FLUID MACHINERIES
ENGR. PETER CLYDE B. LAMADRID,M.E.
S.Y. 2022-23, 1ST SEMESTER
COMPRESSORS
INTRODUCTION WORKING PRINCIPLES
Compression is the process ➢ compressor is a work absorbing device.
of increasing the pressure of a gas ➢ it increases the pressure of a gas by doing
work on it.
(usually air) by reducing its volume.
Is a mechanical device that ➢ this means it requires work input and a prime
mover is required for its working.
compresses gases from low
pressure gas and delivers them at a ➢ the most common choice for a prime mover
is the electric motor, but IC engine or a
higher pressure and quality. turbine can also be used.
COMPRESSORS
AIR COMPRESSORS
➢ a compressor used for
compressing air is called an air
compressor.
➢ air from atmosphere is sucked into
the compressor.
➢ the compressor then compresses
air to a high pressure and delivers
it to a storage tank (reservoir).
➢ from the reservoir compressed air
can be supplied to desired
locations through pipe lines.
COMPRESSORS
INDUSTRIAL USES OF AIR COMPRESSOR
✓ in compressed air engines (air motors) used in coal mines
✓ fuel injectors; to inject or spray fuel into the cylinder of a diesel engine.
✓ operating pneumatic machines and equipment such as drills, hammers etc.
✓ air brakes for locomotives and railway carnages, buses and trucks.
✓ water pumps and sprays paint machines
✓ for starting of aircraft engines and large (heavy) diesel engines,
✓ for industrial cleaning; such as to clean workshop machines, generators, automobiles etc.
✓ to operate blast furnaces and gas turbine plants.
COMPRESSORS
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
reciprocating compressor is a
positive displacement machine with
constructional details similar to an IC
engines. But, unlike an IC engine
there is no combustion of a gas to
drive the piston, instead the piston is
now used to compresses the gas in a
closed volume.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSORS
WORK OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PROCESSES:
POINT 3 TO 4: EXPANSION OF CLEARANCE
POINT 4 TO 1: SUCTION AIR
POINT 1 TO 2: COMPRESSION OF AIR
POINT 2 TO 3: DELIVERY OF COMPRESSED
AIR
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
COMPRESSION NEGLECTING CLEARANCE VOLUME:
POINT 4 TO 1:SUCTION STROKE
POINT 1 TO 2: COMPRESSION OF AIR
POINT 2 TO 3: DELIVERY OF COMPRESSED AIR
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
TYPES OF COMPRESSION CURVES:
➢ ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION
➢ ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSION
➢ POLYTROPIC COMPRESSION
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
AIR COMPRESSOR TERMINOLOGY:
❑ FREE AIR DELIVERED (FAD)- it is the volume of air delivered under the conditions of
temperature and pressure existing at the compressor intake, i.e., volume of air delivered at
surrounding air temperature and pressure.
❑ CAPACITY OF A COMPRESSOR - it is the quantity of the free air actually delivered by a
compressor in cubic meters per minute.
❑ SWEPT VOLUME - it is the volume in cubic meters obtained as the product of the piston
area in 𝑚2 and the piston stroke in meter.
❑ISOTHERMAL POWER- it is the power of a compressor calculated from the theoretical
indicator diagram drawn by assuming the isothermal compression.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
EFFECT OF CLEARANCE VOLUME:
➢ the clearance space is provided in an actual compressor
to prevent the piston from striking the cylinder head.
➢ with the presence of the clearance volume, all the
compressed air in the cylinder is not delivered from it at
the end of stroke.
➢ this high pressure air in clearance space will first re-
expand polytropically along the curve 3-4.
➢ significant reduction in the volumetric efficiency of the
compressor due to the presence of clearance volume.
➢ in practice the clearance volume is limited to, two or
three per cent of the displacement or swept volume
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR:
a. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
Piston Displacement (𝑽𝑫 )- is the volume
P,V, and T relations: displaced by the piston as it moves from top
dead center to bottom dead center
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝒏𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝒏𝟐 ; n = index of compression 𝑽𝑫 = 𝑳𝑨𝑵
k= 1.4 (Isentropic compression) where L is the stroke length, A is the cylinder
n = 1 (Isothermal compression) bore area, and N is the speed
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒏−𝟏 𝑽
= (𝑷 ) 𝒏 = (𝑽𝟏 )𝒏−𝟏 If the No. of Cylinder and piston action is given:
𝑻𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑽𝑫 = 𝑳𝑨𝑵 x No. of Cylinder x No. of Piston
Action
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR:
a. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY(𝒆𝒗 ) – is the ratio of the actual gas
drawn-in at intake condition to the volume displacement.
𝑽′
𝒆𝒗 =
𝑽𝑫
𝑷𝟐 𝟏
𝒆𝒗 = 1+c – c( 𝑷 )𝒏
𝟏
𝑉𝑐
c= clearance =
𝑉𝐷
ACTUAL VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY (𝒆′𝒗 )
𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒆′𝒗 = (𝒆𝒗 )( )( )
𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝑻𝟏
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR:
a. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR Compressor Work (𝑾𝒄 )
a. For Polytropic Compression
CAPACITY OF COMPRESSOR (𝑽′) – is
the actual volume of gas delivered as 𝒏𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏𝑷𝟐 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝑾𝒄 = [(𝑷 ) 𝒏 -1] or 𝑾𝒄 = [(𝑷 ) 𝒏 -1]
measured at intake pressure and 𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟏
temperature. b. For Isentropic Compression
′ 𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟏 𝑾𝒄 =
𝒌𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
[(𝑷 ) 𝒌 -1] or 𝑾𝒄 =
𝒌𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
[(𝑷 ) 𝒌 -1]
𝑽𝟏 = 𝒌−𝟏 𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏
c. For Isothermal Compression
𝑷 𝑷
𝑾𝒄 = 𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏 ln (𝑷𝟐 ) or 𝑾𝒄 = mR 𝑻𝟏 ln (𝑷𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟏
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR:
a. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY (𝒆𝒌 ): ISOTHERMAL EFFICIENCY (𝒆𝒊𝒔𝒐 ): It is the power of a
compressor calculated from the theoretical indicator
𝒆𝒌 =
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 diagram drawn by assuming the isothermal compression.
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝒆𝒊𝒔𝒐 = 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY (𝒆𝒎 ):
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝒆𝒎 = ADIABATIC COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY (𝒆𝒌 (𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄) ):
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑰𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝒆𝒌 (𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄) = 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR:
a. SINGLE STAGE COMPRESSOR
PISTON SPEED (v): is the total distance a piston travels in a given time.
v = 2LN
L = length of stroke
N = angular speed
Ideal Indicated Power (𝐏𝐢 ) :
𝑷𝒊 = 𝑷𝒎𝒊 𝑽𝑫 ;
𝑃𝑚𝑖 = Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR:
b. MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSOR (GENERAL FORMULA)
COMPRESSOR WORK (W):
𝑺𝒏𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏 𝑷𝑿 𝒏−𝟏
𝑾𝒄 = [(𝑷 ) 𝒏 - 1] ; S = no. of stages
𝒏−𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝑿 = intercooler Pressure
Intercooler Pressure (𝐏𝒙 ) :
𝑺
𝑷𝒙 = (𝑷𝒊 )𝑺−𝟏 (𝑷𝒇 )
𝑃𝑖 = Initial Suction Pressure
𝑃𝑓 = Final Suction Pressure
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
EXAMPLE #1:
Air taken from the atmosphere at Given: Solution:
100kPa and 21℃ is delivered to 𝑃1 = 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝒏𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝑾𝒄 = 𝒏−𝟏
[(𝑷 ) 𝒏 -1]
the air receiver at 690kPa and 𝑇1 = 21 + 273 = 294𝐾 𝟏
𝑃2 = 690 kPa n=?
150 ℃ by means of a water 𝑇2 = 150 + 273 = 423 𝐾 𝑇2 𝑷𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
= (𝑷 ) 𝒏
𝑇1
jacketed reciprocating 𝑚3 𝟏
′
𝑉1 = 0.15 423 𝟔𝟗𝟎 𝒏−𝟏
compressor. The compressor has 𝑠 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎) 𝒏
294
W=? n = 1.232
𝑚3
rated capacity of 0.15 free air. 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝟏.𝟐𝟑𝟐−𝟏
𝑠 𝟏.𝟐𝟑𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎 2 )(𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝑠 ) 𝟔𝟗𝟎 𝟏.𝟐𝟑𝟐
𝑚
𝑾𝒄 = [ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏]
Determine the power required to 𝟏.𝟐𝟑𝟐−𝟏
𝑾𝒄 = 34.94kW
compress air.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
EXAMPLE #2:
A single acting air compressor Given: Solution:
has a volumetric efficiency of 𝑷𝒊 = 𝑾𝒄 = 𝑃𝑚 𝑉𝐷
𝑊
87% operates at 500rpm. It takes Single acting 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑉 𝑐
𝐷
𝑒𝑣 = 0.87
in air at 100kPa and 30 ℃ and 𝒌𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
N = 500rpm 𝑾𝒄 = [( ) 𝒌 -1] ; 𝑽′𝟏 = ?
𝒌−𝟏 𝑷𝟏
discharges it 600kPa. The air 𝑃1 = 100𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝒌
𝑷𝟏 𝑽′𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒌 ;
𝑚3 𝑇1 = 30 + 273 = 303𝐾 𝑚3
handled is 6
𝑚𝑖𝑛
measured at 𝑃2 = 600 kPa (100kPa)(𝑽′𝟏 )𝟏.𝟒 = (𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂)(𝟔 𝑚𝑖𝑛)𝟏.𝟒
discharge condition. If 𝑚3 𝑽′𝟏
𝑚3
= 21.576 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉2 = 6
𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝟏.𝟒)(𝟏𝟎𝟎)(𝟐𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝟔 ) 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
compression is isentropic, find the 𝑃𝑚 = ? 𝑾𝒄 = [(𝟏𝟎𝟎) 𝟏.𝟒 -1]
𝟏.𝟒−𝟏
mean effective pressure in kPa. 𝑾𝒄 = 5048.323 kJ/min
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
EXAMPLE #2:
A single acting air compressor Solution:
Given: 𝑊
has a volumetric efficiency of Single acting 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑉 𝑐 ; 𝑊𝑐 = 5048.323 kJ/min
𝐷
87% operates at 500rpm. It takes 𝑒𝑣 = 0.87 𝑉𝐷 =? ; 𝑒𝑣 = 0.87
N = 500rpm 𝑽′
in air at 100kPa and 30 ℃ and 𝑃1 = 100𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝒆𝒗 =
𝑽𝑫
discharges it 600kPa. The air 𝑇1 = 30 + 273 = 303𝐾
3
𝑚3 𝑃2 = 600 kPa 21.576 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚
handled is 6 measured at 𝑚3 𝑽𝑫 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝟎.𝟖𝟕
𝑉2 = 6 𝑚3
discharge condition. If 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑽𝑫 = 24.8 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑚 = ?
compression is isentropic, find the
mean effective pressure in kPa. 5048.323 kJ/min
𝑷𝒎 = 𝒎𝟑
= 203.56 𝐤𝐏𝐚
24.8 𝒎𝒊𝒏
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
4.23 𝑘W
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟖 𝑽′ = 1.2083
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚3
𝑽𝟐 = 0.6366
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝒆𝒗 = 63.3%
𝑚3
𝑽𝟑 = 0.2862
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚3
𝑽𝟒 = 0.98674
𝑚𝑖𝑛
