations to the water
molecules. Thus, the vibrations cause an increase in velocity, so that energy is transformed efficiently to increase the kinetic
energy of the molecules. Hence, a microwave oven can cook food with water molecules inside.

50. i. Gamma(γ ) rays are used for the treatment of certain forms of cancer. Its frequency range is 3× 1019 Hz to 5× 1022 Hz.
ii. The thin ozone layer residing on top of stratosphere behaves as a filter and absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet rays (highly
hazardous ultraviolet radiation of shorter wavelength) coming from the sun towards the earth. They include UVA, UVB and
UVC radiations, which can destroy the life system on the earth. Hence, this layer is crucial for human survival.
iii. An electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfers total
U hν
energy, U to a surface in time t, then total linear momentum, p delivered to the surface is p = c
⇒ p =
c
(h and ν are
Planck's constant and frequency of the electromagnetic wave respectively).
The amount of momentum transferred by the EM waves incident on the surface is very small due to the very large value of
speed of light, c.

51. i. Given, E0 = 120 NC-1, ν = 50.0 MHz = 50 × 106 Hz

= 4 × 10-7 T = 400 nT
E0
a. B 0
=
c
=
120

8
3×10

b. ω = 2πν = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 106 = 3.14 × 108 rad s-1

= 1.047 rad m-1
8
3.14×10
c. k = 2π

λ
=
2πν

c
= 8
3×10

d. λ = 2π

k
=
2×3.14

1.047
=6m
ii. Let electromagnetic wave travel along x-axis, where E⃗ and B⃗ are along y-axis and z-axis respectively.
Then E y = E0 sin(kx − ωt)

= 120 sin (1.05x - 3.14 × 108t) NC-1

6 / 14
 Bz = B0 sin(kx − ωt)

= 400 sin (1.05x - 3.14 × 108t) NC-1

where x and t are in metre and second respectively.
52. i. Gamma's rays.
Frequency range > 3 × 1020 Hz.
ii. The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival because it absorbs most of the ultraviolet rays
coming from the sun. If the ozone layer had not been there then ultraviolet rays will also enter the earth and cause danger to
the survival of the human race.
iii. An e.m. wave carries a linear momentum with it. The linear momentum carried by a portion of a wave having energy U is
given p = . U

Thus, if the wave incident on a material surface is completely absorbed, it delivers energy U and momentum p = U

c
to the
surface. If the wave is totally reflected, the momentum of the wave changes from p to -p, Therefore, it follows that an e.m.
waves incident on a surface exert a force and hence pressure on the surface.

53. Given, ν = 2.0 × 1010 Hz, E0 = 48 Vm-1

= 1.5 × 10-2 m
8
3×10
a. wavelength of the wave is λ = c

ν
= 10
2.0×10

= 1.6 × 10-7
E0
b. B 0 =
c
= 48

8
3×10

c. The average density of the electric field is given by

1 2
Ue = ε0 E
2

and the average density of the magnetic field is given by

2
B
UB =
2μ
0

But B = E

c
and c = 1
, hence, the above equation becomes
√μ0 ε0
2 2

UB =
B

2μ0
= E

1
= 1

2
ε0 E
2
= Ue
2μ0 ×
μ ε
0 0

Hence, proved.
54. i. The EM waves suitable for radar systems is microwaves. These rays are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely klystrons,
magnetrons and Gunn diodes. The frequency range for this wave is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
ii. The temperature of the earth would be lower because the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere(which maintains the average
temperature of earth) would be absent.
iii. An EM wave has momentum, i.e. p = Energy(E) / Speed of light(c)
That's why when it is incident upon a surface it exerts pressure on it, known as radiation pressure.
55. 1. Microwaves frequency 1 GHz-1000 GHz
2. Infrared rays frequency 300 GHz-400 THz
3. Ultraviolet rays frequency 800 THz-30000 THz
56. Modified Ampere's circuital law is
→
dϕE
⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = μ0 [ Ic + ε0 ]
dt

i. In the connecting wires, ϕ E = 0 , so Id = 0.

There is only a conduction current,
dq
Id =
dt
.
ii. In the region between the capacitor plates,
dϕE q dq
Ic = 0 and I d = ε0
dt
= ε0
d

dt
(
ε0
) =
dt
.

57. Add Answer

58. a. X-rays
b. By using X-rays tubes (Or: By bombarding a metal target with high energy electrons)
c. The wavelength range of X-rays is from (10 nm to 10 pm)
d. Alertness, empathy; concern for her mother, knowledgeable.

59. S.No. Type of wave Applications

(i) Gamma rays Treatment of tumors

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 (ii) Radio waves Radio and television Communication system

(iii) X-rays Study of crystals , X-ray therapy to destroy diseased cells.

60. i. Microwaves are used in radar. Because of their small wavelengths, microwaves are not diffracted or bent by objects of normal
dimensions. So these waves can be used to beam a signal in a particular direction.
ii. X-rays are used to photograph internal parts of a body, X-rays have a high penetrating power.
iii. Infrared rays are used for taking photographs of the sky during the night and the foggy conditions. This is because these
radiations are readily absorbed by water molecules present in most materials. After absorption, they heat up the materials and
their surroundings.
61. The basic properties of electromagnetic waves are:
i. The e.m. waves are produced by accelerated charges and do not require any medium for their propagation.
ii. The oscillations of E⃗ and B⃗ fields are perpendicular to each other as well as to the direction of propagation of the wave. So
the e.m. waves are transverse in nature.
iii. All e.m. waves travel in free space with the same speed, c = 1
= 3 × 108 ms-1.
√μ0 ε0

E0
iv. The amplitude ratio of electric and magnetic fields is = c =
1
.
B0 √μ0 ε0

62. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves means the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular
to each other and to the direction of propagation.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. The electric and magnetic fields oscillate at a right angle to the direction of motion.
Here is a graph which depicts the propagation of wave along the X-axis with the direction of electric and magnetic field varying
sinusoidally.

63. i. γ -rays are produced during radioactive decay of a nucleus. Its frequency range is from 3x1018 Hz to 5x1022 Hz.
ii. Welders wear special glass goggles while working to protect their eyes from radiation hazards of ultraviolet rays(UV rays).
The range of UV rays is 1015 Hz to 1017 Hz.
iii. Infrared waves are called heat waves because they cause the atoms and molecules to vibrate when they encounter a substance.
This increases the velocity and hence internal energy of atoms and molecules. Thereby, increasing the temperature of the
substance as the heat produced in the matter is directly proportional to the internal energy of atoms and molecules. They are
used in physical therapy and weather forecasting.
64. In case of connection of the capacitor with DC, circuit charge flows momentarily till the capacitor gets fully charged. The ideal
capacitor offers infinite resistance for dc.
On the other hand, when the AC source is connected to a capacitor, a conduction current continuously flows through the
connecting wire to charge the capacitor. This leads to the accumulation of the charges at the two plates. Due to this, a varying
electric field of increasing nature is produced between the plates. This, in turn, produces a displacement current in between the
plates. To maintain this continuity, this conduction current will be equal to the displacement current flowing, i.e. Conduction
dϕ
current = Displacement current and displacement current, I D = ε0 (dϕE /dt) , where E

dt
is rate of change of electrostatic flux
with respect to time.
65. i. Consider a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. An electric charge, on the plane, will be set in
motion by the electric and magnetic fields of EM wave, incident on this plane. This is only possible if the EM wave
constitutes momentum (the momentum value of an EM wave can be obtained using De Broglie's formula) and energy. Thus,
this illustrates that EM waves carry energy and momentum.
ii. Microwaves are produced by a special vacuum tube like the klystron, magnetron and Gunn diode. The frequency of
microwaves is selected to match the resonant frequency of water molecules causing more and more vibrations to the water
molecules. Thus, the vibrations cause the increase in velocity, so that energy is transformed efficiently to increase the kinetic
energy of the molecules. Hence, a microwave oven can cook food with water molecules inside.
iii. Uses of Infrared Rays:
a. In knowing the atomic and molecular structure of solid substances and therapy to heal muscular pain.
b. In remote control of TV, VCR, etc.

8 / 14
66. In Hertz's experiment, oscillating electric charge on radiating electromagnetic waves carries energy which is given at the cot of
kinetic energy of oscillating charges. Figure shows Hertz's experimental set up used for producing electromagnetic waves.

A high voltage power source caused sparks to oscillate across the gap SS' as shown. Each visible spark is actually a series of many
small sparks, jumping rapidly back and forth (oscillating) between the terminals. The size of the metal plates attached to the
spheres from which the sparks are produced controls the frequency of the sparks produced. A loop of wire held near the
oscillating spark, had a spark jump across the air gap between the ends of the wire whenever a spark jumped across the high
voltage (induction coil) spark gap. Upon arrival at the loop of wire, the changing electric and magnetic fields produce a potential
difference across the ends of the wire loop. If the potential is large enough, a spark jumps across the gap.
Hertz reasoned that as the spark jumps back and forth across the gap of the induction coil, it must set up rapidly changing electric
and magnetic fields. As per Maxwell's theory, these changes propagate through space as electromagnetic waves, hence it was
proved that EM waves are generated in this experiment.
67. The oscillating charge produces an oscillating (i.e. time-varying) electric field. The oscillating electric field produces a magnetic
field which is also time-varying. This time-varying magnetic field produces an oscillating emf or voltage. An oscillating voltage
(emf) produces an oscillating magnetic field and so on. This, in turn, produces an oscillating electric field and so on. Thus
oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other producing electromagnetic wave propagating through space. In this
way, the oscillating charge produces an electromagnetic wave.
An oscillating L-C circuit can produce electromagnetic waves of frequency as charge oscillates across the capacitor's plates in this
−−
−
circuit. The frequency of oscillation is given by ν = √LC . This frequency is equal to the frequency of EM waves. The sketch
1

2π

of linearly polarised EM wave propagating in Z-direction is shown in the diagram below.

The direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave is determined from the cross product of electric and magnetic field i.e.
⃗
E × B
⃗
. Hence the electric field intensity, E⃗ will be along X-axis and magnetic field intensity, B⃗ will be along Y-axis because the
two fields are perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. i.e.
perpendicular to the Z-axis.
68. a. Radio waves; it belongs to the short wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
b. The frequency of radiation arising from the two close energy levels in hydrogen known as Lamb shift i.e. 1057 MHz is, radio
waves; it belongs to the short wavelength end.
c. Temperature, T = 2.7° K
λ m is given by Planck's law as:

λm =
0.29

2.7
= 0.11 cm
This wavelength corresponds to microwaves.
d. This is the yellow light of the visible spectrum.
e. Transition energy is given by the relation,
E = hν

9 / 14
 Where,
h = Planck's constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Js
ν = Frequency of radiation

Energy, E = 14.4 K eV
E
ν =
h
3 −19
14.4× 10 ×1.6× 10
=
34
6.6×10

= 3.4 × 1018 Hz
This corresponds to X-rays.
69. a. We are given, the induced electric field at a distance r from the wire inside the cable.
E
⃗
(s, t) = μ I0 v cos (2π vt) In ( 0
s

a
^
)k

⃗
dE
The displacement current density is given by J ⃗ d = ε0
dt

= ε0
d

dt
[= μ I0 v cos (2π vt) In (
0
s

a
^
)k ]
d s
= ε0 μI0 v
dt
cos [2π vt] In ( a
^
)k

=
1
I0 v 2π
2
[-sin 2π vt] In ( s

a
^
)k
c2
2
v s
=
2
2πI0 sin 2π vt In ( a
^
)k
c

=
1

2
2πI0 In ( a

s
^
) sin 2πvtk
λ
2πI0 a
⇒ J
⃗
d =
2
In s
^
sin 2πvtk
λ

b. Total displacement current, Id = ∫ Jd 2πsds

a 2πI0
I
d
= ∫
0
(
2
In a

s
sin 2πvt) 2πsds
λ

a a
= ∫
0
[
2π

2
I0 ∫
s=0
In ( a

s
) sds sin 2πvt] × 2π
λ
2
a
= (
2π

λ
) I0 ∫
0
In ( a

s
)
1

2
2
d (s ) ⋅ sin 2πvt

2
2 a 2
= (
a

2
) (
2π

λ
) I0 sin 2πvt ∫
0
In ( a

s
) ⋅ d(
s

a
)

2
2 a 2 2
=
a

4
(
2π

λ
) I0 sin 2π vt × (1) [∵ ∫ s=0
ln (
s

a
) d(
s

a
) = 1]

2 2
d a 2π
∴ I = ( ) I0 sin 2πvt
4 λ

2
d πa
⇒ I = ( ) I0 sin 2πvt
λ

c. The displacement current,

2

Id = (
πa

λ
) I0 sin 2π vt = I sin 2π vt d
0

2
aπ
Here, I d
0
= (
λ
) I0

d 2
I
0 aπ
⇒ = ( )
I0 λ

70. a. i. In satellite communications, microwave is widely used. Hence λ , is the wavelength of the microwave. 1

ii. In water purifier, ultraviolet rays are used to kill germs. So, λ is the wavelength of UV rays. 2

iii. X-rays are used to detect leakage of oil in underground pipelines. So λ is the wavelength of X-rays 3

iv. Infrared rays are used to improve visibility on runways during fog and mist conditions. So, it is the wavelength of infrared
waves.
b. Wavelength of X-rays < wavelength of UV < wavelength of infrared < wavelength of microwave.
= λ3 < λ2 < λ4 < λ1

c. Radiation Uses

10 / 14
 y-rays Gives informations on nuclear structure, medical treatment etc.

Medical diagnosis(Bone fracture identification (bone scanning)) and treatment study of crystal
X-rays
structure, industrial radiograph.

Preserve food, sterilizing the surgical instruments, detecting the invisible writings, fingerprints,
UV-rays
LASIK eye surgery etc.

Visible light To see objects

in physical therapy (To treat, muscular strain), for taking photography during the fog, haze, optical
Infrared rays
communication etc.

Micro wave and radio

In radar and telecommunication.
wave

71. i. a. Microwaves are suitable for radar system used in aircraft navigation because of its shorter wavelength and frequency range
from 1 GHz to 300 GHz.
b. X-rays are produced by bombarding a metal target by high-speed electrons inside a Coolidge tube or X-ray tube by
applying huge potential difference between the anode (metal target) and the cathode (electron gun).
ii. During charging and discharging of a capacitor, a conduction current is produced due to the flow of charges from battery to
the plates and vice-versa via connecting wires. Due to this, galvanometer shows a momentary deflection. Now, when the
capacitor is fully charged, the conduction current stops flowing. Also during charging and discharging, there is zero
conduction current between the plates.
But it was found that an electric field exist in between the plates, therefore indicating existence of magnetic field which leads
to inconsistency in the Ampere's circuital law. To account this problem, the concept of displacement current was introduced by
Maxwell. He changed the Ampere's circuital law, (∮ B, dl = μ I ) , to a modified form which is given as
0

∮ Bdl = μ (I + I ) , where, ID is the displacement current produced due to change of electrostatic flux with time in
0 D

dϕ
between the two plates of the capacitor and is expressed as ID = ϵ 0
E

dt
.

72. a. From the given electric field vector, it can be inferred that the electric field is directed along the negative x direction. Hence,
the direction of motion is along the negative y direction i.e., -j.
b. It is given that,
E = 3.1 N/C cos [(1.8 rad/m) y + (5.4 × 108 rad/s)t] ^i ..(i)
⃗

The general equation for the electric field vector in the positive x direction can be written as:
⃗
E = E0 sin(kx − ωt) ...(ii)
On comparing equations (i) and (ii), we get
Electric field amplitude,is E0 = 3.1 N/C

and the Angular frequency, ω = 5.4 × 108 rad/s

Wave number, k = 1.8 rad/m
hence Wavelength is given by , λ = = 3.490 m 2π

1.8

c. Frequency of wave is given by:

ω
v =
2π

= 8.6 × 107 Hz
8
5.4×10
=
2π

d. Magnetic field strength is given as:

E0
B0 =
c

Where,
c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s hence, amplitude of the magnetic field part of the wave is given by :-
∴ B0 =
3.1

8
= 1.03 × 10-7 T
3×10

e. On observing the given vector field, it can be observed that the magnetic field vector is directed along the negative z direction.
Hence, the general equation for the magnetic field vector is written as:
⃗
B = B0 cos(ky + ωt)k

= (1.03 × 10-7 T) cos [(1.8 rad/m) y + (5.4 × 106 rad/s)t]k

^

73. a. Total energy carried by electromagnetic wave is due to electric field vector and magnetic field vector. In electromagnetic
wave, E and B vary from point to point and from moment to moment.

11 / 14
 The energy density due to electric field E is given by:-
1 2
uE = ε0 E
2

The energy density due to magnetic field B is given by:

2
1 B
uB =
2 μ0

The total energy density of the electromagnetic wave is given by:

2

u = uE + uB = 1

2
ε0 E
2
+
1

2
B

μ0

Given that The electric field vector and magnetic field vector be represented by
E = E0 sin (kz - ω t)
B = B0 sin (kz - ω t)

The values of E2 and B2 vary from point to point and from moment to moment. Hence, the effective values of E2 and B2 are
their time averages over complete cycle.
2π 2
∫ sin θdθ

We know, ⟨ sin 2 0 1
θ⟩ = =
2π 2
2π 2
∫ cos θdθ
and ⟨ cos 2
θ⟩ =
0

2π
=
1

Hence, the time average value of E2 over complete cycle is given by,
T 2 2
∫ [ B0 sin(kz−ωt)] dt B
2 0 0
⟨B ⟩ = =
T 2

The time average of energy density over complete cycle is given by-
2 2
ε0 E B
1 0 1 0
uav = + μ0 ( )
2 2 2 2

2
B
1 2 1 0
⇒ uav = ε0 E +
4 0 4 μ0

E0
b. We know c = μ ε
1
=
B0
√ 0 0

where μ = Absolute permeability, ε = Absolute permittivity, E0 and B0 = Amplitudes of electric field and magnetic field
0 0

vectors
The time average of energy density due to magnetic field B is
2 2 2
B (E /c )
1 0 1 0
uB = =
2 μ0 4 μ0

2
E
0 1 2
= × μ0 ε0 = ε0 E
4μ0 4 0

Hence, uB = uE; the time average of energy density due to magnetic field.
2
B
1 2 1 0
⇒ uav = ε0 E +
4 0 4 μ
0

1 2 1 2
= ε0 E + ε0 E
4 0 4 0
2
B
1 2 1 0
= ε0 E =
2 0 2 μ
0

Time average intensity of the wave is given by:

Iav = uavc = ( ε E ) c = cε E 1

2
0 0
2 1

2
0
2
0

74. Consider a circular loop of radius r between the plates and co-axial with them, i.e., its centre lies on the axis of the plates and its
plane is normal to the axis, as shown in Figure. By symmetry, B is tangential to the circle at every point and equal in magnitude
over the circle. Therefore,
⃗ ⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = B ⋅ ∫ dl = B × 2πr = 2πrB

Circle

As the conduction current, I = 0 in the region between the plates, therefore, from modified Ampere's law
⃗ ⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = 2πrB = μ0 Id

= μ0 ε0 ×Rate of change of electric flux through the area πr . 2

When r ≤ R. Let ϕ be the flux through the area πR .

E
2

Then flux through the area πr (which is less than πR ) 2 2

2 2
πr r
= ϕE = ϕE
2 2
πR R

∴ Rate of change of flux through the area πr 2

dϕ 2
E r
= ⋅
dt 2
R

Hence,
dϕE 2 2
r r
2πrB = μ0 ε0 ⋅ = Id ⋅
dt 2 2
R R

12 / 14
 ∴ For r ≤ R,
μ0 rId
B=
2
...(a)
2πR

When r ≥ R. In this case the capacitor plates are totally enclosed by the area πr of the larger circle, so the total current through
2

the area πr is Id. Thus

2

2πrB = μ0 Id

∴ For r ≥ R,
μ I
B=
0

2πr
d
...(b)
i. From equation (a), the magnetic field on the axis (r = 0) is
B=0
ii. Here r = 6.5 cm and R = 12 cm, i.e., r < R. Again using equation (a), we get
−7 −2
4π× 10 ×6.5× 10 ×0.15
B=
−2 2
2π×(12× 10 )

= 1.35 × 10-7 T [Id = 0.15 A]

iii. B is maximum at r = R. From (a) or (b), we have
μ Id −7
0 4π× 10 ×0.15
Bmax = =
2πR −2
2π×12×10

= 2.5 × 10-7 T
75. a. Let electromagnetic wave is propagating along z-axis, in this case electric field vector (E⃗) be along x-axis and magnetic field
vector (B⃗ ) along y-axis, i.e., E⃗ = E 0
^
i and B⃗ = B 0
^
j

The line integral of E⃗ over the closed rectangular path 1234 in x-z plane of the figure is given by ,
⃗ ⃗ 2 ⃗ ⃗ 3 ⃗ ⃗ 4 ⃗ ⃗ 1 ⃗ ⃗
∮ E ⋅ dl = ∫ E ⋅ dl + ∫ E ⋅ dl + ∫ E ⋅ dl + ∫ E ⋅ dl
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
= ∫
1
E.dl cos 90° + ∫ E0dl cos 0° + ∫ E.dl cos 90° ∫ E.dl cos 180°
2 3 4

⃗
∮ E ⋅ dl
⃗
= E0h [sin (kz2 - ω t) - sin (kz1 - ω t) ...(i)
b. Now let us evaluate ∫ B⃗ ⋅ ds ⃗ , let us consider the rectangle 1234 to be made of small strips .One small strip of area ds = hdz
each , is shown in fig;-

⃗
∫ B ⋅ ds ⃗ = ∫ B.ds cos 0 = = ∫ B.ds
Z2
= ∫
Z1
B0 sin (kz - ω t) hdz
− B0 h
⃗
∫ B ⋅ ds ⃗ =
k
[cos (kz2 - ω t) - cos (kz1 - ω t)] ...(ii)
−dϕB
c. We are given that ∮ E ⋅ dl =
dt
= −
d

dt
∮ B ⋅ ds

Substituting the values from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

E0h [sin (kz2 - ω t) - sin (kz1 - ω t)]
−d B0 h
=
dt
[
k
cos (kz2 - ω t) - sin (kz1 - ω t)]
B0 h
=
k
ω [sin (kz2 - ω t) - sin (kz1 - ω t)]

13 / 14
 B0 ω ω
⇒ E0 = = B0 c (∵ = c)
k k

E0
⇒ = c
B0

d. For evaluating ∮ ⃗
B ⋅ dl
⃗
, let us consider a loop 1234 in y-z plane as shown in figure given below.

2 3 4 1
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl = ∫ B ⋅ dl + ∫ B ⋅ dl + ∫ B ⋅ dl + ∫ B ⋅ dl
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 1
= ∫
1
B.dl cos 0° + ∫ B.dl cos 90° + ∫ B.dl cos 180° + ∫ cos 90°
2 3 4

⃗
∮ B ⋅ dl
⃗
= B0h [sin (kz2 - ω t) - sin (kz1 - ω t)] ...(iii)
Now to evaluate ϕ E
⃗
= ∫ B ⋅ ds ⃗ , let us consider the rectangle 1234 to be made of strips and area of each strips is =hds each ,
shown in fig:-

⃗
ϕE = ∫ E ⋅ ds ⃗ = ∫ Eds cos 0 = ∫ Eds
z
= ∫
z1
E0 sin (kz1 - ω t) hdz
E0 h
⃗
∮ E ⋅ ds ⃗ = −
k
[cos (kz2 - ω t) - sin (kz1 - ω t)]
dϕ E0 hω
∴
dt
E
=
k
[sin (kz1 - ω t) - sin (kz2 - ω t)] ...(iv)
εo dϕ
Let ∮ B ⋅ dl = μ0 (I +
dt
E
) where I is the = conduction current
= 0 in vacuum
dϕE
∴ ∮ B ⋅ dl = μ0 ε
dt

Using relations obtained in Eqs. (iii) and (iv) and simplifying, we get
ωμ ε0
0
B0 = E0
k
E0 ω 1
⇒ =
B0 k μ0 ε0

E0
But B0
= c and ω = ck ⇒ c.c = 1

μ0 ε0

1 1
c
2
=
μ ϵ0
therefore c = μ ε
, hence we get the desired results.
0 √ 0 0

14 / 14