2 Data Preparation

Contents

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Create Tool Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Load Specification File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Apply Start Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exclude Bad Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fill Missings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Waveform Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Waveform Unpacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Reverse Receiver Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Geolog® 7 – Paradigm™ 2011 Data Preparation 2-1

With Epos® 4.1 Data Management
Overview
Prior to processing acoustic waveforms the data must be in the Geolog required format, the quality of the
data checked and all the required log parameters are present.

Geolog® 7 – Paradigm™ 2011 Data Preparation 2-2

With Epos® 4.1 Data Management
 Create Tool Specification

The Create Tool Specification module is used to create a specification file for an acoustic logging tool using
a particular logging mode. Tools differ from one another, and each tool may have more than one operating
mode for different investigations.
Specifications are saved to the project’s /specs directory, and therefore, need only be created once.

To use the Create Tool Specification module

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Create Tool
Specification to display the array_sonic_create_toolspec module.
2. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-1, "array_sonic_create_toolspec
Module Parameters" on page 2-3.
3. Click Start to run the module and save the spec to the project’s /specs directory.

The array_sonic_create_toolspec Module

Table 2-1: array_sonic_create_toolspec Module Parameters

Parameter Name Default Description
TOOL_NAME DSI Enter the name of the tool used to record the waveform data.
TOOL_SPEC DSI_M2 This defines the name of the new specification file.
DIA_TOOL 92 Enter the diameter of the acoustic tool.
NUM_RECEIVER 8 Enter the number of receiver stations.

Geolog® 7 – Paradigm™ 2011 Data Preparation 2-3

With Epos® 4.1 Data Management
Table 2-1: array_sonic_create_toolspec Module Parameters (Continued)
Parameter Name Default Description
SAMPLE_RATE 40 Enter the waveform time sample rate (micro-seconds); must be the sample
rate of the input log.
For the DSI tool, the sample rate is:
• 10s for monopole mode
• 40s for dipole mode

The waveform time sample rate may not be a fixed tool constant and is
commonly changed by logging engineers, (e.g. a higher sampling rate reduces
the resolution of the signal while extending the length of the signature, which
might be useful in very slow formations) because of this the value of this
parameter is left empty in the default spec files for for LWD sonic tools and
Baker Atlas XMAC/MAC data.
Note: An error message will be displayed if either a time sample rate is not
found in the log attributes of the waveform, or the value in the spec file is not
filled by the user.
TR_DISTANCE 11 ft Enter the distance from the transmitter to the first receiver.
(3.3528m)
Note: A negative value implies that the transmitter is located above the
receivers and will reverse the order of the receivers in the waveform array
when applying the spec file.
X_INTERV 0.5 ft Enter the distance between 2 adjacent receivers; assumes that all receivers
(0.1524m) are equally spaced.
DEPTH_SHIFT -26 ft Semblance processing results should be output at a depth level which
(-7.9248m) corresponds with the mid-point of all receivers used. However, for some tools
the waveforms are written at a different reference depth (e.g. DSI: bottom of
tool, XMAC mid-point transmitter/first receiver).

This parameter specifies the distance between the middle of all receivers and
the depth reference of the waveforms. When applying the tool specs the
waveforms can optionally be shifted to the mid-point of the receivers. A
positive value will shift the data downhole, while a negative value will
perform an uphole shift.
 Load Specification File

It is essential to have information available about tool specific parameters for processing sonic waveforms.
Every acoustic logging tool has a unique geometric design as well as different logging modes (e.g. monopole,
dipole, cross-dipole etc.).
To avoid entering tool and logging mode specific parameters in each module of the processing workflow, all
essential parameters should be accessible from the waveform log attributes. In some cases, required
waveform attributes are stored with the original data. However, some or all of the waveform parameters
from different suppliers may not be automatically picked up when the files are imported in File Catalog.
Tool specific parameters are loaded automatically as log attributes if present in the DLIS file.

NOTE It is recommended that this module (tp_array_sonic_loadspec) is run before any other Data
Preparation module, thus ensuring all the required information is attached to the waveform
log.

This module adds tool specific parameters from a specification file to waveform log attributes when the
attributes are missing. Additionally, waveforms are depth shifted to the mid-point of the receiver array, to
ensure that semblance results are on depth.

NOTE All parameters are stored in metric units in the specification file, regardless of the unit
system used. Geolog will internally convert units when running under an imperial unit
system.

The Tool Specification files available in Geolog are detailed in Table 2-4, "Array Sonic Tool Specifications"
on page 2-8. These existing array sonic Tool Specification files reside in the \specs directory.
This module loads attributes to the logs in the output set and can perform a depth shift on the logs in the
packed set, specified in the input. Fig. 1 shows an example of the attributes that are loaded.

Fig. 1: Logging tool attributes loaded into logs

Once the module has finished, a summary of loaded attributes is displayed in the feedback window. It is
recommended that you view this information before starting the next module. An example feedback window
is shown in Fig. 2.
 Fig. 2: Feedback window showing summary of loaded attributes after loading spec file

It is also worth comparing the log attributes of the array sonic logs before and after loading the specification
file using a Text view.
Next Step:
Before continuing processing it is advisable to take a closer look at the waveform data. The “Array Data
Viewer” on page 8-1 window is a tool used to view the signal and frequency spectrum of all receivers and to
estimate the slowness from the waveform data.

Using the Load File Specification module

To use the Load File Specification module

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Load Specification
File to display the array_sonic_loadspec module.
2. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-2, "array_sonic_loadspec Module
Parameters" on page 2-7.
3. Click Start to run the module and save the spec to the project’s /specs directory.
 The array_sonic_loadspec Module

Table 2-2: array_sonic_loadspec Module Parameters

Parameter Name Default Description
DEPTH_SHIFT Yes If set to "Yes" selected logs will be depth shifted according to the
DEPTH_SHIFT value defined in the spec file.
TOOL_SPEC Double click in the field and click the Spec Selector button to display the
“Tool Specification Selection dialog box” on page 2-38.
Select the required tool spec ensuring the spec file data shown is what is
required (see Table 2-3, "Spec File Data - Parameters" on page 2-7) and click
OK.

Note: New specification files can be created using the "Create Tool
Specification" on page 2-3 module.
NUM_PACK 8 The number of packed waveforms in the input array log which normally
equals the number of receivers. However, this number can be different when
using packed cross-dipole data, e.g., DSI-> PWFX: 8 receivers and 4 cross-
components = 32 waveforms.
LOG_IN Multiple log entries are allowed. Some waveform data has other associated
logs, such as normalization, gain and start time logs. The logs have to belong
to the same Tool and Mode.

Table 2-3: Spec File Data - Parameters

Specification Tool field Description
TOOL_NAME Name of the array sonic logging tool. The logging tools are detailed in
Table 2-4, "Array Sonic Tool Specifications" on page 2-8.
TOOL_DIAMETER Diameter of the array sonic tool.
SAMPLE_RATE Waveform time sample rate in micro-seconds.
Of all the parameters listed in the specification file usually only the
SAMPLE_RATE can vary from the default value for a certain logging
tool and mode.
The SAMPLE_RATE is a crucial parameter for a correct slowness
computation.
Table 2-3: Spec File Data - Parameters
Specification Tool field Description
NUM_RECEIVER Number of receivers.
X_INTERVAL The distance between adjacent receivers (receiver spacing).
OFFSET_TRANSMITTER_RECEIVER Distance between transmitter and nearest receiver. A negative value
implies that the transmitter is located above the receivers and will
reverse the order of the receivers in the waveform array when applying
the spec file.
DEPTH_SHIFT Semblance processing results should be output at a depth level which
corresponds with the mid-point of all receivers used. However, for
some tools the waveforms are written at a different reference depth
(e.g. DSI: bottom of tool, XMAC mid-point transmitter/first receiver).
This parameter specifies the distance between the middle of all
receivers and the depth reference of the waveforms. When applying
the tool specs the waveforms can optionally be shifted to the mid-point
of the receivers. A positive value will shift the data downhole, while a
negative value will perform an uphole shift.

Acoustic Logging Tool Specifications

Table 2-4, "Array Sonic Tool Specifications" on page 2-8 lists the default acoustic logging tool specifications
available in Geolog. If required, these specs may be modified and saved, or specs created for other tools and
saved using the Create Tool Specification module.

Table 2-4: Array Sonic Tool Specifications

Tool
File Name Description
Manufacturer
Wireline
Schlumberger fwp_dsi_m1_lower_dipole DSI - Mode 1 - Lower Dipole
fwp_dsi_m2_upper_dipole DSI - Mode 2 - Upper Dipole
fwp_dsi_m3_mono_stoneley DSI - Mode 3 - Monopole Stoneley Mode
fwp_dsi_m4_mono DSI - Mode 4 - Monopole
fwp_dsi_xdipole DSI - Cross Dipole
fwp_sscanner_m1_upper_mono Sonic Scanner - Mode 1 - Upper Monopole
fwp_sscanner_m2_lower_mono Sonic Scanner - Mode 2 - Lower Monopole
fwp_sscanner_m3_far_mono Sonic Scanner - Mode 3 - Far Monopole Middle
Frequency (P&S Mode)
fwp_sscanner_m4_far_mono Sonic Scanner - Mode 4 - Far Monopole Low Frequency
(Stoneley Mode)
fwp_sscanner_m5_upper_dipole Sonic Scanner - Mode 5 - Upper Dipole
fwp_sscanner_m6_lower_dipole Sonic Scanner - Mode 6 - Lower Dipole
Baker Atlas fwp_mac_mono MAC - Monopole
fwp_mac_dipole MAC - Dipole
fwp_xmac_mono XMAC - Monopole
fwp_xmac_dipole XMAC - Inline Dipole
Table 2-4: Array Sonic Tool Specifications
Tool
File Name Description
Manufacturer
fwp_xmac_xdipole XMAC - Cross Dipole
fwp_xmac_elite_mono XMAC Elite - Monopole
fwp_xmac_elite_dipole XMAC Elite - Inline Dipole
fwp_xmac_elite_xdipole XMAC Elite - Cross Dipole
fwp_xmac_f1_mono XMAC F1 - Monopole
fwp_xmac_f1_dipole XMAC F1 - Inline Dipole
fwp_xmac_f1_xdipole XMAC F1 - Cross Dipole
Haliburton fwp_wavesonic_mono Wavesonic - Monopole
fwp_wavesonic_dipole Wavesonic - Cross Dipole
LWD Specifications
Schlumberger fwp_sonicvision6 SonicVision 6
fwp_sonicvision8 SonicVision 8
fwp_sonicvision9 SonicVision 9
Intec fwp_soundtrak6 SoundTrak6
fwp_soundtrak8 SoundTrak8
fwp_soundtrak9 SoundTrak9
Sperry fwp_bat4 BAT4 & QBAT4
fwp_bat6 BAT6 & QBAT6
fwp_bat8 BAT8 & QBAT8
fwp_bat9 BAT9 & QBAT9
Pathfinder fwp_clss6 E-Sonic6 & CLSS6
fwp_clss8 E-Sonic8 & CLSS8
fwp_clss9 E-Sonic9 & CLSS9
 Apply Start Time

The start time specifies the time delay at which each receiver starts recording data after the transmitter
has fired. In most cases the value is zero. However, to reduce the amount of recorded data, recording may
start after a certain time delay. Depending on the logging contractor, the delay time may be recorded in the
Set header as a Constant (e.g. DDE, DDEL, DIGDEL) or in a start time log as used by Baker Atlas (start
time can vary with depth depending on acoustic slowness of formation).
If the start time is not zero, run this module (tp_array_sonic_loadtime) as the waveform data has to be
padded before running any further data preparation modules.

To use the Apply Start Time module

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Apply Start Time to
display the array_sonic_loadtime module.
2. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-5, "array_sonic_loadtime Module
Parameters" on page 2-10.
3. Click Start to run the module and save the spec to the project’s /specs directory.

The array_sonic_loadtime Module

Table 2-5: array_sonic_loadtime Module Parameters

Parameter Name Default Description
UTIME_ST Enter the delay time or select the start time log.
LOG_IN Input waveform log.
LOG_OUT Start time corrected output log.
 Exclude Bad Receivers

Bad signals caused by malfunctioning receivers should be excluded from sonic waveform processing, as the
quality of the processing result will be greatly reduced. This module replaces bad receiver data with zero
values so that processing results are not affected by this data.

To exclude bad receivers

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Exclude Bad
Receivers to display the tp_array_sonic_exclude module.
2. If required, change the Input Set.
3. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-6, "tp_array_sonic_exclude Module
Parameters" on page 2-11.
4. Click Start to run the module.

The tp_array_sonic_exclude Module

Table 2-6: tp_array_sonic_exclude Module Parameters

Parameter Name Default Description
INDEX Specify the receiver number to be excluded from processing.
Separate multiple receiver numbers with a space.For example, to exclude
receivers 2 and 7 enter 2 7.
LOG_IN The name of the input packed sonic waveform log with faulty receiver data.
LOG_OUT The name of the output packed waveform log.
 Fill Missings

This module fills missing values along the time axis. By default, missings will be filled by linear
interpolation between two non-missing values or by using the first non-missing constant for the left or right
missings. Alternatively, the missings can be filled with a user-defined constant.

To fill missings
1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Fill Missings to
display the tp_array_sonic_fill module.
2. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-7, "tp_array_sonic_fill Module
Parameters" on page 2-12.
3. Click Start to run the module.

The tp_array_sonic_fill Module

Table 2-7: tp_array_sonic_fill Module Parameters

Parameter Name Default Description
CONSTANT_FILL No If left the default, No, all missings will be filled.
When set to Yes, missings will be filled with the value you enter in the
CONST_VALUE field.
CONST_VALUE Enter the value to fill missings.
LOG_IN
Enter, or click on the Log Select icon to select the required log(s)
to process.
LOG_OUT Enter the name of the sonic waveform log to be output with missings
filled.
 Waveform Packing

Most sonic array logging tools record acoustic data in packed form, that is, all waveforms recorded by each
receiver are combined into a single array log. Geolog requires this packed waveform format to perform full
waveform processing. However, if the waveform recorded by each receiver is stored in a separate log, then
these logs need to be packed into a single array log prior to any processing.

NOTE Individual waveforms to be packed should be combined in an ascending order of receiver

index, i.e. from closest to furthest (1 to 8) in relation to the transmitter. Therefore you need
to ensure that all the input logs belong to the same group and are input in a correct order.

Waveform names from the DSI tool are converted using the following convention: WF for waveform plus a
2-digit number—the first digit (1 to 4) is the mode index, and the second digit (1 to 8) is the receiver.
Therefore, a log named WF42 can be translated as:
WF = waveform
4 = tool operating mode (mode index)
2 = second receiver

To pack waveform logs

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Waveform Packing
to display the tp_array_sonic_pack module.
2. If required, change the Input Set.
3. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-8, "tp_array_sonic_pack Module
Parameters" on page 2-14.
4. Click Start to run the module.

The tp_array_sonic_pack Module

Table 2-8: tp_array_sonic_pack Module Parameters
Parameter Name Default Description
LOG_IN Input waveform logs.
LOG_OUT Packed output waveform log.
 Waveform Unpacking

Some logging contractors record cross-dipole data in packed array logs, that is, the waveforms of all four
cross components are packed into one single array log. To enable processing of the cross-dipole groups
individually, they have to be extracted from the packed log and stored in separate array logs.
This module is used to unpack packed waveform logs.

NOTE The "Load Specification File" on page 2-5 must be run before unpacking array sonic logs.

To unpack waveform logs

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Waveform
Unpacking to display the tp_array_sonic_unpack module.
2. If required, change the Input Set.
3. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-9, "tp_array_sonic_unpack Module
Parameters" on page 2-16.
4. Click Start to run the module.

The tp_array_sonic_unpack Module

Table 2-9: tp_array_sonic_unpack Module Parameters
Parameter Name Default Description
NUMBER_SPLIT 4 Enter the number of logs the input array should be unpacked into. A
number of 4 (default) will split a packed cross-dipole array log in its four
groups (e.g. XX, XY, YY, YX).

To unpack Monopole or Inline Dipole array logs, so that the waveforms

recorded by each receiver is stored in a separate array log, enter the
number of receivers (e.g. 8).
PREFIX Enter a prefix for the name of the unpacked logs using one of the following
options:
• Specify one prefix—each unpacked log will have a number added to the
log name in the order of unpacking. For example, XD
• Specify a name for each output log—each name has to be separated by
a space. For example, XD1 XD2 XD3 XD4
• Leave the field empty—if the input waveform log is a packed cross-
dipole log the output logs will be named automatically accordingly to the
transmitter to receiver correlation, XX, XY, YY, YX.
Otherwise, the logs will have an automatically assigned prefix (the first
letter and any numerals will be removed from the input set name)
followed by a digit indicating the unpacking order. For example, Input:
PWF4 would result in an output of WF1,WF2,WF3 WF4 logs.
LOG_WF Select the required packed input waveform log.
 Reverse Receiver Order

Waveform logs are typically packed in an ascending order of receivers, for example from one to eight.
Occasionally, the logs are packed in a descending order. This module reverses the order of these logs.

To reverse the order of packed waveform logs

1. Select Petrophysics > Full Waveform Sonic > Data Preparation > Reverse Receiver
Order to display the tp_array_sonic_order module.
2. If required, change the Input Set.
3. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 2-10, "tp_array_sonic_order Module
Parameters" on page 2-17.
4. Click Start to run the module.

The tp_array_sonic_order Module

Table 2-10: tp_array_sonic_order Module Parameters

Parameter Name Default Description
LOG_IN Select or enter the name of the packed waveform log in which
the logs order will be reversed.
Index

A
acoustic logging tool specs 8
apply start time
module 10
array_sonic_create_toolspec
module 3
array_sonic_loadtime
module 10

C
create tool specification 3

D
data preparation for
waveform analysis 2

E
exclude bad receivers
module 11

F
fill missings
module 12

M
module 15
create tool specification 3

P
pack
waveform logs 13

R
receivers
reverse order of packed logs 17
reverse
order of packed receiver logs 17
reverse receiver order 17

S
swp
apply start time 10
create tool spec 3
data preparation 2
exclude bad receivers 11
 fill missings 12
reverse receiver order 17
waveform packing 13
waveform unpacking 15
swpacoustic logging tool specs 8

T
tp_array_sonic_exclude
module 11
tp_array_sonic_fill
module 12
tp_array_sonic_loadspec
module 6
tp_array_sonic_order
module 17
tp_array_sonic_pack
module 13
tp_array_sonic_unpack
module 15

U
unpack
waveform logs 15

W
waveform packing
module 13
waveform unpacking 15

Geolog® 7 – Paradigm™ 2011 Data Preparation 2-19

With Epos® 4.1 Data Management