Conversion Table

Conversion Table
Conversion Table
Conversion Table
Conversion Table
Conversion Table
 Water and Soil
• Water - a transparent, odorless, tasteless
liquid, freezing at 32°F or 0°C and boiling at
212°F or 100°C.
• It is the main constituent of Earth's streams,
lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most
living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O,
meaning that each of its molecules contains
one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are
connected by covalent bonds.
• It contains 11.188 % hydrogen and 88.812 %
oxygen, by weight.
Water
 Water
Adhesion and Cohesion Properties
• .
Adhesion: Molecular attraction between
different substances. For example, water is
attracted to clay particles by adhesion.

Cohesion: Molecular attraction of the

same substance. For example, the attraction
between water molecules is cohesion.
 The Water
• The physical and chemical properties of
water make it suitable for a variety of
purposes in plants.
Role of Water to Plants:
1. It is a medium in which
diffusion of solutes takes
place in plants cells.
2. It is a solvent in which
mineral nutrients enter into
the plant from soil solution &
transported throughout the
plant in aqueous medium.
 The Water
3. It is a medium in which
many biochemical
reactions occur as
in the process of
photosynthesis

4. Water imports turgidity to plant cells.

Turgidity is a cellular phenomenon of cell swelling because of the
absorption of high fluid content.
The cells take up water and it gets stored in vacuoles resulting in
swelling of cells.
 The Water
5. It provides mechanical support and rigidity to the
plant cells.

6. Several movements of plants parts such as

folding of leaflets in sensitive plants.
 The Water
7. Opening and closing of flowers and stomata
movements of leaves are due to water.

8. Growth of plants due to elongation depends on

water.
 The Water
9. It is the source of Oxygen evolved in
photosynthesis.
10. Water regulates heat into the plant body.
11. Water is the medium for fertilization.
12. Water helps dissemination of spores, fruits and
seeds.
 Soil and Water

Soil is a mixture of mineral, organic matter, air

and water that can support life.
Soil, originally from rocks and turned to soil due
to physical breakdown, water and temperature.
 SOIL-WATER SYSTEM
• Soil is a heterogeneous mass consisting of a
three phase system of solid, liquid and gas.

Mineral matter, consisting of sand, silt and clay and organic matter
form the largest fraction of the soil and serves as a framework
(matrix) with numerous pores of various proportions.
Liquid Phase – refers to soil moisture,
Gaseous Phase – refers to soil air.
 Soil Water Relationship::
• PHASE DIAGRAMS.
 SOIL-WATER SYSTEM
• solid phase may be minerals or organic matter
• spaces between solids are called voids where water is the
predominant liquid and air is the predominant gas
• The void space between the solid soil particles is called the
soil pore space.
• if all voids are filled by water, the soil is saturated; otherwise,
unsaturated
• Decayed organic matter derived from the dead remains of
plants and animals remains dispersed within the soil pore
space.
• The soil air is totally expelled from the soil when water is
present in excess amount that can be stored.
• if all voids are filled with air, soil is said to be dry
SOIL-WATER SYSTEM
How Soils Retain Water
Water and Substance Movement
• Diffusion - is the movement of nutrients to the root surface
in response to a concentration gradient (from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration).
• Osmosis - is the movement of water molecules from a
solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a
solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through
a cell's partially permeable membrane.
• Active Transport - is a mode of transportation in plants,
which uses stored energy to move the particles against the
concentration gradient. In a plant cell, it takes place in the root
cells by absorbing water and minerals.
Examples:
Ions move from the soil to the roots of plants.
Chloride and nitrate are transported from the cytosol to the vacuole.
Photosynthesis sugars move from leaves to the fruit.
Calcium moves between cells with the help of ATP energy
 TEACHING STAFF
4 Areas of Knowledge

KNOW YOUR SELF KNOW YOUR INSTITUTION

- Self Consciousness, Competencies - Goals / Objectives

KNOW YOUR STUDENTS

KNOW YOUR SUBJECTS
- Relevance
- Needs, Wants
Personality
 Evolution of Selling
The Selling Pyramid

Partnership Selling
Customer Involvement/
Leverage
Solution Selling
Problem Solving
Creativity
Relationship Selling
Trust / Friendship
Number Selling
Prospecting
Presentation
ADOs Represent the Image of ATLAS
NUTRITION and Individual Personality

• Appearance &
Looks
• Dressing / Attire
• Service Vehicle
• Documentation
• Punctuality - on
time
 Visiting Essentials
• Politeness
• Always Smile
• Sitting posture
• Asking Questions
• Listening Skills
• Agreeable
• Take down notes

(MUTE cell phone)

Soil Profile
SOIL PROPERTIES
• The important properties that classify soil
according to its relevance to making crop
production are:

• (a) Soil Texture

• (b) Soil Structure

SOIL PROPERTIES
Texture
✓ Relative proportions
of various sizes in
individual soil particles

✓ Texture maybe modified by

organic matter content,
clay minerals and their
associated ions.
 Soil texture
• One aspect of the physical properties of soil, its texture, is described by
the percent of particles in various size classes. Particle size is the
defining difference between sand, silt, and clay, but of course the size
of the particle has much to do with its other properties. Natural soils
are nearly always mixtures of sand, silt, and clay particles, as well as
organic matter and stones.
• One convenient method of naming soils is the soil texture triangle. The
sides of the triangle are axes, each representing the percentages of
sand, silt, and clay that constitute the soil.
• Special names are assigned to various combinations as designated by
the areas within the triangle. Thus, if a soil is composed of 40% sand,
35% silt, and 25% clay, it is called a loam. This is noted by the * in the
figure.
• Note that because of the importance of the surface area-to-volume
ratio, soils with as little as 20% clay still are called clay soils.
• There are various laboratory methods of measuring the relative
amounts of sand, silt, and clay, but a field key gives useful results.
Soil Properties
• Texture
– Definition: relative proportions of various sizes of
individual soil particles
– USDA classifications
• Sand
• Silt
• Clay
– Textural triangle: USDA Textural Classes
– Coarse vs. Fine, Light vs. Heavy
– Affects water movement and storage
• Structure
– Definition: how soil particles are grouped or arranged
– Affects root penetration and water intake and movement
SOIL PROPERTIES
Soil Textural Classification
Classified by the United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA) and by the
International Soil Science Society (ISSS):
 SOIL TEXTURE
• This refers to the relative sizes of soil particles in a given soil.
• According to their sizes, soil particles are grouped into: gravel,
sand, silt and clay.
• The relative proportions of sand, silt and clay in a soil mass
determines the soil texture.
• There are 12 main
classes of soil
texture as identified
by the United States
Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
from the
Soil Textural Triangle.
 SOIL TEXTURE
• Example.
• If a soil containing
✓ Sand: 60%
✓ Silt: 25%
✓ Clay: 15%
What is its textural
class?
The Soil
• Soil characteristics influence the choice of crop and variety
to be grown, and the planning of irrigation and
Nutrigation™.

• Soil composition In general, soil is composed of three

components: sand, silt and clay.
• The relative amount of these components affects the soil's
texture, influencing its water retention rate.

• In most soil types the particles form bigger units, known as

aggregates.
• Aggregates stick together and form clods. Between the
particles, aggregates and clods
 Properties of Soil Separates
Sand
• Sand-sized particles (2 mm –0.05 mm diameter) are irregular in size and
shape.
• Sand feels gritty when pressed between figures.
• Large pores between sand particles promote drainage and aeration in soil.
Silt
• Silt-size particles (0.05 mm –0.002 mm diameter) are essentially micro-
sand particles, and feels smooth as flour.
• Silt-sized particles are much smaller than sand-sized particles.
• The size of pores between particles is smaller.
• Water are held by capillary forces and against the force of gravity.
• Silt by itself is not sticky or plastic even when wet, and this is what
differentiate silt from clay.
 Properties of Soil Separates
Clay
• Clay-sized particles (smaller than 0.002 mm diameter) have large
ratio of surface to volume, 10-1000 m2/g, in compare to Silt –1 m2/g
and Sand –0.1 m2/g.
• Clay particles have a tremendous capacity to absorb water and other
substances on its surfaces.
• Clay is sticky when wet, and hard and cloddish when dry.
• Clay soils are slow in water and air movement.
• Some types of clay expand and contract greatly on wetting and
drying and have a tremendous impact on soil swelling and shrinkage.
• The presence of expanding clay leads to cracking of soil during dry
spells.
 SOIL TEXTURE
• The given figure presented the textural
classifications.
A soil survey organization group further classified
soil texture according to textural gradations as:
a) Open or light textural soils – these are mainly
coarse or sandy with lower content of silt and
clay.
b) Medium textured soils – these contains sand, silt
and clay in sizeable proportions like loamy soil.
c) Tight or heavy textured soil – these contains high
proportions of clay.
SOIL TEXTURE: Its Significance..
SOIL TEXTURE: Its importance to
irrigation water..
Soil Texture
• Soil texture affects irrigation scheduling in
two important ways:

• It determines how quickly the soil accepts water, and

it should be known prior to design of an irrigation
system .

• It determines how much water the root zone water

reservoir holds, and how much of that water is
available to the plant.
 Soil Structure:
• This refers to the arrangement of soil particles and aggregates
with respect to each other.
• Aggregates are group of single kind of particles adhering
together.
• Structure affects root penetration and water intake and
movement.
• Structure together with texture affects pore size and pore
distribution , and thus porosity of soil.
• Soil structure is recognized as one of the most important
properties of soil mass as it influences aeration, water holding
capacity permeability, etc.
Micropores – helpful in retention of water and solute
Macropores – helpful in infiltration, drainage and aeration.
 Soil Structure:
• The Classification of soil structure is done on the basis
of three indicators:
• (a) Type: - There are six types of primary structure.
Granular, Platy, Block-like, Columnar, Prism like and massive.
 Soil Structure:
• (b) Class:- There are 5 recognized classes in each of the type.
They are very fine, fine, medium, coarse and very coarse.
• (c) Grade: - This represents the degree of aggradation that is
the proportion between aggregate and un-aggregated
material that results when the aggregate are displaced or
gently crushed.
Grades are termed as: structure less, weak, moderate, strong
and very strong depending on the stability of the aggregates
when disturbed.
PROSPECTING – Common Method Used
• 1. Personal contacts (KKK system)

• 2. “Use the users” (Referrals)

• 3. Centers of influence (recommendation)

• 4. Cold canvassing (BS system)

– Trade Listing
– Telemarketing
PROSPECTING – Typical Ratio
20 Prospects

10 Successful
Contacts

5 Presentations

1 Close Deal
 Prospecting: The Creation of
Opportunities
• Prospecting is the continuous and deliberate search
for opportunities. These come in the form of looking
for New People to sell to or finding out other needs
of Present Clients.

• In other words, you sell to new clients and resell to

old ones.

• Prospecting Attitude – follows the AT&T rule.

• We look for Opportunities ALL THE TIME.
Other Soil-Water Definitions
• Gravitational Water: The water that moves into, through, or out of
the soil by gravity.
• Capillary Water: Water that is left in soil, along with hygroscopic
moisture and water vapor, after the gravitational water has drained
off. Capillary water is held by surface tension on the surface of soil
particles and peds.
• Field Capacity: The content of water, on a mass or volume basis,
remaining in a soil after free drainage is stopped. Or the state at
which the field has reached the point at which the maximum amount
of water can be held.
• Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) : the state at which the field contains
the minimum amount of water required for a plant to survive.
• Hygroscopic Water : moisture content at wilting point and is
unavailable for plant’s use.
• Available Water : the difference between field capacity,F.C. and
wilting point,W.P. of the soil, also called available moisture,A.M.
A. M. = F.C. – W.P.

• Readily Available Moisture: 75% of available moisture

• R.A.M. = 0.75(A.M.); = 0.75(F.C. – W.P.)
 Capillary Mechanisms in
Soils
•The size of pores in soil is a function of soil textures
and affects the extent of capillary.
Example:
–If the radius of a soil pore is 0.015 cm, the capillary
rise is 10 cm.
–If the radius is decreased ten-fold to 0.0015 cm,
then the capillary rise is 100 cm.
•Therefore, capillary rise is more significant in fine
textured soils than in coarser textured soil.
Soil-Water-Air -Relations
Coarse Sand Silty Clay Loam

Dry Soil

Gravitational Water
Water Holding Capacity
Available Water
Unavailable Water
 Available Water
• Definition
– Water held in the soil between field capacity and
permanent wilting point.
– “Available” meaning ready for plant use.
– Amount of available water depends on:
a. Rooting depth of crop,
b. Soil Texture.
– Irrigation to crop dictates when no more than half
of available water has been depleted.
– Units: depth of available water per unit depth of
soil, “unitless” (in/in, or mm/mm).
 The Plant
• An Organism specialized in capturing the Solar energy and
converting it into
• Biomass and
• Oxygen.
• Photosynthesis
 The Plant
• The Canopy role
• An efficient solar panel-Intercepting the Solar radiation for
Photosynthetic Assimilation and regulating the mass flow
from the soil to the surrounding environment.
• Stomata have a key function in controlling water loss.
 Stomata Control
• The Stomata response to the environment – Soil
Moisture and all Atmospheric conditions.

• Stomata closure,
Stops water loses
Stops Photosynthesis
Stops the evaporative cooling affect.

• We can affect Stomata closure by controlling the soil

moisture in the Root Zone.
 The Water Role
• Photosynthesis-Fixing the solar Radiation as
carbohydrates-Sugar, the plant energy blocks.

• Nutrients uptake-of the essential minerals from

the soil solution to all the metabolic sites.

• Evaporative Cooling-keeping the canopy

temperature at a safe level-avoiding reversible &
irreversible damage to the plant tissues.
 Advantages of Prospecting
• 4. Prospects feel Important

• 5. You are able to manage your numbers and

sustain and increase your sales productivity.

• 6. You anticipate objections and prepare answers

in advance.
 The water consumption of crops consists
mainly of two components

• Evaporation from the soil surface.

• Transpiration of water through millions of

stomata in the leaves.

• The combined process of evaporation and

transpiration is called:
“Evapo-transpiration”.

• Consumptive Use – refers to the total water

consumed by the crop plus evapotranspiration.
Terminologies
• Evaporation is the process that changes liquid water to
gaseous water (water vapor). Water moves from the Earth's
surface (bodies of water, soil, etc.) to the atmosphere via
evaporation. Evaporation occurs when energy (heat) forces the
bonds that hold water molecules together to break.
• Transpiration occurs when plants take up liquid water from
the soil and release water vapor into the air from their leaves.
• It simply means as the evaporation of water from plants or
vegetation.
Evaporation pan
Evapotranspiration
• The sum of Evaporation from the soil
surface and the Transpiration of water from
the plant to the atmosphere as vapor.

• What drives the Transpiration?

• •Water potential gradient:
(Soil moisture, RH, Temperature)

• •Solar Radiation
• •Wind :
(removing boundary layers)
Evapo
Trans
pira
tion
 Evapotranspiration
• Other Terminologies:
• Crop coefficient (Kc): The ratio of evapotranspiration (EVT) to
reference evapotranspiration (EVTo) for a given crop when growing in
large fields under optimum growing conditions.

• Crop factor: (Kc): The ratio of evapotranspiration (EVT) to pan

evaporation (EVo) for a crop of a given age, in a certain growth phase,
with a certain canopy size, in a certain climatic zone.

• EVTo: the evapotranspiration of a particular crop, derived from

instrument reading or calculated from The Penman-Monteith equation.

• Pan coefficient (kp): The ratio of reference evapotranspiration

(EVTo) to pan evaporation (Eo) for the same period.

• Pan evaporation (EVo): The depth of water that evaporates from an

evaporation pan during a certain period in mm/day or mm/month
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Crop Evapotranspiration-ETc
• The actual water requirement of a fully
watered crop.
• Kc = Crop Factor, Crop Coeffecient.
• Kc Values, Ranges from: 0.5-1.2,no unit.

• EVTo = actual evapotranspiration readings

(measured reading from pan or calculated from
EVT, equation) for a particular crop.

• EVTc = crop consumption or crop water

requirement, mm/day.
Crop Evapotranspiration-ETc
• The actual water requirement of a fully watered crop.
Sample Calculation:
• A Data from a cash crop farm:
The crop coefficient (Kc) is 0.8.
The EVTo, data from an evaporation pan is 7.5 mm/day.
• Calculate the actual water requirement of the crop, in millimeters
per day, mm/day.
• Given:
Kc = 0.8
EVTo = 7.5 mm/day
• Solution:
EVTc= EVTo* Kc
EVTc = 7.5 mm/day * 0.8
EVTc = 6 mm/day Ans.
Crop Evapotranspiration-ETc
• The actual water requirement of a fully watered crop.
Sample Calculation:
• A Data from DMMMSU Demo farm planted with pepper:
The crop coefficient (Kc) of pepper for the first week is 0.4
and 0.7 on the following week.
The total EVTo, data from an evaporation pan is 25 mm in 2
weeks
• Calculate the actual water requirement of the crop, in millimeters
per day, mm/day.
• Given:
Kc = ? EVTo = ?
• Solution:
EVTc= EVTo* Kc EVTc =
EVTc = mm/day Ans.
Crop Evapotranspiration-ETc
• The actual water requirement of a fully watered crop.
Sample Calculation:
• A Data from DMMMSU Demo farm planted with cabbage:
The crop coefficient (Kc) at the start of the month is 0.3
and 0.75 towards the month end.
The average reading on EVTo, from an evaporation pan is
8mm/day for the month
• Calculate the actual water requirement of the crop, in centimeters
• per day, cm/day.
• Given:
Kc = ? EVTo = ?
• Solution:
EVTc= EVTo* Kc EVTc =
EVTc = mm/day Ans.
Crop Evapotranspiration-ETc
Crop Evapotranspiration-ETc
 Water Requirement Formula
In calculating the quantity of water to be irrigated to a particular
crop, the following factors are to be considered;
✓ Data on soil type; (texture, structure, pH, seepage, percolation)
✓ Crop water requirements ; (maturity, leaf types, rooting depth)
✓ Conveyance water loss; (seepage, percolation, conditions of conveyance
structures, evaporation, etc.
✓ Climatological data; (humidity, temperature, rainfall, etc.)

For simplicity of calculation, water losses of the field, e.g.,

evapotranspiration, percolation and seepage are considered as
one parameter and referred to as depth of irrigation water
needed on a particular given period; given by the formula:
Q*t = a*d.
 Water Requirement Formula
• Q *t = A*d; or Q=A*d / t; or Q=A*d / t* Eff.;
• Where:
• Q = discharge of water or volume of water to be irrigated; cubic
meters per hour, (m³/hr )or lilers per second.(lps) (explain how to get m³ and
how many

• A = area to be irrigated, square meters (m²) liters

per m³)

• d = depth of water needed to be irrigated, or to be replenished, or

depth of water requirement, meters (m.) (conversion of mm/day to m/day)
• t = time to irrigate the given area, hours (hrs).
Sample Problem:
In an 8 hectare farm, evapotranspiration reading was recorded to have a 7
mm/day and percolation losses is 2 mm/day. What is the design discharge of a
canal to be able to deliver a 5-day requirement of the farm in 24 hours if
irrigation efficiency is 75%?