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Railwayf

1. The document discusses various methods for setting out railway curves including the chord deflection method, theodolite method, and definitions of terms related to super elevation and cant. 2. It also covers check rails, points and crossings including turnouts and types of track junctions and simple track layouts such as single and double crossovers. 3. Basic components of points and crossings are defined including points, frogs, closure rails, and guard rails. Types of turnouts and track junctions like diamonds and slips are also described.

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39 views41 pages

Railwayf

1. The document discusses various methods for setting out railway curves including the chord deflection method, theodolite method, and definitions of terms related to super elevation and cant. 2. It also covers check rails, points and crossings including turnouts and types of track junctions and simple track layouts such as single and double crossovers. 3. Basic components of points and crossings are defined including points, frogs, closure rails, and guard rails. Types of turnouts and track junctions like diamonds and slips are also described.

Uploaded by

isic.mirjana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Relationship between radius and

versine of a curve

V(2R-V)=(C/2)(C/2)
2
V=C /8R
Chord deflection method

1. Locate the tangent point T1 (measure tangent length R tan f/2 from the apex)
2. Measure the first chord along the tangent line T1O to get A’.
3. Draw the arc A1A and measure first offset on the arc (the offset is c2/2R) to get point A.
4. Extend T1A to point B and AB’ at chord length equal to c.
5. Find B at c2/R.
Theodolite method
δ is the deflection angle in minutes

D1 = d1

D2 = d 1 + d 2 = D1 + d2

D 3 = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 = D 2 + d3

1. Set the theodolite to point T1 in T2O direction.


2. Rotate it by angle δ1 to set line T1A1.
3. Measure x1 to locate point A.
4. Rotate the theodolite by δ2 in the direction of T1B1
5. Locate B by measuring AB as the chord length x2.
Definition of basic terms
 Equilibrium cant is provided with respect to the average speed,
and represents the super-elevation that balances lateral forces
with wheel load
 Equilibrium speed the velocity when the resultant force of the
weight of the vehicle and of radial acceleration is perpendicular
to the plane of the rails (the vehicle is balanced).
 Cant deficiency Cd is the difference between the theoretical cant
required for high speeds and the provided cant.
 Cant excess Ce is the difference between the provided and
required cant for lower velocities.
 Maximum permissible speed is the highest permitted speed on
a curve taking into consideration R, e, cant deficiency, cant
excess, and the length of transition.
 Cant gradient and cant deficiency gradient are the increase
or decrease in the cant or the deficiency of cant in a given length
of transition.
Equilibrium Superelevation
• To counteract the effect of the cent. force,
the outer rail is elevated by the super-
elevation.

• Equilibrium is reached when both wheels


exert equal pressure on the rails.

• When the super-elevation is enough to bring


the resultant of the cent. force and the
weight of the vehicle at right angles to the
plane on top of the rails this is
the equilibrium super-elevation.
In case there is a cant deficiency,
the resulting force exerts more
against the outer rail
 Euler’s spiral
 Cubical spiral
 Bernoulli’s lemniscate
 S shaped
 Spiral
 Cubic parabola
The length is the maximum of the three values

In a special case, the length can be


reduced to 2L/3
Setting out the
Transition curve
1. Compute the length
2. Divide the length in 8 even parts
3. Compute the shift using equation

4. Compute the ordinates using equation


The widening of the gauge reduces the wear and tear of both the wheels and rail.
*kink – a point where a curve dramatically changes direction
Check Rails on Curves
• Provided parallel to the inner rail on sharp curves
• To reduce lateral wear on the outer rail

• Prevent the outer wheel flange from


mounting the outer rail and thus
decrease the chances of derailment of
vehicles.
Check Rails on Curves
Points and Crossings
• to facilitate the transfer of trains from one track to another
• points or switches help the diversion of the rail vehicles
• crossings provide spaces in the rails to allow the rolling of
flanged wheels over them
• functions of Points and Crossings are:
1. facilitate receiving the trains that
approach the railway station
2. facilitating shunting operations and
marshalling of trains
3. connecting the dispatched train to
the designated route
Points and Crossings
Turnout
• It is the arrangement of points and crossings along with the
lead rails.
• It facilitates the diversion of
the rolling stock from one track
to another.
Turnouts
 Track crossings that permit one
track to cross another at grade.
 Such crossings can be designed as
a rigid block or can include
movable center points.
• Points (switch rails or point blades) - movable rails which guide the wheels towards the
straight or diverging track.
• Stock rails - running rails immediately alongside of the switch rails against which the switch
rails lay when in the closed position.
• Frog (crossings) - a component placed where one rail crosses another, refers to the crossing
point of two rails.
• Closure rails - the straight or curved rails that are positioned in between the heel of
switch and the toe of frog.
• Guard rail (check rail) - piece of rail along the main (stock) rail opposite the frog put there to
ensure that the wheels follow the appropriate flange way and that the train does not derail.
• A switch operating device moves
switch rails. (hand-operated
manual switch or a mechanically
or electro-mechanically
power-operated switch machine).
Track Junctions and
Simple Track Layouts
• track junctions - combination of points and crossings
to transfer vehicles from one track to another
• Types:
– Turnout of Similar Flexure and Contrary Flexure
– Symmetrical Split
– Three-throw Switch or
The Double Turnout
Crossover Between Two Parallel Tracks
with an Intermediate Straight Length
• Diamond Crossing
• Single Slip
• Double Slip
• Gauntletted Track
• Gathering Line
Turnout Types
Single Crossover
• it consists of two turnouts
• the two tracks are usually parallel
• the turnouts are usually identical
• pair of single crossovers - one right and one
left hand, arranged sequentially along the
tracks is called a universal crossover
Double Crossover
• double or scissors crossover
• consists of two crossovers of opposite hand
orientation superimposed upon each other
• four turnouts and a track crossing diamond
between the two main tracks
Track Crossing
• allow two tracks to cross
• often called crossing diamonds or diamonds

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