Lab 01: Basic Networking Commands

 ipconfig: This command is used to obtain IP address of computer automatically. This

 ping: This command sends a request over the network to a specific device. It confirms that
you have network connectivity between a source and destination node. It can help you
determine the cause of network problems, check the status of remote servers.

 Ping successful

 Ping unsuccessful
 tracert: It stands for Trace Route. This command is used to trace the path that an Internet
Protocol (IP) packet takes to its destination. It provides the time it takes for a packet of
information to travel between a local computer and a destination IP address or domain

 nslookup: It stands for name server lookup. It is used to obtain a domain name via your
command line interface, receive IP address mapping details, and lookup DNS records. Here,
users enter a host name and find out the corresponding IP address or domain name system
(DNS) record.
Lab 02: Trace and write IP header with wireshark.
An IP header is header information at
the beginning of an Internet Protocol
(IP) packet. Its header format is of 20
to 60 bytes in length. The components
of it are: version, internet header
length, type of service, explicit
congestion notification, total length,
identification, flags, fragment offset,
time to live, protocol, checksum,
source address, destination address and options.
Here, Version: 4, Header Length: 20 bytes, Total length: 41, Identification: 0x6305, Flags:
0x2, Fragment offset: 0 Time to live: 128, Protocal: TCP, Checksum: 0x908e, Source
Address: 192.168.1.42 and Destination Address: 142.250.182.110.

Here, Version: 4, Header Length: 20 bytes, Total length: 41, Identification: 0xbala, Flags:
0x2, Fragment offset: 0 Time to live: 128, Protocal: TCP, Checksum: 0x2c05, Source
Address: 192.168.1.42 and Destination Address: 142.250.195.226.
Lab 03: Install Cisco Packet Tracer and explain its features.
Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that
allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The
software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a
simulated command line interface.
The features of packet tracer are given below:
 E-learning,
 Visualizing Networks,
 Real-time and simulation mode,
 Compatible on various platforms,
 Most networking protocols are supported &
 Environment is interactive.
Layout of Cisco Packet Tracer
In the figure, there is two routers connecting to two computers. All the components consists
of its own i.e. computer contains IP address, Default gateway address & subnet mask and
router contains connection address, next hop address and destination address.
At the right corner, we can view the result of passing of packets. It shows “successful” in
case of complete process and “failed” if packets cannot reach its destination. We have to set
the IP configuration, static routing protocol to successfully transfer packets from source to
destination.
At the left corner, the various type of devices like router, switch, computer, wires etc can be
seen. We can drag any devices to display in the main frame and create further connection
among them.
Lab 04: Illustrate the example of static routing.
Static routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually-configured
routing entry, rather than information from dynamic routing traffic. It is a process in which
users have to manually add routers to routing table. It performs routing decisions with
preconfigured routes in the routing table, which can be changed manually only by
administrators.
IP route destination address Subnet mask Next hop address
Router A:
IP route 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0 10.2.0.1
Router B:
IP route 192.168.2.10 255.255.255.0 10.2.0.2
In the figure, there is two routers connecting to two computers. All the components consists
of its own i.e. computer contains IP address, Default gateway address & subnet mask and
router contains connection address, next hop address and destination address.
Here, all the addresses for routers and computers are inputted manually. This is simple
diagram where packets are successfully transferred from one PC to another PC.

Here, we can view the result of passing of packets. It shows “successful” in case of complete
process and “failed” if packets cannot reach its destination. We have to set the IP
configuration, static routing protocol to successfully transfer packets from source to
destination.

In the given figure, ping command is used to send packets from PC1 to PC0. As a result, all
packets are sent to the destination without any losses.
Lab 05: Illustrate example of dynamic routing with RIP protocol.
RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol. It is a distance vector protocol based on hop
counter matrix. When a router forwards a data packet to a network segment, it is counted as a
single hop. The main disadvantage is it is only based on hop count matrix.
In the given figure, there are two routers and two PCs and communication is carried out by
RIP protocol.
Here, RIP protocol
Ro:192.168.2.0 10.0.0.0
R1:192.168.1.0 10.0.0.0

This is status whether the packet transfer is successful or not. There are packet transfer from
PC to PC, router to router and PC to routers. There are also time taken provided to transfer
the data.
Lab 06: Demonstrate dynamic routing with OSPF protocol using 2 PCs
and 3 Routers.
OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First. It is type of hierarchical topology. It prefers fastest
path rather than shortest path. Here, IP is used to make communication among the routers and
computers. In OSPF, it uses link-state routing (SR) algorithm for its functionality.
In the given figure, there are three routers and two PCs and communication is carried out by
OSPF protocol. Here, fastest path chosen rather than the shortest path. The purple shaded
area is referred to router area where router makes connection to another router.

This is status whether the packet transfer is successful or not. There are packet transfer from
PC to PC, router to router and PC to routers. There are also time taken provided to transfer
the data.
These are the commands required for making the connection among router and PC to transfer
data successfully.
The commands for router 1:

The commands for router 0:

The commands for router 2:

By this way, our OSPF protocol is used in order to make dynamic routing possible.