T HE

NO R MA L
U IO N A R ITH ME TIC
S E C T IO N I .

M
AR ITH ETI CAL LANGUA G E .

l Arithmeti c is the
. scien ce o f n umbers an d t he art at
co m put in g with them .

2 . A Unit is a s ing le thing or on e . A thin g is acon cr ete

un it one is an abstr act un it .

8 . A Number is aunit or acollection of un its . Numbers

are con c r ete and abstr ac t .

4 A Concr ete Numb er is one in

. whic h t he kind of unit
is named ; as t wo y ar ds five books
. ,
.

5 . Numb er is one in which the kind of un it

A n Ab stract
is not n am ed ; as two f o ur etc, , ,
.

6 Similar Numb ers are those in which the un its are

.

alike ; as two boys an d four boy s

, .

7 Dissimil ar Numbers are those i n which t he un its are

.

unli ke ; as t wo bo y s an d (our book s

, .

8 A Prob lem is a q uest io n

. req uirin g s o me unkn own
result fro m that which is kn o wn .

9 A S olu
. tion of a problem is a process of o btain ing the
req uired result .

1 0. A Rul e is a statemen t of the m ethod oi we “ ,

lo n ou n . e uros s arr s n s r rc .

O perations without the aid of written characters

W
.

12 . ritten Arithm etic treats o f perform in g arithmeti

cal O peration s wi th writte n charac ters .

18 .Arithmetica l Lang uag e is the met hod of express

ing n umbers .

W
1 4 Arithmeti cal Lang uag e is of two kin ds O r al an d
W
.
,

r itten T he form er is called Numer ation an d the

.

Nor m— A num ber is really the how of the co ll ection instead o f the
collection , b ut the d eflni tion given which a mo di ficatio n “Euclid ’
s, is
l mpler an d suflicien tly ac c urate .

NU M
ERA TIO N .

1 5 Numerati on is the method o f n am ing n um bers, an d

.

of rea d in g them when expressed by c haracters It is the .

or al exp r essio n of n um bers .

16 . S in ce it would req uire t oo m an y word s to g ive each

num ber a separ ate n ame, n umbers are n am ed accord ing to

the fo llo wi ng s imple pri nc i le :
p
Principle . W e n ame a f ew of the fi r st n umber s , an d
then f or m gr o ups or co llecti on s ,
n ame thes e g r oups , an d us e
the n ames o f the fi rst n umber s to n umber these g roup s .

1 7 A si n g le thin g is n amed on e : on e an d one more are

.

named two ; two and on e m ore, thr ee ; three an d one more,

four and thus we obtain the simple n ames ,

O ne, two three f our five six seven ei g ht n i ne ten

, , , , , , , ,
.

18 . No w reg ard in g the collection ten as asin g le thing we

, ,

m ig ht co unt on e an d ten , two an d ten , thr ee an d ten , etc , as

whic h we would call two ten s By thts
'

far as ten an d ten , .

rinc i l w re ob tained the follo win g n um bers :

p p e e

E leven twelve thi rteen f our w

, ,
en fif teen si x teen
,
seven , , ,

1 9. Pimeeedin g in the same way we would have two ten s

M
,

or e hoo lens and two, two ten s an d three, etc . By tbie

 ao r ar ro a .
11

M m Maty tw twen ty thr ee, m eaty f our , twen ty

fi W
e, e -
o, - -

ve, , wen tym en , w

t en ty -ei ght, t wen y n i ne
t -
.

20 Con tin uin g in the same man ner we would have these
. ,

ten , f ou n ta i n, j ive ten s, etc By t hi

-
s prin ci ple were do .

rived t he following ordin ary n ames

m '
mf
o or ‘y v fif y v
k m : W t! ! “g uy . " in“?
2 1 A g ro up ot ten ten s is called a hund r ed ; a g roup ot
.

ten hund r eds, a tho us an d ; the next g ro up receiv in g a ne w

name consists of a thousan d thousan ds , called a mi lli on the
next g ro up of a tho us an d milli o ns , called a billio n, etc .

22 . A lter a thousan d the , t wo i nte rmed iate g ro ups be

t ween those havi ng a dist in ct n am e, by ten s ar e num bered
and hund r eds, as ten thousan d an d hun d r ed thousand .

Nor m — 1 The above shows the pr in cip le by which the

. numbers were
named The names, however were no t d erlved tro m
. the partlcnlar
ex ressi ons but o tn the Saxo n lang uag e
p
.

E leven trom the saxon

ten ) ; tw el ve ls fiom the Saxon
Some have suppoaed that d m n mm t m lefl qflc r tcm an d tm lwflo o w
q fter ten .

8 . thi r ty
h fio m the Saxon
4 . M in a s word °
thouean d ls fro m the Saxon thuund , oc

NO TATIO N .

2 8 Notation is the m et hod of writin g

. n um bers . Num
bers may be written in three way s
l st By wor d s , o r co m mo n lan g uag e
M
.

2d By fig ur es , called t he A r abi c ethod

Mth d
.

3d . By letter s, cal led the Roman e o .

m -
The m thod by v erdate that of ord inary written lang uage and

ARAB IC NO TATIO N .

24 T he Arab ic S y stem
. of Notation is the method of
ex ress i n
p g n um bers b y charac ters called fig ur es .

as . In this sy stem n umbers are expres sed accordi ng to

the following prin ciple

Prin cipl e . W mp l y
e e o char ac ter s to r ep r esen t the fir st
nm e number s an d then use these char acter s to
,
n umb er the
12 s o ai u t un i o n an rr s un r rc .

26 ,
—
F an ce F ig ures are characters used in
i ex pressin g

num bers . There are ten fig ures used , as follo ws

u 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0
m “
n o n . ,
.

-
i“ two
s
u es un , three, tb ur, nva. an . se v en. eig h t. alu

27 By the co m bin atio n of these fig ures all n um bers may

.

be expressed ; hen ce t hey are appropriate ly ca lled the alp ha

28 . Combinati on — These fig ures are co mbin ed accord

ing to the follo wi ng prin ciple :
1 figur e stan d i n g alon e or in the fir st plac e at the
. A ,

ri ght of other fig ur es ex pr es ses v iru s or en s,

.

8 A fi gur e stan d i n g i n the secon d place countin g f r om

.
,

the r i g ht, ex p r es ses r un s ; i n the thi r d p lace, n o nuni o n ; i n

the f our th p lace,

r s o ns as n s , eta; thus,

1 0 is 1 ton , or te n . 1 00 is l hun dred .

80 9 ten s , or t wen ty . 2 00 2 hun dred .

30 3 te ns , or t hir ty . 300 3 hun d red .

40 i te n s , or fo rty . 400 4 hun dred .

50 b te n s, or fifty .
1 000 1 tho us an d .

60 6 tens , or sixty . 2000 2 t housan d .

90 9 te ns , or n inety . 4000 4 tho usan d .

29 . The nam e of eac h o f t he firs t twen ty -

on e places is

represe n ted by the follo win g

NU MERA TIO N TABLE .

Mm 7th.
 an aaaar ro a . 18

3 0. W P “ con venien ce in writing and read in g

nu mbers, the fig ures are arrang ed in per iods o f three places
ea ch, a s show n in the table The firs t three place s co ns ti .

tute t he fir st or un its per iod ; the seco n d t hree pla

,
ces co n

stit ute the secon d or thous an ds per iod etc

, , .

1 Req uired t he n ames o f t he follo win g places

.

F i rs t : third ; secon d ; si xth ; fourt h ; ei g hth ; ten th ; nin th ;

twelfi h ; filth : seven th ; eleven th : thi rteen th ; seven teen th ; four
teen th ; six teen th ; ei ghteen th ; filteen th ; nin eteen th ; t wen ty firat;

2. Req uired the pla ces of t he followin g

Tens ; hun d reds ; thousan ds ; m illions ; ten thousan ds ; hun d red -

thousands ; ten mil lions ; billion ; hun d red millions hun dred b il .

lions ; uniis z ten bil lions ; trilli ons ; q uad rillio ns : hun dred q ui n til -

l ions ; ten trilli ons ; ten q ui n tilli ons ; hun dred q uad rillions ; q ui n
-

tillic ris; hund red tril lions ; ten q u

-
ad rill ions -
.

3 . Req uired the names of t he following period s

1 F irs t. .

2 Thi rd . .

5. Req uired the period an d place of the fo llo win g

Tho usan ds ; m illions ; ten thou sand s : hundred mil lions . bil lions ;
-

hun dred tri ll ions ; tril lions ; te n trillio ns q uad ri ll ion s ten
g
‘ .
.

ril ons ; hu
l i ndr ed tr i llio ns : q u
o
in tillions ; hun dred q uin tilli ons hun '

dred tho m ds ; ten mill ioirs .

3 1 T he combin at ion o f fig ures to ex press an umber forms

.

a n umer i c al ex pr essi mr Thus , 26 is an umerical express ion

.

whi ch den o te s the same as t he co mm o n word twenty five -

M
.

T he difieren t fig ures o f a n um erical ex press ion are

'

called ter m s Ter ms are als o used to in d icate t he n umber s

.

represen ted by the fig ure s

Nm —The u e of the word term, to tn dicate b oth the fig ures an d the
num bers repre sen te d by them , en ab les us to a void the erro r o f using the
wo rd fig ur c fo r the wo rd n um ber
M
,

EXERC ISES IN NU E RA TIO N .

88 . The pupils are n o w prepared to learn to r ead n um bers

whe n express ed by fi gur es From the preced ing . explana

d en s we have the fo llo win g r ule f or n umer ati on

Rule —I . Begi n at the r i g ht han d , an d sep ar ate the nu

mer i cal eap r essi on i nto p er i ods o f thr ee figur es each .

(I Then begi n at the lefl hand an d r ead eac h p er toa i n

M M
.

n g the n am of eac h per iod em pt the last

 s o r s r xo s . 19

49 The Roma
. n ethod M of Notation employs seven let

ters of the R oman alphabet . Thus , I represen ts o ne V,

flu X L
ten ;, fify
t 0 one hun dr ed ; D, five hund red ;
M
; , ; ,

,
one thous and

50 . To express other n umbers these c haract e rs are com

bi ned accordin g t o the follo win g prin ci ples

1 E ver y tim e a letter i s r ep eat
ed its valu is r epeated
Wh
. e .

2 a letter is p laced bef ore one of gr eater

en value, the
nm m x ox of thei r val u e i s the n umber r

8 Wh . en
ft
a letter i s p laced a er on e of a g r eater valus,

the e ms of thei r values is the n umber r epr esented

4 . A dashp laced over an ez p r eesi on i n cr eases t ts value a
thousan d f old Thus, V II den otes seven tho usan d .

51 . These principles are exhib ited in the followin g table.

will examin e carefully :

no u s TAB LE .

F orty .

Fi fty .

Seven ty .

Ninety .

O ne hundred .

Fi ve hundred .

Six hundred .

Nine hundred
Fourte en . M O th u a d ne o s n .

MCLX
T wen ty . MDCCCLXXVI 1876 . ( and six ty
The Roman M
ethod is nam ed fro m the Ro mans,
who in vented and used it It is n o w only employed to .

denot e the chapt ers and section s of books, pages of preface

and in trod uction an d in . other places for prom inen ce an d
distin ction .
20 s on a
r “ . U N IO N as l rn mx n '
o.

wum n u n x n n c rs n s .

Express the followin g n um bers by t he Rom an method

I T wen ty
.
-
sev en . 2 . Seven ty seven -
. 3 T wo hun dred and on e
. .

4 Six hundred an d fifiy six

. 5 O ne -
. . thousan d seven hun dred and

seven ty six 6 F our thousan d seven hun d red and dity

-
. . seven
-
.

3 25007 8 206484
. . . .

Read the followin g n umbers

1 LXX V II 2 MXC 8 MDCCCLXXV I 4

MMMCCCXXXIII
. . . . . .

5 XV DC CXLIV 6 clx xx v m
‘

. . . . . 7 .

xlix 8 . xcix .

LU MBERMEN S NOTA TIO N ’

.

58 Lumb ermen in m arkin g lum ber employ a modi fica

Mth d
.

tion of the R om an e o of Notat ion . The first four char

acters are like the R om an . The others are as follows

>
o
A
; A"
i t e e
.
Al l x”
i 2?
e a »e a e e e e e
.
> " x " "
W
2
5 . . .

8 I l X " XI X X
éh 9 Q QD QS 25
I I I
II
I
W
8 ‘

fi
g

Non — Fo r a full di scussion of A rithmetlcnl Lan

g uag e, see the auth or s
’

P hilosop hy of Ar ithmetic .
22 n o un “ . o n i on s s rr n us r ro .

S E C T IO N II .

FUNDA MENTAL OP ERATIONS .

A DDIT IO N .

54 . Additi on is the process of fin ding the sum of two or

mo re n umbers.

56 . The Sum of se veral n umbers is an umber which con

tain s as many un its as t he n um bers added .

56 The Sig n of Additi on is

. an d is pl us It read .

den ote s that the n um bers betwee n which it is placed are to

be ad ded

57 . The Sig n of Equa lity an d is read equals .

T hus . is read 1 0 equals 4 p lus 6 .

Nor ss H— l The Slg n of Add itton co nsists of two short ituss -

m h ot her , the on e in , aud the other dic uls r to , the lln e o

2 The sy mbol r wss introd u
. cod by am , a
in s work publlshed in l154-4 .

r m arm .

l . The n umber s ad d ed m us t be si mi lar .

2 . The sum is a n umber si m ilar to the n umber s added .

CAS E I .

58 . T o ad d when the m m of n o co l um n ea eed s n w m

un tts of that col mm t
Wha i
.

1 t s the sum of 3 4, 23 , an d 32 ?
Ww i
.

— e r te ths n um bers so that

fig ures of
.h e mm e order stan d in the sam e co lu m n , drs ws lin e 34
beueut h and he m at the ri ht to ad d 2 un its an d 23
g g .

3 uni ts are b um ts, an d 4 un tfi are 9 un its whic h we 32

write un der the colum n of unrts 3 tens an d 2 tens 39
5 teus, s nd 3 tens are 8 ten s, which we write un der the
co lumn of tens Henc e the sum of 34, 23, an d 32 is 8 te ns and 9 un iu,
.

o r eig ht
y n ine Hence the fo ll owing
Wi h um b
-
.

Rul e — I b add d
. r te t e n er s to e e so that ter ms o f
h am
t es d ad i h am
e or lum er st n n t e s e co n

II B g i at M ig h add a h
.

. e -
lum
h e r t, e c co n separ ately, an d
W 2? eac h s um un der the c olum n whi ch pr od uced . it
24 l earn t un i o n aarr uux r rc .

11 .

59 . T o ad d when the su m f a
o col um

1 . Wha i t s the sum of 475, 3 84, and 896 7

Son w on e write the n u
. W
m bers so that terms of
-
or m n on .

the same ord er stand in the same column , an d be in 475

g
at the ri ht to add 6 units and 4 un its am 1 0 un rts, 384
g .

u u
and 5 m ts are 1 5 nita, whi ch eq ual 1 ten and 5umts 896
we write 1110 5 111 13“ und er the column O f un i an 1 755 m d
ad d the l mten te the eolumn o f tens : I ten and O ten s
m I m md 8 w m m 1 8 m m d 7 tm m %
tens, whic h equal 2 hundreds and 5 m , we write the 5 tens und er the
colu m n of aud add the 2 hund reds to the colum n of hun d reds : 2
hund reds and hun d reds are l o hun d reds, and 3 hun dreds are 1 3 hun
dreds, and 4 hundreds are 1 7 hund which eq ual l thousand an d 7
M ed uw e w rite the 7 hun d red s un er the oolu m n of hund reds, an d
p la oe the l tho m a nd o n the le ft in t he l
p ce of thousands
a Hen ce, the .

su m of 475, 384, and 896 is 1 755

Wi t
.

—
Rule I . r e the nu mber s to be adde d so that ter m s of
the same or der stand i n the same col um n , and dr aw a li n e

II Begi n at the r ight , add the ter ms of eac h co lumn

. sep a

rately an d wr ite the sum un der n eath, if les s than ten

Wh
,

1 11 . en the sum o f an y col umn is ten or mor e than ten ,

wr i te the un i ts figur e on ly , and add the ten s to the ne w
co lum n

Wit
.

IV . r e the enti r e s um o f the last column .

Non a— In ad d ing d ollars and cents , d ollars m ust be written und er do

lan and esnts un der canta. so that the poln ts may be tn a vertlcal hue .

h oot — Be g in
at t he to p an d ad d t he co lumn s d own ward
an d if t he work is correct the two s o m e will be equal
M
.

S noo uo ET HO D S epa ra te t he n um ber in to two or m o re

.

part s ad d t hese p a
.
rts , an d t hen add t he sum of these part s

an d i f t he 18 correct t he t wo res ults will be e

q ual
Nor se — 1 W wi efig ures o f the sam e ord er in the same col umn fo r
r te
W
.

ot ad dlng fi inc e on ly un its o f the same erd er can be directly

ad d ed

of a
W
beg in at the
ny co l u
e
m n exceed s
ht to ad d for con ven ien ce, so that when
we may ad d the left hand term o l such sum to
the n ext co l umn
WR IT E“
.

ax m rs as
Wha i
.

2. t s t he s um o f 7
An a 2 1 51 7
.
 an n i r i os . 23

depod ted $ 3 50; Wd d ay e nes . T hursd ay , $ 250;

Frid ay , $ 64 0 ; S a u d ay $ 54 ;
t r ho w m uch d id he have on

M d ay m
,

deposi t on t he next on orn i ng ? A ns .

1 8. A b ui ld er bo ug ht a lo t for $ 450 ,
b uilt upo n it a house
cost ing $ 3545, and a barn an d carriage house -
co stin g

fenced it at aco st of$ 1 2 7 50 an d g rad ed it at aco st of $ 77 25;

.
, .

‘
or what m ust he sell the property in o rder to g ain upon it
54 0? A ns .

1 9. A Norm al schoo l paid , in 1 8 75, for salaries

of p rofes s o rs an d teachers , $ 1 350 for salaries o f other oflicers,
for board , was hin g , et c for servan ts
’

hire, and for o ther ex penses ; what were t he sz pon

ditures for theyear ? An s .

2 0. In erec tin gan acad emy , the trustees paid $ 250 for
dig g i ng the cellar $ 580 fo r la i
y gn the fo un d ati o n walls ,

for the bri ckwo rk an d , fo r the woo d work ,

p laster in g , etc ; what was the entire cost ? Ans

M Jh
.

ho use for brick $ 450; for lumbar,

'
2 1. r
. o n s on s cost

$ 780 ; other m ater ials , $ 3 50 ; d ig g in g the ce llar,

ma so ns
‘
an d bricklay ers wo rk, $ 425; carpen ters
’ '
work ,

pai n t in g g la
. z in g etc , $ 350 ; wh at wa s
, t he . whole
cos t of the ho use ? Ans
22 . In the y ear en d ing Jun e 1 , 1 8 75, P en n sy lvan ia ex

d d for sc hool ho uses , for te achers

'
e
pen -

wag es , for fuel an d con t ing e n t expen ses ,

for other exp e n ses ,

extra apprO priatiou to city of P itts b urg ; for

No rmal sc hools ; an d fo r So ldiers O rphan
’

scho ols ; what was the whole amoun t expe n d ed that y ear
for education b y t he S t ate A ns .

28 . T he cash value of farms i n New Y ork in 1 870 was

in P en n sy lv an ia, in New
in O hio in Indi an a,
Mi u i
,

in Illin o is in sso r

Wi Mi higa
, ,

1393903 041 ; in sco ns i n , and in c n,

what is t he total v alue of t he farms in these

An s
 s us r s s o n on . 37
fi l m “ n o un .

man had 725 b us hels of wheat an d

1. A so ld 3 67bus hels ;
how man y b ushel s rem ain ed ?

S onm ox — If a man had 7255m he ls of wheat m d

. 725
sold 367 bu shels, there rem ain ed the differen ce between 367
72 6 buahe1s and 367 bushels, which is 358 bushels .
358

2 . A farmer raised 62 7 bushels of

po tatoes ,
an d so ld 386
us hels ; ho w many bushels remained ? A m 2 4 1 b ushe ls . .

8 From a farm con tain in g 3 075 acr es , 2 52 8 acres w

. ere

so l d ; ho w man y acres rem ain ed ? A ns 547 acres .

4 A man bo rro wed $ 3052 an d afterward ret ur n ed 82 52 7;

.

ho w m uc h does he still owe ? A ns $ 52 5 . .

5 A . his ho use for $ 2572 , which was $ 2 85 mo re t han

sold

it cost ; ho w m uch did it cost ? A ns $ 2 2 8 7

‘
. .

64 Two men tog ether have $ 5682 ; ho w m uc h m on ey has

the first if the has $ 3 8 2 6 ?
seco n d A n s $ 1 856 . .

7 A m an bo ug ht a far m for
. an d so ld it at a los s
of $ 98 7; what did he receive for it ? Am $ 98 65 . .

8 . A an d B tog et her o wn acres o f lan d ; how m uc h

doe s B o wn if A o wn s 52 8 4 ac res ? A n s 5556 ac res . .

9 . Z ac hary T ay lor was born in 1 790 an d d ied in

G en .

1 8 50 ; ho w old was he when he died ? A m 60 y ears . .

1 0 Ro bert S o uthey was b orn at B ris tol in 1 774 an d died

.

in 1 343 ; how o ld was he at his d eat h ? A m 69 y ears . .

1 1 Socr a
. tes was bo rn at A the n s 468 y ears before C hris t,
an d died 3 93 y ears befo re C hrist ; what was his ag e at
An s 70 y ears
W
. .

1 2. alte r Sco tt was born in the y ear 1 771 , an d d ied in

‘ 8 32
; ho w o ld w as he at his d eat h ? A s s 61 y ea r s

M
. .

1 3 Ho w m any y ears from the b irt h of ilton in 1 608 to

Wa hi g
.

he birth o f Georg e s n to n in 1 73 2 ? Am 1 2 4 y ears

.

1 4. A farm er hav in g 478 co ws ,

so ld 1 98 of them , a n d then

boug ht 2 2 6; ho w man y had he then ? An s 506

William
. .

1 5. How man y y ear s from the birth of P en n in

1 644 to the birth of Benjam in F ran klin in 1 706 ?
A ns . 62 y ears
 s us r aao r ros . 99

7‘ s W
hen t wo or more n um bers are to he sn oeeui vely
m btracted from another, the O peration can be abbreviated
by the followin g rule :
W M WW f the n um bcr s M
to be s

M
OP o

d
fw am fi da a k m adM MM sU -y

1 .Subtract 324 and 549 fro m 1 024 .

ii nxnnou —4 l m6 19 an r u
r
h nd
a
make 1 4, we write l as the first term of the remainder ;
4 m d 1 are 5 and 2 are 7 an d sinee b m ore make m,
v e tn fiuaB E
n the
n um e iux i ms l n he l
i in d ui nb l

maindar .

( )
3 ( )
4 ( 1
5
85741 69547 1 000000
1 333 3 1 498 7 676543
1 4792 1 83 56 1 35792
1 02 34 33 44 1 8 7665

6 A raised 78 5 b ushels of g r ain , an d having sold B 250

:
m ean 3 20 b ushels, and D 1 69 bus hels, be retained the
rem ain der
; how m a n y b us hels d id he retain ? Ans 46 b u . .

7 From a tract of lan d in a newly settled co untry eon

.

tainmg 4850 acres, there were so ld at o ne time 1 560 a cres ;

at another, 2 490 acres ; an d at an ot her 500 acres ; how

much of the tract then remained ? Am 300 acres . .

8. In fiv e g ran aries there are 7874 b ushels o f wheat ; in

the first there are 1 1 60 bushels ; inthe second 1 72 9 bushels ;
in the third 1 957 b ushels ; in the fourth 1 433 b ushels ; how
many bushels are contained in the fifth ? Ans 1 595 bu . .

9 An. c as ts of was d iv ided as follows : the

wid o w recei ved $ 43 97; the y oun gest $ 2498 ; the
Wha
so n,

daug hter , $ 31 04 ; and the eldest son the remain der. t

was the sha m e! the latter ?

 NO R MA L U N I O N A R IT B MI T 1 0 .

" In “ l m e us l .

IN ADDIT IO N m sum n am es
-
.

. l . An
e st ate worth has t wo mort g ag es upon
for and the ot her for $8 000; what is

last y ear we
for $ 1 200 in suran ce $ 1 50,
rent ,

expenses,$ 2 25; wha t is his net pro fit ?

8 A clerk receives $ 8 00 a y ear ; he pay s $ 1 50 a year for
.

boy s ren t, his butc her s b ill is ’

an d g rocer s b ill ’

and he has expen ded for clothes and ot her expen ses
$2 50 ; what d oes he save in the y ear ?
4. M Wai
r . n wrig ht bo ug ht
but afier wards ge tting into difiiculties,
ro
p p erty wi th a m ort a
g g e fo r $ 7500 ; for what m ust he s ell

the farm to g ain $ 3500?

5. M r . Hatton recei ves for g ood s so ld a
on the Girard Nati on al Bank ; he
depo sit in the bank ; what will
some

return him when he pres en ts the check ? A ns $ 1

M day
.

6. I had in ban k on on m orni n g , Dec 4,

M day af
.

I checked o ut tern oo n $ 7457 Tues day 1

Wd
on ,

$ 1500; e nes d ay , I depos ited $ 475

out F riday , I
ag ain chec ks t out $5
day , 1 depo sited $ 560; what is the am o un t of
M on d ay m o rn in g , Dec 1 1 ? A na . .

7. T he d ay before Christm as I wen t in to

an d boug ht for Chr is tmas
a work b ox at -
a g lo ve bo x at - a
box at a c ase o f perfum ery at

man ’
s dressi n g -
case at I han ded the cl

dollar bill ; what chan ge s hould I receive ? Am .

8. A farmer too k to the store 2 do zen eg g s. 19

p o un d s of b utter, $5; 2 barrels of apples, he boug ht
25 poun ds crus hed s ug ar, 2 g allon s
10 y ards flann el, an d on e piece
red

ing , $ 1 0; how m uch cas h must he pay ?

42 11 03 11 1 1. us ro s an rr m ur ro .

M
ULTIPLICA TIO N .

71 . Mul tipli ati c on is the process of finding the p rod uct

of two n um bers .

72 The Product of two n umbers is the res ult obtained

.

by taking one n umber as m any times as there are units h

another
Multipli a d i h um
.

78 The h mul ipfiadc n s t e n ber to e t

74 T h M
. .

ultipli i h um b e y w hi h w m l l
er s t e n
py er b c e n fi

f M
. .

75 Th Sig ul ti pli ati i x ad i

n o ad a d c on s

W
. e n s re n
l d b ie
i m h l a d b w w um
i n to
’

tt
p y .
pt es , or . en ce et een t o n

bers it den otes that on e is to be m ultiplied by the other .

Nor m — 1 The
len gth, bia
ect1n g
. .

fi
uql m
other
ww w
at an ang l e
n consists of
of fi
two short
d eg rees with
uneaol
the lhu
eq ual
of
writi
g e a m bol
n W
.

2 .
y as in trod uced by m . O ug lmed '

mad d an , bo rn in 1 574 .

l . The m ultip l ier is always an abstr act n umber .

2 . The multip licand may be abstr ac t or conc rete .

CA SE 1 .

76 Wh th m utfi p fi en e er i am t ar eater thm m

Multiply 353 by 8
,

1 . .

cm

Mul ipli a d
.

864
Mul ipli
t c n ,

W
t er , 3
Prod uct,

or 3 tem and

c ad d r aw a hne bcrwath
’

Ma d M
.

IL B a
y m at the r ig ,
n muuipby each tem o f t
44 NO R MA L um on an l r n ul n o .

CA SI II .

1 Mul iply 465 by 37

t
W
. .

Su mm on — e write the m ul tiplier under

mul tiplicand , nn ita under unin tens under tans,
Since 37 eq uals 7 un its an d 3 tena, it ia eviden t
37 timeaa num ber uals 7 timm the n umber plus 3
ten s times the Seven times 465 uala
m ; 3 times 465 eq uals 1 395, hence 3 tens ti mes
465 equals 1 395 1em Takin g the sum od the partial
'

pen d ants we ha ve 1 72 05 H em atite

Wi
. .

Ru —
le I . r te the m ultiplier und er the m ultip li can d,

pla c in g ter ms f
o the camc or der i n the sume 001 m m
dr aw a li ne beneath .

II B eg i n at the r i g ht , and m ulti ply the m ulti plican d by

.

each ter m of the m u ltip lier , wr itin g the fi r st ter m of each

pr od uc t un der the ter m f
o the m ultip li er whi ch pr od uces it
.

III Add the p ar tial p r od ucts , an d thei r

. sum wi ll be the

M i — Mul o tiply the m ultiplier by the m ultiplican d ; if

the work is cor rect this prod uct will eq ual the first prod uct
Wh
.

Nor m — 1 there are cip hers b etween the sig nificant terms of t he
. en
them and m ul tiply by the sig n ificant terms alo ne .

rig ht to m ultiply , so that when an y prod uct exceeds

nin e we may ad d the number expresa ed by tb e l stt hand flg ure to the nen

2 . Mul iply 247 by 24 ;

t also by 2 04 .

nm c rs ns .

( )
5
314
16
502 4

( )
9
48 1 0 3 11 11 13
5 . 05
1 1 03 1 3 1 1 11 1 e 0 .

8. Sold 2 65 barrels mas port at

of s abarrel ; what
d id I rece ive fo r the whole ? Am .

9 If a loco moti ve
.
-
wheel revolves 478 times in g oix m1
mile, howoften will it rev olve in 248 miles ? Am
W
.

10 hen the m arket price of b utter is 1 8 cen ts a poun d,

.
-

what must I pay for 256 po un ds ? Am 346 08 . . .

Norm— In this and similar pro bl em s we multip ly by the sm aller humber,

d ug both n um he rs ab m actl y , thoug h in the ex planation wa should uss
the pro per num ber as the m ul tiplier .

1 1. If a barrel of flour is worth 38 , how m uch are 596

barrels worth at the same rate ? An s .
34768 .

A dealer boug ht 2 8 75 b ushels of po tato es at 3 7 com

a bushel ; what was the co st ? A ns
W
.

1 3. A estern farmer so ld 98 76 bushels of wheat at 85

cent s a bus hel ; what d id he receive ? A ns .

1 4. Henry$ 2 8 a week and paid 85 for his board ;

earned

how m uch co uld he s ave in 52 weeks ? A n s $ 1 1 96 . .

1 5 A travels 25 m iles a d ay , an d B 36 m iles a day ;

. ho w
far will both travel in 286 day s ? A ns . miles .
4
“

1 6. T he P res id en t s cabin et con s ists of 7

’
mem bers, who
wceive a salary of $ 8 000each ; what 18 the amo un t of their
salaries ? An s $ 55 000 .

17 . A dealer s hipped apples at 8 7 s en t!

2 3 96 b ushels of

a b us hel, an d t he sam e q uantity o f potatoes at 56 co s a w

b ushel ; what was t he v alue o f bot h? Ana .

1 8 . A bo ug ht 2 960 acres of
prair ie lan d at $ 3 8 an w e .

an d t he same num ber of acres of woodlan d at $ 45 an acre ;

what d id he pay fo r all ? A ns .

1 9 In a ro w o f houses there are 46 rooms, in ea

. c h room 4

windows ,
an d in each win do w 1 2 panes of g las s ; ho w m any
aus e in all th ho u 7 A m 22 08 a
p e ses p n es . .

2 0 If Thomas sells 48 papers ad ay , an d Hen ry 72 pap :

. “
ho w m an y more papers does Hen ry sell in 94 d ays than
Thomas ? Am . 2256 papers.
21 . In 1 852 , Iris h imm ig ran ts arrived in t he
U nited S tates ; at this rate what woul d be the n um ber of
im mig ran ts from the beg inn in g o f 1 852 to the end of 1 87551

Am .
 n un r rr t i c an o n . 51

1 7. Wha 24 h a h a f $ 1 65 a h?
t cost orses, t t e r te o e c

A $3 960
Wha will 2 w
ns .

1 8. t a h a f $ 7 api
4 ?
co s cos t t t e r te o 2 ece

4 $ 1 134
Wha mu I pay f 8 b k a h a f
4 773 . .

1 9. t st or 4 oo s , t t e r te o

eac h? A n s $ 2 73 . .

2 0. If on e bushel of ry e is worth how m uch an

Ans .

21 . It ay oke of $ 1 3 7, what will 56 y oke cost

ox en cost

at the same rats ? Am $ 7672

W
.

22 hat cost 64 acres of land at $2 56 an ac re ; and

.
,

what cost 81 acres at the same rats ? A m 2d ,

.

CA S E II .

81 . 17100a m c é p her s at the fl g ht of m or

both f acto r s .

Principl e — An nez i n g one cipher to a n um ber m ultip li e

.

it by cumm i ng two cip he r s m ultip lies it by 1 00; anus»

ing wa ”s, multipl ies it by 1 000, etc .

For, addi ng one pl‘er removes eac h ier m one N ]eh and
'

g
R ,

thus ma hes it deno l O t imes as many un iis ss

number is too time as g reat as before
Mul iply 26 by 1 40 al
.

1. t ,
so 2 600 by 1 40 .

IS L — 26 m ulti lied by 1 4
364 henoe 26 m ultip ed by 1 40,
°
'

1. 1b times 1 4, eq uals 1 0 times

by annexing one cipher,

2D — 1 4 tim es 26 eq uals
.

364, house 1 4 timm 26 ki n dred eq uals

1 00 times as much which l m nex ‘
is 364 0; and 1 times 0
00 0q u z
a13 1 0time3 36400 § which,
on e cipher, is 364000 Hence the following rule : .

nulo s —Tnlcc the p r od uc t o f the n umber s (1013o by ihe

fi
si g ni can t figur es , an d an n ex as m an y c ip her s to the result
a
t ar e f ound at the r i ght of both f actor s .

wan r an
-
“ ai rm an
Mul iply 725 by 0
.

2. t 6
Multiply 927 by 80
.

3.
Mul iply 8 7 by 800
.

4. t 21 .
 o rv xs xo s . 57

3 2 48 by 7 . A na 464 . .

71 85 by 7 . Ana .

8097 by 7 . Am . 1 1 566 .

de 91 3 6 by 8 . Am . 1 1 42.

de 723 52 by 8 '
. A ns 9044 . .

de 91 672 by 8 . Am . 1 1 459 .

de 23 769 by 9 . Am . 2 64 1 .

de 3 0564 by 9 . An a 3396 . .

de 98 76504 by 7 . Am . 1 41 092 91 .

de 3 2 01 567 by 6 . A ns .

41 8 7002 by 8 . A ns 52 3 3 75}.

83 702 507 by 9 . A na .

co st 4 d o llars , ho w man y bo oks , at the sam e

y fo r 2 52 d o llars ?

4 dell ars, for 252 do llars

cost
ks as 4 d o llars are con tain ed
m 63 Thereforg etc
. .

are 3 feet in o ne
y ard ; ho w m an
y y ard s in 2 91

A ns 97 y ards . .

are 8 q uarts in o ne p e ck ; ho w man y pee ks are

N ? Am . 2 1 6 peaks .

7 d ay s in one wee k ; ho w m a
n y weeks in
A ns 52. wee ks .

ve 3 2 4 dollars to s ome boy s, g iving 6 do l»

boy s we re th e re ? A ns 54 . .

9 dollars ho w m any sh e ep
,
can y o u
A ns 2 15 s. heep .

e n ce in 1 s hillin g , ho wmany shillin g s

A ns . shilling s .

0 sh ee t of p ape r to prin t 12 p ag es of a
sh ee ts will be r e q uire d for a boo k of 504
Ans 42 . sheets .

will it tak e t wo bo y s , s tartin g at the same

in pposite d irection s to be
O , rods

an d the other 7 rods in amin ute ?

An n 94 99 m in n m
68 s os x u . o m en as rr n x s r rc .

work is writte n o ut in full

. . It is generally used whe n the
divisor exceeds 12 .

1 . Divide 5848 by 23 .

Sennai on — 23 is n ot con tain ed in 6 thousands

-

“ thonsands tima hence there are

in the notient d‘ousands an c und redaare 58
w
.

fi is oon tained in hund reds 2 hun

m s “i
du ds : 1 2 hun dreds and 4 tem m l 24 tens ; 23 is
con tained in 1 24 tsns 5 tens times : 5 tem timm % 92
are u5 tens, which sn btracted fro m l 24 tm s leave 9 6
tons : 9 tm s and 8 nn iuare 98 units ; 23 is onntnined
in 98 uniu4 times ; 4 times 23 uals 92 : subtracting there is a remain
dev ot 6, which will not con tain ; h emoe th e q uo tient is 2 hnn dn dn, 6

hem , and 4 nn ita, or 254 with a rem ain der o i 6

o
,

Rul e — I Dr aw c ur ved li nes at b th sid es of the divi

.

den d , and p lace the d ivisor at the lef t .

II Divi de the n umber exp r essed by the

.
fewest ter m s at
the lef t that wil l contai n the di visor , and p lace the quotient
at the r i ght
Multip ly th
.

III . di vis or by this quoti en t, wr ite the

e

d uc t un d er the par ti al d i vid en d , subtr act, an d to the r em i n

der an nex the nex t ter m o f the d i vidend .

IV . Divid e as bef or e an d thus , con ti n ue un ti l all the

ter m s of the d i vi den d have been used .

V . If an y par tial d i viden d wil l not con tai n the div isor,
p lace a cip her in the quoti en t, an nex the nex t ter m o the f
di vidend , an d p r oceed as bef or e
W
.

VI hen there is a fi n al r emai n der ; an nex it,

. with a
n

di vi sor wr itten beneath, to the i nteg r al par t of the quotient

Pram— Multiply
the in teg ral part of the q uotien t by thi
diviso r, an d ad d the remain der, if any , to the prod uct ; if the
work is correct the res ult will be eq ual to the d ivid en d .

“ wm
M
that there m
W az l l t
opera
M
notlc e tion
y
.

. the
e m Divide ; 3d . tp ly ; 4th .
0
2

U Pn plls otten have n ul ty in nn dlng the co rrect qn otl ent flg m :

thh dtflcnlt y ean b e m tly dln lnhhed b y attenflon to the fol low tn z m o
 D IV IS IO N .

le nsed to d enote a remalnd er

.

840 b y 24 .

903 by 2 1
455 by 1 3 .

4956 b y 1 4 .

351 0 b y 1 5 .

502 4 by 1 6 .

472 0 by 2 0 .

5778 by 1 8 .

8 73 6 by 2 1 .

9591 by 23 .

4056 by 24 .

5450 by 25 .

9672 by 26 .

7946 by 29 .

9840 by 3o . .

1 1 2 86 by 27 .

1 7500 by 28 .

1 3 8 72 by 84 .

24588 by 8 6
2 553 6 by 8 8 .

3 1 62 9 by 3 9 .

2 9725 by 41 .

2 8896 by 43 .

72 945 by 45 .

8 1 098 by 46 .

60466 b y 49 .

1 41 050 by 50 .

3 1 61 60 by 52 .

999994 b y m
 NO R MA L O R IO B A B IT B I I T IO .

Divide 1 05056b y 56 .

Di vide 1 2 6498 by 58
Divide 1 72 92 9 by 59 .

Divide 1 73 91 1 by 61 .

Div ide 1 78 8 57 by 63 .

Divide 1 56858 0 by 65
Divide 1 3 8053 6 by 68 .

Divide 6922 08 by 69 .

Divi de 2 43 43 8 0 by 78 .

Divid e 1 03 1 475 by 85 .

Divid e 1 6801 3 7 by 97 .

Div ide 2 1 38 654 by 93 .

Div id e 3 1 7646 by 1 2 6 .

Divide 2 38 788 by 1 34 .

Divide 4561 04 by 1 46 .

Divide 603264 by 1 92 .

Div ide 71 1 2 8 7 by 3 21 .

Divide 8 1 133 2 by 3 72 .

Divi de 1 646301 by 38 1 .

Divide 1 9851 75 by 425 .

Divide 1 95741 3 b y 453

Di vi de 1 78 71 60 by 562 .

Divide 2 1003 1 5 by 53 1 .

Di v id e 3 2 07594 b y 767 .

Div ide 1 01 9806 b y 8 98 .

Divide 748 1 8 8 8 by 1 021 .

Divid e 522641 2 by 2036 .

Divide 641 9945 by 3 135

Divide 1 38 24902 by 3 867 .

Divid e 8 07452 8 by 632 8 .

Divi de 975473 3 7 by 38 91 .

Divide 42 2 3 7453 76 by 23 456 .

Divide 1 706276768 8 7 by 4 1 8 071 .

Divide 1 2 9652 5653 2 9 by 3 60073

Multiply
.

3 7602 by 608 , and d iv ide

06 s on s “ . e uros an xr s unr xo .

1. Divide usin g the factors 2 , 8 , m d 4 .

2 we fin d that or m rm n .
'

3NW l
” m
—
1 31 , 2 l
82, 3 sin. 18
True remnin dc , n

Rul e _ . M l
p y each by all the di vi sor s yrs
r em ai nder
cedi n g ths one whieh obtai n ed it e m! tabs tho m m of th a
r od u c ts and the r emai d er ar isi ng f rom the fi rs t di v ision
p n

Di v ide t he followin g an d fin d the true rem aind er

2 . 58 2 by 1 5 . Rem 1 2. .

8. 503 by 1 2 . B en . 11 .

4. 2497 by 2 0 . Ben . 17 .

5 4507 by 1 4
. . Rem 1 3.

0. 3 71 7 by 30 . Ron . 27 .

1 . 1 38 53 by 1 05 . Item 98. .

8 . 41 837 by 1 80 . Rem 77 . .

0. 471 1 7 by 3 08 .

1 0. 98 71 1 by 3 1 0 .

1 1. 8783 1 by 720 .

OASI II .

1. Divid e 8 254 by 600 .

w
fionm
mzg W 2? : $
m con tained in 82 hun dreds
-

u
33v
8 o i 6
the entire i 04 ,
ou
From this sol utiou we m y derive the fi ov ing

Rules —I O ut of the ciphm mt the r ight of the m

.

and m man y ter ms at the r i ght of the d i vi d en d .

n Di vide ths r emai n i n g pbr t of the di vi dend by tht

.

r emai n i n a
g p r t of the di vis or .

III P r efiz tlwreowi n der to the po r t of ths di vid

.
m w
of , and the r esult wi ll be the tr ue remaind a '

W
.

Nm —L orda w
fi-N
hm tho difi or h u tmit ol ith the
m m
ym ug
m o nm m wn m fi m m P N
70 l on l aI us xo s
. A B IT B I I T IO .

c u m ]. r m w m
m m m am ru aum

PR I N CIP LES OP A DDI T I O N .

1 The sum ot all the parucq uals the whole

'

. .

2 . The whole diminished by on e or more parts equals

the other parts

P B INCIP LI S O P S UB TRA CTIO N .

e
r The K in uen d eq uals the Subtrahend pl us the Remainder .

a
P RINCIP LI S O P MULTIP IJCA TIO N
M
.

? Th e Pro duct eq uals the ultiplicand into the M

ul ipli t er.

M
» The ultiplicand eq uals the Pro duct divi ded
o
s M
The ultiplier eq uals the Prod uct divided by

P RI N CIPLES Ol '
DI V I S I O N .

Q uofient equals the Divid end di vided h

r The "

e The Divid en d eq uals the Div isor multiplied

e l he Diviso r eq uals the Dividen d divided by
‘ ’

p The Dividen d eq uals the Di visor mul

plus the Remaind er .

5 The Divisor eQ uals the Di vid en d m in us the

.

by the Q uoti ent .

O T HE R P RI N CIP LES DI V I S I O N .

1 . Mul iplyi t ng the Dividend or di vidin g the Divisor

her, m ultiplies the Q uotien t by that number .

2 . Dividin g the Dividend or m ulti pl y ing the Divisor

her divides the Q uot ien t by that n um ber
Mul iplyi
.
.

8 . t n g or dividin g bo t h Div id end

number, does not chan g e the Q uo t ien t .

ordlvlston pm duces a simihsr chan ge in the Q uotien t ; b ut such a

ch nge in the Divisor prod ucm an opposite chan ge in the Q uotieut .

the pupil to l carn to d epen d so mewhat

not a m ere lmtt ator, b ut an or tah et
72 s c al ar un i o n
. an xr n us r xo .

S E C T IO N III .

1 00 T he Primary O perations of arithmetic are those

.

of sy n thesis and analy sis, in cludin g the four fun damental

1 01 The S econ dary , or Derivative O peration s , are

.

those which arise from or g row out of the prim ary opers»
tio ns of s
y n thesis an d analy sis .

1 02 T he Secon dary O per ati ons are Compositi on,

M
.

i Gr eatest Com mon Divisor , Least Co m mon al

‘

ton ng ,

tip te , In votution , an d E vo luti on .

COM P OSITION .

1 08 Compositi on is the process

. of formin g co m posite

num bers when t heir factors are g iv en .

1 04 A Composite Num ber is a n umber which can be

.

pro d uced by mul ti l i

py g n tog et her t wo or m o re n um bers,

eac h g reater than a un it ; as 8 , 1 2 , 1 5, etc .

1 05 .The Factors of a co m po site n um ber are the n um

bers, which, when multiplied together, will prod uce it ; thus
4 an d 2 are the factors
'

ot 8 .

1 00 . A Prime Number is on e t hat can no t be prod u d w

by mu i l
l py g
t in tog ether two or m ore n um bers, each gn aw
thau a un it ; as , 2, 5, etc .

1 07 . A composite n um ber co n sis tin g of t wo eq ual factors

is said to be the 2 d power of that fac tor ; of thrce squal
factors , the “p ower , etc. ; thus , 9 is the 2 d po wer o f 3,
and
64 is th0 3d power of 4 .

Nor a— Ah m nu mber ts one that is en ctl y dlvtd b le by 2 ; n o “

an m har ls ons that is not exactly dtvtstble b y a

n u n s. n u " m a an n u al s .

1. Tell which of the followin g are pr ime

n umbers or

cata
pu l ts : 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 2 , 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5, 1 6 , , . .
 RO B I A I. 0 8 1 03 A B IT HI B T IO .

FA CTO RING .

1 1 1 . 1 actoring is the proces s of fin ding ths factors ot

'

wm posite n um bers U nity an d the n um ber itself are not

.

regarded a s factors .

1 12 . T he Factors of acompos ite n um ber are the n umbers

V which multiplied together will prod uce it ; thus, 3 an d 4 a

re

factors of 12 .

1 18 T he Prime Factors of a composite n um ber are the

.

im um b w hi h m ul i li d h will d u i
1/ pr e n e rs

thus, 2 , 2 , an d 3 a
c t p
re the prime fa
e to g et er

ctors ol 1 2
pro ce t;
'

114 . O ne of al fac tors of a n um ber is

its 2d, or squar e r oot on e o f the 8 eq ual fac to rs its 3d,
,
or

oube r oot, etc .

; thus , is the 2d root of 9, 2 t he 3d root of &

r un u
1 . A di visor of a n u ber , m ex cep ti n g un ity an d itself, is
f actor o f that n umber .

2 . A di visor o f af ac tor of a n umber ,

af actor o f the n umber .

8 . A n umber ic di vi si ble by its p ri me

pr od uc t o f them .

4 . A n umber is di vi sib le on ly by tts p fl m f actor s tw

some u tltem , by unity
pr od c t o f or .

CA S E 1 .

115 . To r a otv e a n um b er i n to i ts p r m m
1. Fin d the prim e facto rs of 1 05 .

that S is a fac ar m mos

-
.

"
m
g
z

m a ti o
Rul e
ig
r

-
n

I Divide the gi ven n umber by any p r i

.
“
m W
5

e 11

gr eater than 1 , that wi ll ex actly di vide it .

II . Divute the quoti en t if ,

composite, “th e sam e man nefl
an d thus con tin ue wntil the quotient is p fi me
WW W Mb
.

11 1 . last quotient the pr ime f s’

73 s oatu t e uros as xr n x x r xo '
.

INTRO DU CTIO N T O CO MMON DIV 18 03 .

M AI N ”
w
.

1 Name an exact divisor of fi; 01 0;

. 01 1 5; 01 13 ; «
n e
24; 01 80
W
.

2 . hat exact divisors are cc mm on to s an d m r to l O and l b t v

12 m m? t0 24 aud 30? t0 82 an d 48 ? to 48 and 72 ?
8 . W
hat may adi visor eoms wn to two or more n umben b e mlld l

Wha l a mm di i f 16 a d 24 7 f l b a d 207 d 18
4 . t s co on v sos o
'
n o n

a BO t f 48 a d 54 ?
nd

5 W
o n

ha i h g a
. di i mm
t s t e 24 a d 32 1 m fi
re test d v sor co o n to n n

561 48 a d 72 7
to 72 a d 26 7 t0
0 W
n n

ha may h g a
. di i
t mm w m m m umhm
t e re test v sor co on to t o
'
o n

b all d A eTh i g a a t mma di i t t co

7 W
eo ns . e r rs n o sor .

ha l h g a
. mm di i
t s t e f 24 aud 307 f 45a d m
re test co on v sor o 0 n

0t 54 a d 60 t 64 a d 72 7 ? 0

8 W
n n

ha
. im fa a mm
t pr w1 8 a d 24 7 27 a d W t)
e cto rs re co on n n

aud fi t 36 and 401

2The prod uct of
. what two prime tactom of 1 2 aud 1 8 will dlt ide
both! of 20aud 307

GREA T ES T COMMON DI V ISO R

My
.

1 17 . A Divisor of a num ber is a number t hat

divides it . T hus 4 is a d ivisor of 20 .

118 . A Comm on Divisor of t wo or m ore num bers ae

nmber that exact ly divides each of them T hus 4 is e
p .

co mm on di visor of 1 6 an d 20 .

110 . The Gr eatest Common Divisor of

l humbers is the g reatest n um ber that exactly
u
01 t hem Thus 8 is the g reatest co m mon d iv isor of 1
.

No rm— The m com mo u Civlsor may b e rep vese utsd b y the w

Pl lfi ml ’
wl .

1 . A common f a tor
c

f
o two or mor e n umber s is a f e w
f
o thei r gr eatest com mon di visor .

2The prod uot of all the common p r ime f actor s

.

or mor e n umber s i s thei r gr eatest com mon di visor .

a A common divisor o
 c o as os n xv m o s .
A 79

which 4 il a comm on

CABI I .

n asr tu m o r) .

method co us in s in fin d ing the co mm on fact ors ,

s ir pro d uct .

11 div iso r of 42 , an d 1 26 .

42 - 84 - 1 26
21 - 42 es

l 2 3
“ H u m” !
2 x 3 x 7= 42

buid e another n vith a

by an y common f actor

W e man ner , an d thus

Hte result evilt

'
the di visor s ;

c omm on divisor of

0, an d 3 607
5, an d 420?
and 4 207
an d 6607
an d 1 092 ?
80 s c an
s “ . v s t os as t r s ur r ro ‘
.

“CO ED M OD .

1 . F in d the g reates t co m mon d i visor of 42, 84, and 1 26 .

M x8 x7
845 2x 2 x 3 x7

F in d the g reates t co mmon divisor of

2 2 70, 3 1 5
.
, an d 405 L .
"

anti 2 1 6 l/ .

4 . see, 308K an d 864 .

u
t . an d 58
6 . 392, 448, and 504 .

7 . and 648 .

sf 792 , 824, 936, and 1

.

9 38 4, 576, 768, and 9

.

l ar g e
read il y f ac to r ed .

1 . F in d the g reatest co mm on d ivisor of 82

SO LUTIO N — .56 Wdi id
e32 the di visor 32
v e
by 24, aud the di visor 24 by remain d er 8, aud
havo no rem ainder ; m then w 111 8 be the g reatmt
commm di visor of 32 sn d 5 6 For .

the G. G D . 81noe $2 and 56 sre eac h auum ber ot

tim s the O
e .
82 21 011 11 11 1. us xo s as t r s us r t c .

IN TRO DU CTION T O COMMON MU LTIP LE .

1 . Wha t n um ber is three times b ? tour times or flve ti mes oi l l:

times B?
2 A n umber which is one
. or more tim es another n m ber il a lhd
multipls of that n um ber
Wha i h mul ipl t u
s .

101
‘

orb ? 01 of 7 l ot 0t 91
'
3 6? 81
‘ ‘
. t s t e t eo c
t il l 12 1t o
4 W
s

.ha mul i pl i mmmt t e s co to Z and B? to 8 and 4 t to 4 and b i to

O wd 8 1 to b aud 9l
‘

Wha i a
0 . t s common multipls of 4 and 51 8 M 97 6 a d n 71 4
a d 61 5 a d 8 1
7 W
n n

ha l h
. t s t e lesst multlple commou to 2 and 4 ? 4 m d 67 4 aud
8 ? 6 and 8 7 8 and 1 2 t

aud i o? m and 24 1 25 snd eor

LEA ST COMMON MU LTIP LE .

num ber ; thus ,

4 tim es 5, or 20, is amulmpla of 5
f .

num ber which is a m ultiple of eac h o f t he m ; thus,

comm on m ultiple of 2, 3 , an d 4 .

m . The Least
num bers is the least n

L C . M .

1 . A multip le f
o a n um ber i s e M Iy diWibl e
 cos mos un t r rr t r . 83

CA SE 1 .

FIR S T MET HO D .

is method consist s in resolvin g t he n um bers in to

an d takin g the prod uct of all the d il er

common m ultiple of 1 2 , 3 0, an d 70 .

resol ve the nu m bers

12 = 2x x3
30= 2x x 5§
70= 2 x ox 7
2X2‘ 3 X5X7= m

2 x 6x 3 x 7, or is the

um ber o
f ti mes it occur s i n either

may be o wttsd ,
umbers wlll b e am ul tiple
‘

n ot thsse .

comm on multiple of
an d 36\ Am . 860 .

and 56 . Ans 886 . .

an d 60 Ans 1 260
. .

and 84 . Ans 1 008

. .

68 , 72 , an d 1 081 An s 1 51 2
. .

42 , an d 72 . Ans 252 0
. .
\

77, an d 1 1 0 . Ans 770 . .

38, 3 6, 108 , an d 1 8 5 . Ana 5940. .

A has 21 4,
B 21 5
, 836C, an d D as man y as t he leas t
o f the am oun ts of the others ; how m a
84 s on s “ us t os as rr n n s r t c
. .

“CO N E “ T 8 013 .

1 29 . This met hod consists in takin g o ut the prime the

tors of the l multiple an d fin din their product
not co mmon
g
o

1. F in d the least co mm on m ultiple o f 1 2 8 0 and 70 , , .

Beau o
m nt — P be the n um bers on e
l ide anot her and di ug by 2 we see that
'

,
2 is a factor 0f each of them , it 1s theref0re a

a tien ts that will 3, we see

mam it by
'

n
i
z
co
o is a tactor of som e of the n um bers it is
M
x
,
tha eib re a faetor of the L U
'
Divtding . .

is a fac tor o f the

having no ot her

c m
Wit
.

Rule — I . r e the n umber s one beside an other , d i vide

by an y p r ime n umber that wi ll t e actly d ivide two or more,
and wr i te ths quotients an d un di vt ded n umber s ben eath
'

contin ue until no two n umber s i n the lo west li ne have acou

mon f actor .

III Tabe the p r oduct

.
f fi qu o tteno the d i vi sor s and n al m
e r esult wil l be the lec st com mon m ultiple r equi r ed .

Fin d the least comm on multiple of

2 1 0, 2 0, an d 30
. .

s . 2 8, 53, an d 34 .

4 . 48, 60, an d 8 0 .

1 50, 200, an d 2 50 .

6. 40, 96, 1 00, an d 120 .

h . 1 20, 1 80, 2 00, an d 2 40

Js . 1 40, an d 3 20 .

CABI II .

13 0 . Wh en the n um b er s ar e lar va an d ca m eo? “

w all y fac to r ed .

1 . Find the least co mmon m ultiple of 2 8 and 68 .

86 s un s “ . o s xos
’
d s xr n x x n c .

INTRO DU CTIO N TO C ANC E LLA TION .

m u m o ras s .

1 . 1f we om 1t the fi c r 2 ho m 12 m d w mwhat actors will reufl s i

2 . Di vide 24 by 0 Div id e 24 by } « 6
. . Di vide g of 24 by s .

3Divid e i a n by t om Di vid e so by 1 8 m an ag ed : as
W
. .
,

com mo n 6
Mdi id d by m M
.

lathere any diflerence in tlm quofient of

'

4 . v e

g ot t ad i vi ded by 3 o f 1 2 1
6. Divi d e fl by fi first o mittin g , common

min the m e way ; 1 44 by 96 .

6 Divide 2 x 2 x 2 by sx s; 8 x 8 x 4 by 2 x 9; Bx ex h by a xh
‘

. .

t Bi vi de 2 X S x 7 by 2 x 7: sx sx t
. by 3 x 8 : sx sx s by sx s x u
m mb y ax e; 2 x 7x 9x 10 by 9x 5 1

C A N CE LLA TION
W
.

ee Hation is a Process of abb revi s -

r s rithmot

ica l ope on e by re ecti ng co mmo n

j factors in both d ividend
an d di visor .

1 . The can celli ng f

o af actor f rom an y n umber d i videt
the umber by that f od or
n .
I

Du t — Thus if we tnke the fac to r 3 out of 24 w shnll di vid e 2 4 hy 3

“
.

2 The can celli ng of af actor in both d i m

. and d i visor
wi ll the quotient
not change .

Du — Cao cslling a facto r in both divi dend and

p
.

di v them both b1 the some n um ber, w hich, by the rin c i ples of di

'

vision, not change the q u otien t .

1 Divide 84 x 60 by 24 x 63
W
. .

So w -
e ca
n on .ncel the comm on fa
-
cto r 1 2
fm m fiO und riting b the ot b er fa c to r of 60,

abo ve 60, and 2, the other f acto r of 24, below24 ; we

the n “noe l the commo n fa cto r 2 1 fro m and “
M
‘

writing 4, the other r of 84, abo ve 84, a nd

the ot her fa c tor o f 68, belo w63 we then cancel 3

M M 4, v riting Z above th the prod u
M
2 e 4 ct -
’
d d
'

fa f h di i 0 h
.

\ f the t 1 t
g c
to rs o e v e n is ,
e

rod u ct of the remain in g fa cto rs o f the di viso r is 3 , hu es the q uot ent

i

p
u 10 di vidd by 3: 0' 3 “
l —
Rue I Cancel the . co mmon f actor s

m
dim de the prod uct of the
fi mdi m d by the pr od uct of the V M W f a
f
m
fi wa
;
’

R o . Q ,

Q~
 c s s c s t t s n os . 87

Nor m — 1 Tbe unit 1 ts hes the plac e of s cancslled fscto r but

. neod not
be wfltten , m pt ln the d lvid cnd ot the q uot ten t, when there
act ors of tbe divi dend remaining .

2 A fi cto r ln o ne term will

. two or more fhctors ln ths other
when thetr prod uct ls eq ual to fo rmer .

3 So me prefer to plac e the difld end upon thc rlg ht and thc dlvh or
. upon
the l eft, of a vemcal ltne .

2 . Divide 1 2 x 1 4 x 16 by 6 x 7x 8 .

3 . Div ide 2 0x 3 2 x 3 5 by 4 x b x 1 6 .

4. Divide 1 26 x 250 by 1 5x 50x 76 .

5 . Di v id e 1 8 0x 2 70 by 46x 1 08 .

3. Divid e 120 x 1 40 by 60x 3 60 .

7 . Di vide 45x 49x 8 1 by sox 84 x

Divide 60x 71 x 3 2 0 by 25x 42 x 33 .

9 . Divide 75x 42 x 99 by 1 25x 63 x 33 .

WR IT T E N BX

1 . Ho w m any y ard s of m us lin , wort h 1 2 cen ts a yard,

may be bo ug ht fo r 1 6 po un ds of butte r, worth 1 6 cen ts a

po un d ?

W
S O L UTIO N — If on e pound of butter is wort h 1 6 or ans r ros .

are worth 1 6x 1 5 cent ; for

ML ”
cen ts, 16
“
2 cen ts a “
a “ ca
ga
5

m
cen ts n
m ,
con t ined tim ss bl W W ,

i
‘
fin d, by m to he

2 . Ho w man y bus hels o f co rn , worth 45 cen ts a b us hel,

m ust be exchattg e d fo r 1 2 5 po unds o f b utter at 1 8 , cen ts a
po un d I Ans 60 . .

8. A exchang ed ry e , worth 84 cen ts p er b ushel, for 78

b us hels of wheat worth 98
, ce nts per b us hel req uired the
number of bus hels of ry e . A ns 91 . .

4. Ho w man y bus hels of co rn , at 42 cents a bus hel, m ust

be g iven in ex chan ge for 7 pieces of cloth, each co n tain in g

40 y ard s, at 36 cen ts a y ard ? A ns 2 40 . .

b. Ho w m any bo xes o f tea, eac h co n tain in g 2 4 po un d s

at 90 cents a poun d , must be g iv en for 2 firlrin s of b utter
1
of 66 pounds ea ch a t 2 0 cen ts a po un d ?
,
Ans 14 . .

6 . A farmer so ld a g roce r 9 load s apples , each load co n

of

tain ing 1 8 bag s , an d eac h b ag 2 b ushels , at 3 5 cent s a

hu bs], and in pay m en t 1 2 boxes
recei ved o f s ugar , eac b co a

ain ing 1 85po u

G n ds ; w hat was the suga r worth s p am h\
88 s c an “ . U NIO N s axr n un n
' '
c.

P RIME N U M BERS .

132 . No g en eral method of determin in g prime n umbers,

bey on d a certain limit, has y et b een d iscovered, although
.

much time has been spen t in the in vestig ation

W gi
.

133 . e ve the follo win g prac tical method, which

con s ists in writin g a series of n umbers , an d sifting out
t hose which are composite .

—
Harmon Sin ce the even n um bers after 2 are composite, we write
the series of odd n um bers ; thus,
a as t a
. a s
1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 1 3, 1 5, 1 7, 1 9, 2 1 , 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 , 33, 35, 37, 32, 41
7 a s a is a a 7
43, 45, 47, 49, 51 , 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 , 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 , 73, 75, 77, 79, 81,
5 8 7 3 5 3
83, 85, 87, 89, 91 , 93, 95, 97, 99 .

Now, comm en cing at 3 since every third term is divisible by 8,

3
,

thi rd n um ber is composite, whi ch we indicate by putting the fig ure

over it .

Co mm en cing at 5, every fifth n um ber is divisible by 5, an d is therefore

com its, hen ce we place a fig ure 5 over every fifih n um ber P roceed .

in t e sam e mann er with 7, an d the n um bers un marked will be the

p rim e n u m bers u p to 1 00 .

This method wa s disco vered by Eratosthen es, a Greek m a thematician .

He inscribed the series of odd n um bers on parchment, an d then cutting

out the com pos ite n um bers, his parchm en t w ith its holes resembled s
sieve ; hen ce the m ethod ha s been called E ratosthenes S ieve
’
.

TA B LE OF ME N U MBERS
P RI .

No ra—T hi s p ag e will b e of i n t erest t o the st ud en t to read , b ut is n ot Q

b e rec i ted .
 [ B A O T IO N8 .

r ao n il c rl on T O F R A CTION S
'
.

l m A L I X B I C IB E S .

0 eq ual a
p ts
r , what is one of tha
n
'

t 4

o rthese p rt: a called Howmany halves in any

" t a

7 07 41 o f 12 ? of 1 61 of 1 0? of 18 ? of 20? of
2
into S eq ual pafla, what iaon e of thea
e pam

S of these parts called ? How man y thl rth in

m l partain to which auni t may b e d lvided h

fiac tio nal partatak en may be represen ted by a

; thu a. 1 represen ts 9 thirt y } . 8 f our ths; l
. b

of 97 of 12 7 0f 18 ? ol
‘

1 5? of 21 ? Wha t
on e; of ? “ of 33 t
to 4 eq ual m rta,
what iaon e of theae pam
pane ?
B owman y flflha? Six that
Nin tha? Ten tha!
‘

20? § of 1 5? l of 12 t f of 94 1 3 0f 97 1 § of 801

cost M cen ta
, what will { of a yard cost ?

an d hiawite s age is g as much ;

‘ ’
what

cents, what will 7 melons coa

t at the m

fl m wfll 4 yard s of satin cost at the rate of wt or i ot

'
a

a
p y for thrw fiourthaof a to n of hay lf flvec ln ha

i8 . Wha t v fll t of aton of coal cost at the m d w bb tm \ o\ s

93 s o auu . 0 8 1 08 aai r n x s r i o.

ANALYSIS O F FR ACTIO NS

M
.

To An aly z e a frwtion is to explain what is m

pressed by the frac ti o n al n ot atio n .

l . A naly z e the fraction t .

Bo wm an In the fraction 1, the d

— 6 indicates that tho
unit iadivid s d in to 5 eq ual parta, an d the numm tm 4 denotu that !
of these parts aretaken .

A naly ze the foll owin g fractions

2 .
g 8. fi .

3 .
3.

t. l 7 .
H
MET HO D 0! TREA T ME NT
are Two M
.

13 4 . There ethods of trea tin g common frac

tion s, which m ay be distin g uis hed as t he In d uc ti ve an d Do

1 55 By the In d uct i v e
. ethod we so lv e a M
ll the diner
en t cases by an aly si s , an d deri ve the r ules or methods of
oper ation tro m these analwes by i nfer ence or i nd uction
1 56 By the Ded uctive M
ethod we first establis h afew
M
.

gen e ral prin ciples, an d then d arlve all the r ules or o d e

f
o oper ati on fro m these g eneral prin ciples .

Nor m— The Ind uctive Mth d will h

e o o the mom !
used with
with tlxe writtem sxm lses the method whlch h thoug ht to be the
N

P am om ns s or m or i ous

t . Multi plyi ng the n umer ator o f f a r actio n by an

y n u m
ber multi plies the val ue o f the f r acti o n by that n umber .

If we mul ti ly
res ulting
p
on M
3 . Di vid i ng Ute n um er ator f
o a fr . w¢ion
by any
d i vi d es the val ue o f the f r ac ti o n by that number .

If we d i v ide the n umerato r of a fract ion

sui tin g frac tion wil l express i as man y

W
ume sise as befme henc s tbe value of the
8 Wd enominator o f afr ac tiouby m y n m
”M a
.

c o n! “ of the fr ucfio uby thn t

'

n m .
 xsn uc r ro s or r as c r i on s . 98

den om in ato r den otes the num ber of eq ual parts in to whinh
the
the unit is di vided, if we m ul the deno m inator of a fraction by any
num ber, w e tbe unit will he vide d inw b tim a ss many eq ual pu ta ,

ca c h ila tional u n it w i ll he i as larg e ss befonre and the eame

-
c
num h r of fiad i om l un ih heing h k q the n l ue o f the fi action is f as
g us t .

4 . Divid ing the den om i nator of af r acti on by an y n umber

multip li es tlwval ue of the f r acti on by that n umber .

Since the denomi nato r deno tes the n um ber o f eq ual parts in to whic h
he un i t is di videdfih ve di vide it hy m y n um her, as 4, the un it will be
ii vided in to i as many eq ual parta, hence eac h irsctio ual un it wi ll he -
l
tim as lu ge as heforq and the sam e n um ber of tract ional un its being
taken, the value of the fn ction w ill be 4 tim es as g reat
M ip lyi
.

5 . ng both n um rator and denom i nator f

o af r ac
tion by the same n mnber doee not chan ge the val ue o f the

f racti on .

fl umeratol uiti lies the al ue o f the

S ince multip ly the
m d mn lfiplfing g
dm o in ator di e val u v
z
e f the d
p y in g both n umerato r and d enomi nator bo th m ul ti pl ies
l
valu e of the fracti on h th n me n um ber, and h n e
y e e c

6 . Di vi di n g both n umer ator an d denom i n ator of a f r ac

tio n by the same n umber doce not chan ge ils value .

Since di viding the n umerato r di v ides the value of the fraction , and
d ividing the denominato r m ultiplies the value, dividing both n umerator
and denommatm both di vides and m ultiplia the value of the fri c tion,
and lim os does not change i ts value .

These prin ci ples m ay be em bodied in one g en eral

law as mllows :
Gener al Principl e — A chan ge i n the uum aaro aby m ul
.

lip ticati ou or di visio n p r od uces a srm aa chan ge i n the

valu ea f the f r acti on , bu t su ch a cha n g e i n the n w o u m a ro s

pr n d u
sce e an m o s m ch an g e i n the v a lu e qf fltef r ac ti on .

RE DU CTION O F F R A CTION S .

1 58 . The Red ucti on of Fr acti on s is the process of

chang ing their form wit ho ut alt eri n g their v alue .

1 59 There are Six Cases of red uction

.

l et Numbers to fra ct ious 4th To lowe r terms

. . .

9d F ractions to n umbers 5th Compoun d to simple

. . .

3d . To hig her terms . 6th Complex to

. simple .
 98 n o ai u i. un i on aaxr n i u r i o .

[ RI T A ] . m m
L A man
recei ve ?

l A man { of the M ot a baa old } ot hls stmk

ho wmueh dld he wll ?
8 A boy m ed t ot
.

w e did he five his mother ? fi

i Having Q of a bushel of appl p vc of 4 i t o m y sister m
w
w part of a bushel d id l give her ?
lost i oi my mon ey I foun } of wha t l lost. and tha n d
01 40 ; how muc h had I at first ?
At i oi adollar agallm , what will f ol a gallon oi sy m p cu dl
i A t g ol adollar ayard . what will f of ayard ot cloth cost ?
’ '

M
.

8 Al .
m
abarrel what will f of a bam l of
. ea t ?
0 At . fli am e. t will ’ of am e ot slat ?

t ri m s am en “ .

l . A bad 9 of a ton of hay , which is Q as an d! has ;

ho w m uch has B ?
M
M t ol a— if of what
’

or t o n
ot w
M
hic h is fi of
t,

w hi ch is fl ot ato u . Thm fiiraetc .

3 has ; ho w m uch has B ?

8 . A barrel of flour cos t 88f an d a,

much ; what was the cost of the fish ?

aA . lad y boug ht 1 of a y ard of velvet, O h

what did it cost ?

5 . Henry havin g H of a q uart of nuts,
amon g 8 of his sc hoo lmates ; w hat d id

0 A . wn s t of the stock
o o

h as what B owns ; ho w
2 . Ma y r shared
H of a b us hel of berries
whoolmates ; what did eac h recei ve ?
8 I drew 8580 fro m ban k whic h was 3 of
.
,

m ined in ban k ; what was my bank deposit ?

9 . William l ost of
f o f his money , d M
m Q of Q of
f} of what remaim d ; ho w an
em r
100 ” an “ . o m en s an c t u m .

1 70 The Least Comm on Den ominator of severa

. l
fractious is the sm allest den omin ator to whic h all may be
red uced .

f ra w
i m is th
o e least com mon multip le of thci r denomtn aton
1 . Reduce Q , an d i to their least co mm on den ominator.

find the least com m on multiph

ol the deuomina to rs to he hen oe 24 is the least
M
'

onmmon denominator Di . by 3, the de

nom ina tor of i , w e find w e mu st m u ltiply 3 b’y 8 to
pro d uoe 24 ; h eu c e m u l ti l b oth te rm s o f i b 8
y ,
we have lu rin a viding 24 by
o
’
the
g
.

den omin ato r we we must mul ti ply 6 y 4

w pr d um fl en c
'
e m ul ti l
py gin bo t h tarm s by ,4
f w
,
we h ve e

u —
R e L
l F in d the least com mon multip le of the d enomi
nator s, f or the least com mon denomi nator .

II Divide the least common denomi n ator hy the dammit“

W
.

tor of eac h f r actt on , an d multip ly both ter ms by the quofie

’

To their least common den ominator,

Red ucef f , ,

Red uce i 11“ 3 , .

Red uce e a a .

Red uce
Red uce i ll a , , . A ns .

Red uce g H H Am m
M WW
.
, , , ,

Red p ce 9t H H Ans W ‘

“
‘
.
: v t

Red uce 1 0! i g o! II Ans m , . .

,

‘0' Red uce i i d i i i » i i

t vA M til t» o t , t
'

A DDI T I O N O F F RA CTIO NS .

1 71 . Additim . of Fractions is the process

the sum of t wo or more frac tion s .

Mi a m i. “
I Z b add two or m fr uctiom , thc y muat
 s uar aac n os or r ai cr ros s . 1 08

1 0. Subtract 8; from

” mm L we
eo take l trom l z
'
whieh
ga
mt unts
-

1 7. S ubtract 8} fr m o
1 8. S ubt ract 5} from
1 9 S ubtra
. ct 1 0; from

20. S ubt ract 2 , , from 2 415

1 7
- .

21 . S ubtract from
2 2. S ubtract 40} from GOfi .

warm s P t onm lu

m um m on u m su m m on or m ot i o ns.

1 . A has B has “t en d C has howmuch money

A ns .
$ 1 0;
2. A miller g roun d 7} bushels of corn for A , 9} for B , 1 0}
for 0 ho w much d id he g rin d in all ? Ans bu . ”H .

8 . A lady bo ug ht material for awrapper cost ing an d

b ut to n s cost in g $ 1 5;
1 what chan g e shoul d she receive from a
$ 5 bill ?
4. A lady wen t shoppin g with $ 1 00 and paid $ 1 2} for a
bonnet, $ 3 2§ for a d ress an d , $ ;
5 2 fo r s cloak ; how m uc h
money did she brin g home A ns .

5 A boy g av e 1 2} cen ts for a slate, 18 } cen ts for a kn ife,

.

87} cen ts for a g ramm ar, an d 62} cen ts for an arithmetic ;

what did they all cost ? Ans .

6 A merchan t bo ug ht two pieces of m uslin , eac h con tain ing

.

41 } yd ; after sell ing b l i y d from them, ho w m an y y ard s

'
.

remained ? A ns 2 oi y d
MW
. .

eeks fin d s t hat his family b urned las t win ter 1

7 .r .
}
tons o f co al in Decem ber , 2 ; to ns of coal in J an uary . 2 ,l,
to ns o f co al in F ebruary , and in Ma rch 1 } to n s ; how m uc h
was burned d uring t he four mon t hs ? A ns .
H } to ne .

8 . hay weig hed upo n the scales

F ear lo ads of hun
dred weig ht hun d red weig ht ,
, hun dred wei g ht, and
hun dred weig ht ; what was the wei g ht of t he hey , the
weig ht of the wag o n bein g hun dredweig ht ?
A ns 1 1 6414L hun dred weig hl
. .
 c our t s : r as c r ro s s . 11 8

prod uct o f two numbers, diminished by is

one n umber is 1 5; req uired the other .

Ans .

hat ed 102 apples with his companions, g ivin g

lee ; requi red the n um ber of compan ion s .

A ns 1 5 . .

ded 3 04 poun ds of flour among the poor,

pou nd s ; ho w man y per so n s were there

A ns 1 1 person s . .

bo ug ht a sewin g m achine fo r -

how m uc h m us t she sav e eac h m on th,

n ths ? An s .

$ 3 4 a d ay an d his d aily expenses

m us t he labor to en ab le him to
buy a suit of clothes wort h A ns 2 4 d ay s
M La di
. .

23 . r
. n sg ain ed $ 2 2 8 o n the sale of 6} acres of land ;
ho w much mere would he have g ain ed on each acre if he ,

had g ained $3 8 2 on the whole Ans .

RE DUO TIO N O F CO MP LEX F RA CT IO NS .

188 . The Red uction of Complex Fractions is the

r ocess of chan g in g them to simple frac tions
p .

Nm — A eom plex W is not rally a frac tio n, ac co rd in g t o the b

fin id on of ai fg It is m a compl ex fractional expression of one

1 .

Sens u ou
Red uce

s—
% to a simple fra

m exptm mm m eans that 4

c tion .

om arrou .

to be d ivided by g, a n d b vertiug the di

viso r and mu lti p ly ing, we have 4x 4, which

o f the oomplsz f raefioab'

1 16 s os us t e uros s s xr ax s r r o .

4 A hst
. wss bought for $ 2 and sold at again oi
'

fl ; whs t psn
of the cost eq uals the g ain ?
5 Bars h boug ht 5 yards ot silh and used fl a what part s?
’

.
y rds ;

6 A b ought B oran gea and ught 4 oranges ;

o what did E asy
w
.

b r his oran ge a ip s id cen ts mr his l

wan -
r es “ n orm

Wha i
.

t s the relation of

2. 4t0 9? A na fi 6. } to 64 ? A ns ,l, .

3 .
§ to l 2 ? A na fi . A ns h . .

4 .
1 to
1 v l 4? 8 .
l 4?
h fi to 2 8 ? An a fi m fl t
.o 35? An a 's .

1 0 A having. $ 25 g ave $5 to B and } of the remainder

,

to C what part o f $ 2 5 t hen rem aine d ? A na ;

0m m .

187 . To fln d flw r ela uo n o f a n m b er to a f r ae

1 . G is ho w many times 4?
Bomrrxou— i of and sin oe i is } o f l is 4 timm
*
d
s .
, or or
oI Q, and 6 is 6 tim s whi ch equ
n m an nx n s wss u .

1 8 1s how many times f 7 l 4 is how many times 1 7 24 is how

.

many tim es gi
2 96 1s how many times 4n 1 15 is how many tlmes
. l 144 2 u
how many times l-H

4 A can walk a certai n distsn ce in 2} ho un

. ; how mm y t ima
that distance can he waik in o hours l

slate equals t he cost o i the

'

book ?
‘

wan n au n s c re w-
1

Wha i
.

t s t he re lat ion of

H ? A ns 41 4 5 462 to Si ? A n s, 54
M
t . 2 8 8 to . . .

3 . 495 to Q ? Ans 1 1 24 6 583 to

. . . ? An s 1 54 .

4 1896 to Q4? A n s 2 1 33 7 63 504 to A 718 1 260

Ma y had 1 2 q ua
. . . . .

rts of n u an d S arah had as mm ] .

8. r ts t

W
min us { ed aq uart
’
s ?
1 3 l o an “ un i on
. s ai r s x sri c .

A R ITH ME TICA L ANA LY SIS .

1 8 9 Analysis is the process of solving pro blems by .

.

com w
riso n of the ir elements In co mpar in g , we rm on to.

t he un it an d fro m the unit ; the un it bein g the basi s of the

reaso n ing process .

O A S! I .

1 90 . T o p as s fi om on e
'
mte g er to m wther mteg er .

1 . U 5 oran g es co st 1 2 } cents what will 8 orang es

,

at the same rate ?

Sc r n t o n a — 1f 5 o ran es cost
g
cen m l o m n g e aist l f fl v of ’ 5m )
;
an d ii l o ran g e cost l
'

cen ts ; a
l ’
oran ges wil l cu st Bt ii n es i cen ts mr N cen ls . u
8 20

. E NT A I. “ M B “
1 If 4 apples cost 5g cen ts, what will 5 apples cost at the same
.

rate ?

3 If 3 giris earn $ 2 41n aday , how much could 5 girls earn at thc
.

same rate ?

How lon g wiil it take s boy to piow un ows ii it takes him

'

3 .
'

134mi nutes to pl ow 5 fu rrow s?

4 How much will O barrels of fiour cost ii 2 barrels cnst $ 1 0fl

M
. .

5 If 5 hats can be boug ht for $ 1 1 4 how much wi 11 8 acon ?

W
. ,

s hat cos t 5 poun ds oi b utter at the rate of $ 3§ for 10 poun th 7

.

wn m u m ul l .

2 . If 6 hen s cost what will 7 hen s cost at the same

rate ? Ans .

3. If 8 turkey s cos t what wi ll 1 0 turkey cost at the

sam e rate A ns $ 24 . .

4 . How m uch m ust I pay for 22 y ard s o f musli n at the ,

rate 01 5 y ards for Ans .

5 . How m uch will 2 1 boo ks co st at the rate of 9 ho okah

1 54?
6 . Wha mut st I p ay fo r 8 arithmet ics , at the rat e of 5
arit hmetics for A ns .

7 . If 3 to n s of hay co st $ 474 ho w m uch

, Wi ll 1 2 tons cel l

at the same rate ? Ans $ 1 8 94

Mm
. .

a Req uired the ces t oi 21 \a wi hm vt \ hm m d

“M
. ,

fo r 3 barre ls 5"
 120 r o an “ . o n i on s au n as n -
o.

3. If alawyer ’
s clerk could write 60 pag es in 1 61 hours,

how m uch would he write in a week w orkin g

, 1 0 hem a
day ? An s 33 74 pag e
. .

9 . How m uch will it cost to transport 25 hun dred weight

of freig ht from P hilad elphi a to Pittsburg h at $4 for hun
dred weig ht ? A ns .

10 . Ho w m uch will I pay for 1 5 acres of lan d , at t he rats

of 2 } acres for A ns .

11 . A boug ht 40 b ushels of g rain ,

at the rate of 3 } bush
els for what d id it c ost ? A ns .

1 2. B
77 g allons of mil k, at the rate of
sold tor 51
g all ons ; req uired t he co st A n s . .

1 3 O bo ug ht 3 9 cor ds of wood , at the rate of

. fol 3}
-

cord s ; ho w m uc h d id it co st ? A n s .

1 4 D bo u g
. ht 8 1 to n s o f coal,
at the rate o f 54 to ns f
o r

how much di d it cost ? An s .

O AS ! III .

1 92 . Ib p ass f r m n an ien eeg er to a frac fi o ss .

II I barrel of apples $ 8 what will 501 barrel

'

1 oost
’

.
, s

barrel cost of $8, whi

a barrel

1 . Wha poun d of becf. if 2 poun ds cost 32 m n ts 7

t cost j
'

o1 s

2 . If aman can earn $ 54 1n 3 dayahow much will he m rn in l d

s day ?

the rate o f cost ?

‘

4 . If Harry walks BQ miles in 2 hourahow mr wiil he walk at thil

rate in BQ hours i
5 If 7 pounds
. oi sugar cost 56 cen ts , for what can l sell fl pom
and neithsr gain lose ?
‘
nor

6 A . veuel sailed 60miles in 12 hours ; ho w ihr st this rats did il

A il it ours r

7 Il
. s ses mstre - esm s m mi day ahm m ah wm she un h
l d-
to yr ?
 s ac r um . r aao r ron s . 1 8]

S E C T IO N V .

DECI AL M F RACTIO NS .

1 96 . A Decimal Fracti on is a num ber of ienth am

dr edtlw, thousan dth , etc .

1 96 . A Decimal Fraction by plao is us ually expreseed

ing a po in t befo re the n umer ator an d om ittin g the den o in a m

vo r ; thus 5 ex pmsses
.
fi; 05 ex presses Th ; 0 05 . atts .
w .

1 97 .The Sy mb ol of a deci m al is the per iod , called the

dec i m al poi n t, or separ atr t x It in dicate s the dec im a nd
'

l a .
,

sep ar ates d ecim als an d in teg ers .

1 98 T he places at the rig ht of t he dec imal poin t are

.

called deci mal p laces The first place to the rig ht of the dc
’

cimal po in t is tenths, the seco n d pl ace i s hun d r edth ,

et c .

T hus , . 245 expresses 2 ten ths , 4 hun d r ed th , and 5 thou

san d al s
.

1 99 . The met hod of expressi ng dec imal frac tions arises

fro m the method o f n ot a for in teg ers, an d is a co n tin ua
tio n
tio n o f it . This beautiful law, as applied to in teg ers an d
fract ions, is e xhibited in the follo wing

NOT A TIO N AND NU MERA TIO N TA RLB .

d
.
g a
53
d

53 a s

i sg a 3 3
25
fi
g as a gg d
g
as s as s
a a
s m ac S
n o c: j :

s cs E cé
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

s s ee eé g s s g
as s es fl ss
Integ ers
2 00 A Bncimal is a decimal ii actio n expressad hs tha
.
'

met hod ol decimal no tatio n ; as 5, 26 ehc , . .

,
.
 Di v i si on o r v ac u um . 139

M5 af fi x£ 51 ?
« 07 of §x 3 00x . 09§7
of
A ns .

x 84
.
-
1 x f of
Ans .

1 hun dredth by 1 thousan dth, an d add 1 tenti

A ns . . 1 0001 .

is the prod uct of one ten th by one te nth ? one

- -

one hun dred th ? on e million by one millionth ?

- -

DIVIS IO N O F DECI A LS M .

of Decimals is the process of finding the

or both terms are dec imals .

I l l ? “ a m u se .

6 64- 15?
—
.

7 . . 8 -
1 47
8. 372 4 - 1 5 7
9 . . 84-1 . 86- i 0? i
- .

10 -
1

Wha
.

ten ths by tenths ] t t en h is the

pro d uc t o f m ths by

how many in the product ? If there are five

and three in the divisor, how many in the quotien t ?

m u n “m ama .

by

m u m s eu s :
1 170

1 404
1 404

or m duhnal vh m
‘
n
140 11 011 11 11 1. 11 11 1 011 s au n as m e -

n un f
ber de coi mal p lac es i n the 4 2111 W
bar in the divisor .

Nor m — 1 W
ha there are ciphers a t the fig ht etthe di visor, cut them
wfl ihdd
.

by the sig niflcant part , an d then poin t atl aa many d eci mal
’

e
a u a f u um u fl
'

l b l h b f h
M
p e s e o re p s t e n er o ci p ers c t o
me
, .

3
. ak e complex d ecimals pars er or dtvid e them l co mmon mined
nu mberg or m uld ply both b y the L 0 l ot the d . .
Q and then

2. Divide by
6. Divide by An s .

4. Divide by A ns .

5. Divide 50382 1 8 by Ans . . 743 1

6. Divide by Ans 3 678. . .

7. Div ide 268 3261 5 by An a .

0. Div id e 2 3 091 1 92 by 06857 .

9. Div ide bv
1 0. Divide by
11 Divide by An s
Wha i
. .

t s t he v alue of
12 . Ans . 17 . Am 8 . .

16. A ns . A n s 34 . .

1 4. Ans . . 2 . 19 . 1 55 1
-
. A n a 2 480 . .

15 . Ans 2 . . . A ns . . 00025 .

1 0. . 004+ 1 5? Ana 001 6 2 1

. . . . 2 5-1 A ns 4000 .

88 x I ( N 1 1 743 45

M
. .

7 — 075x 75 of
26. ( 89 . . .

a
t . 45x 1 8 1 + 3 0x s t
. .
a ts — t
au t

rs. 501 A ns . as
ea ( si ose x — m ae m . m .
16 l os s “ un xo s as u s n u
. xc .

1 0 The product ef two numbers is

.
f , s nd on e of them is

5 5
01 01 2 ; hat is the other l W A n a l fi.
1 7. A dd cwt .
,
c wt .
, 5 cwt .
, M , cut ,

1 5m cwt an d c wt Am 2 0 c wt
Wha
. . .
, ,

1 8. t number mul tiplied by 1 of

{4 of 5} is a to
eq u l

l of fi of fll ? A nd yh -
.

19 . Divide the s um of s ix t housan dths an d six m il lionth

by their dineren ce, to 6 decim al places Ans
‘

. .

20 F rom the sum of 11h }, an d i , take the rem ainder ob

.

t n
l i ed by sub tractin g fi fio m fi of fll
n o f } A n s 1 '
. .
m
21 . Wha t n um ber m us t be div ided by i of 2} of
$ 1 , to

j
make aq uotient eq ual to the value of 6; of -

} 0
of 6?
A ns 24 . .

22 . John
hs d t2 25§ an d earned 1 0f 3i times $ 88§ moreg
havin g los t part of his money , he fo un d that he had 3 1 861
remain ing ; wha t amount d id be less ? Ans .

28 . A ton of iro n ore fro m the m in es of Corn wall yields

. 65 of a ton of pure iro n ; how much iron will tons oi
ore y ield ? An s . tons .

24. A n o il re finer has on han d g allo ns o f coal oil ;

how man y cask s , eac h co n tain ing all can be filled

'

g ons ,

with it ? A ns . 3 94 cash

2 5 Ho w. many dress pattern s of y ard s each, can

be cut from a piece of F renc h percale, co ntaini n g 50 y ards ?

A ns 4+ patt erns . .

26 . An pum ped
eng ine barrels o f g all on s each
k o m a tan k co ntainin g 1 500 gallo n s ; ho w man y g allons “
mained ? A ns g al . .

2 7. I boug ht 3 load s of wood , the first co n tain in g 1202

cords , the seco nd cords , . ne third . 9t 5 cords ; what did
it cost at a co rd ? An s .

A dealer b o ug ht 1 086 b us hels o f wheat ; ho w many

28 .

bins each holdin g

.
bus hels, will it fill, and ho w many
bushel b ag s can be filled from what rem ain s ?
-

A n s 58 111118 ; . bog s .

rs. T wo spec ulators b oug ht w as at “m in d

 con s u me r/u . r aas aao r ro s s. 149

2 2 5 The si mple operations o f find in g price (mat and

. , ,

q ua n t it y have alread y bee n s ufi c ien tly i n d icated , an d we

shall here m asider onl

y a few s pec ial cases .

CA SE 1 .

220 . To fin d the co s t o f a q uan t i t y , the p r i ce be! "

an ( “
4u p ar t of $ 1

Wha
.

1 . t cost 48 y ards of muslin at 1 2 } cents a y ard ?

or m rxou
'
.

So u rri o x .
— At $ 1 a the cost wo u ld be $48 ;
hence at l cram wh is l o f $ l , the 00s t will be §
'

or Hen ce the 6

Rule — Tabs s uch af r ac tion al p ar t of the gi ven quantity

s

the pr i ce is of $ 1

Wha
.

2 . 1 2 pi f ali ah
t cos t eces o c co , e c co n tain ing 3 2 y ard s,
a } t 6 a ya dcen ts An s $ 24
3 W
r . .

hat a
. bal f S a I la d t co t 4 es o e s n co t on , eac hco n tainin g

3 00 ih a 1 6} ap u d t cents o n A ns $ 200
t M W
.
, . .

il b ug ht a bag f Ri coflee, con tain ing

'

. rs . so n o o o

40 lit ,
at 83 } cents a ih , and 1 0 lb of crushed sug ar, at 1 2;
. .

cen ts a lh ; what was the co st of bot h?

. Ana .

Bo ug ht 20 y ards oi blac k cas hm ere, at ay ard,

’
6
‘

20 y ards a
p p er m us lin , atof
1 0 cen ts a y ard ,
an d 8 d ozen

crocheted b utto ns, at 25 cen ts a do zen ; what was my bill ?

A na .

CAS S II .

2 2 7 T o fi n d the c m th e q uan t it y an d we
. . mm
o f 100 o r 1000 b ei n g g i ven
W
.

1 hat is t he co s t of 6501 feet of poplar board s at

. ,

a t housan d ?
1 foot will

m
i f 1000 feet cos t as s
M
Se cr
-
n on.
cost r 17 and 650l will coat 6501 tim es
h! 2fi, w ich ia the same as of 6501
r , 6501
.

tiara $1 7 t hick b m ultiply in am cuttin g o ff

three the not, w
g
e (in d a
“2 14225
0

m m the pr ice by the quan ti ty , an d poin t 0

]
in w arm plac es f or
'
pr i ce per hun dr ed . or M
 1 50 y our “ un i o n
. s axr s ux r re '
.

or fi l .

8 Wha i t s the cost of 78 77 feet of heml

M
.

v !
4 . Wha i t s the co st of b ricks, at 7 Maml
,
'

1560 lb . of s heet Vlead at

O ? , A ns .

5 A g rocer so ld o ne d ay 9760 po und s o f wheat flour, a

. t

v 0 ; what w as the am o un t o f th e sale ?

6. M ess rs Wdoo C o b ur n in t heir atom in ay ear

M
. .

cub ic fee t of a
g ,
s at $ 4 50 v ; w hat is t he ir g as b i ll for a
y ear ?
7 . If a com po s ito r is paid 45 cents per t housan d am ,
what will he recei ve for setting up a book of 560 pag es of
1 1 2 0 ems each 7
8 . M Ba r. rr rece ives fo r mak in g c ig ars V
will be
his pro fit on cig ars , if he a
p y s

amount of tobac c o req uired to make a m 7

CAS E III .

an d co s t b ei n g g i ven .

1 If I sell 42 56 feet of bo ard s for what

M
.

price
v ?
Beaum ont — If 4256 feet coa
t 1
firm will cost
.
3 of

pr i ce per hun d r ed , or

2 . I paid for 675 pickets for th

g ard e n ; what was the price p C P
a
. M S hi k
r . r so ld cedar ra\\a( or
the pr ic e v O f
 oo uus ao raa r aan s s c r ro n s . 1 51

4 . If the cos t of stereotyping a boo k of 8 2 0 pag es of 850

ems each is $8 40 what is t he , co s t per 1 000 ems ?
An s .

5 I retail en v elopes at 1 2 cen t s a pac k, g ainin g 8 cen ts

M?
.

on eac h pack of 2 4 ; what did they cost me 7

Ans .

CASE IV .

229 . a
m ua uw ooa, me q uan m y an a m w s
a
of a ton o OOO p o un d s b ei n g g i v e» .

1. A t a to n , what will be the cost of 724 7 lb . of

rail road iro n

2,
so
we have m
u fi
Ol e
. n”pr ice
we have
o l 1
6
000 !
b
'

; an
the
d
as the price
“ of
373 2‘
7247

M
Rule — ultip ly half the p r ice of a ton by the quan tt ty,
'

an d remove the demmat p oin t thr ee p laces to the lsfl

‘

NML — To dn d tb e pf lce
W WM
of a ton , coa and q uan tity belng gi ven , dtvtdc
M M
t
th wd by thc qum ttty fl mumpty c Q M ths deetmd
poh t tk rws p taas to thc f ig ht .

2 . A farmer sold 73 75 pound s of hay at $ 1 34a to n ; what

di d he receive for it ? A ns .

A porcelain ma
8 .
nu fact urer boug ht 562 0 po u n ds of cl ay
at a to n ; what did it cost him ? A ns .

4 A peddler so ld to a paper mill 1 72 8 po un d s of rag e at

. -

$ 48 per ton ; what d id he receive ? Ans .

5 It 72 40po unds
. of bone d ust cost what is the

price per t on ? A ns .

6. A coal dealer received for 5760pounds ef Lehig h

red as h coal ; what was the price per to n Ans .

7 S hipped
. from P ittsburg h, on the P an hand le R . R .
,

po und s o f i
pg iron per to n , an d
po un ds o f steel rails at per ton ; what was the c harg e ?
A ns
M Wil
.

8 . essrs . s on Co bo ug ht
.
po un d s of lime at
a ton , an d it at 2 2 4 cents per hun dred ;
so ld what . I “
the pro fit on the, tran sac tion ?
 us as n as s or v an e s . 1 69

2 4 6 Paper on ey
. M consists of prin ted pro m ises to a
p y
the bearer a certain amo ut n , d uly authorized to be used as
m on ey .

2 47 . Curren cy is whatev er circulates as mo ne y . It is

of two kin ds, sp ecie cur r en c y an d paper caw n ey .

2 4 8 . Leg al Ten d er is a term applied to mo n ey which

is req uired by law to be accepted in pay men t o f debts .

2 49 . A n All oy is a baser metal co mpo un ded with either

g o ld or silver for the purpos e of ren d erin g it harder an d

more d urable . In co in a e
g , the alloy is consid ere d as havin g
n o value .

UNITED STATES MO NEY

M
.

2 50 . United St ates, or Fed eral oney , is the leg al

curren cy o f the U nited S tates .

Lama.
1 0 mills m
( ) 1 cen t 3
1 0 cen ts a ] dime
1 0 d imes - 1 dollar
1 0 d ollars == l eag le E .

I Nan —United St ates

. is so called b ecause it is the money of
the Un it ed States l t is called . it was the mon ey

Thug ves g reat simplici ty t o the o peratio ns

W
.

Coma— The coins are d yad, l a -em, an d brow m

W W
se The g old
“
. .

coin s a re t he do u ble aeg ,is u h

g , 4 00 , q u a r ter -u h
g , an d one do lla r .

The d eer coins are the dollar , half-do u r , h a m , an d d ue The .

st «th is the fiec eaupl ea T he brows coin is the cent

W
nice The go ld
'

-
. .

three d o ar pi ece, the sil

- ll vert w en ty ce n t pie ce , h al f
-
d im e a n d th r ee - cen t -

e n ic kel three- cen t piece an d cen t, the bro nz e t w o-cen t piece,

and old copper cen t an d half cent, al tho -

still occasio nally seen
in circulati on are no long er coined The has never bs en a eoin ;
.

it h merely a m vsn ient name tor the ten th part of a esn t.

V Com m m — The
. 1d an d sil ver co ins comm
. it of 9 paria o f pure

met al and l part all oy e allo y oi the sllm coin co nsists o f pnre eo p
‘
.
.

a
p 3 the a n oy o f th e g o l d co ln c on sists o f eil ver an d tb e eilm n o t
w
,

to m eed fi of the a lloy The nick el eolns eontatn i an d

w
.

m m m m nd st fl pa r ts co pp ,er a n d h p an a h m d
Nm F m M
a on tho tabtc s m n o t t o b e m em o ot r m m w M
 180 r o s in t. un i o n s s rr n n ar rc .

ln the eame way we may makc the calend ar oorr ect for an y nm her d

NMt — The reck oning oi ti me by the anc ien u wae very in acc urate . h e
calen d ar waarefiormed by Juli ue

[ B ET A ] . E X E R CIS ES .

1 . How many cen turies in it sin ce the b irth ot riat?

2 . t did th0 18th century end and thc 1 9th cen tury begin ?
n

3 . Ho w man y leap yearaaad howmany commo n y ears in every

cen tury ?
4 . W
hi ch o f the fo llowin g are leap years : 1 7001 1 760? 1 7761
1 876? 1 8807 1 890? 1 9001 2000?
5 y.w aM
tc h tick a 4 ti mee 1n a secon d ; ho w m a n y t im cs will it
tick in aday ?

MISCELLA NEO US TA BLES .

2 99 T he followi ng tables are freq uen tly used , t he first

.

in countin g certain kind s o f art icles , an d the sec o n d in the

O on ur m e . P ar as .

12 un its 1 do zen 24 sheets 1 q ui re .

1 2 do ze n 1 g ross . 2 0 q uires l ream .

1 2 g ross i g reat g ross . 480 sheets 1 t eam .

20 un its 1 score .

1
. M m and fi aaed
th g e of akin d are treq uentiy cal led a pfi r .

11 Paper ie eold at retail by a

. heeta, q uirea, an d reame, an d at wb olo a
it
by reams .

BO O K S .

8 00 i n pri ntin g boo ks large sheets of paper are used

. ,

which are folded into leaves accord in g to the size of the book .

The te rm s f ol io , q uar to , octave, etc .

, as
books, are based on sheets ab o ut 1 8 x 2 4
a
iaes no wgenerall y used an d in dicate the nu mb er of lea
ves

wd
,

in to which s uch a sheet is to e .

 urs c s n u n s o us r s s n as . 1 8]

A aheet fold ed
A sheet fold ed
A eheet fo l ded
in 2 1caveA is ca11ed
in 4
tn 8
a folio , mak es 4
aq uarto o r 4to , ea6
an octavo or tivo , makes
’
m
A sheet fold ed inm a mmo, malres 24 pa ea
g
.

A aheet fo ld ed in l d a 1 6mo . mak ce 32

A aheet fo ad ed in IB 36
A sheet fold ed inm a24mo , mak es 46

Nor m pa h msd e of m n y d m acco rd ing to the

p
er
men u of the In p ri nti ng fl “
ii X 38 in ches
, called

391 . Clerks an d copyis ts are often pa id b y the f olio for

m aking copies o f leg al papers , record s , an d d oc uments .

78 words make 1 folio , or sheet of co mm on law .

90 u l u u u no

I E MA L M C IS B B .

1 . How many doccns in § a groee i 1n 2j groas i In a

i great

2 . Howman y palrs in 40? Beores in OO ? Scores in IO ? Sets in 48 7 ’

8 . How many sheets in 3 quires 7 In 2§ q ui res i In t e ream i

In f ream?
4 Ho wmany eggs in fl donen i In half a dosen i In a dou n
.

sn d aq u arter i
5 Ho wmany ym rs in 3 score i In 8 score and 10? 1n 4 score
. .

and a hal fi
6 1i ow many sheets of paper will bc required to make a 12m0
. .

book o f 360 ps gcs t O f 480 pages t

7 110wmany eheets will he req uired to make an octavo book of
.

320 m ? O f 400 ps g es 7
8 110wmauy oetavo boohs will the paper for aq uarto book make
.

o f the same nnmber o f pag es ?

WR ITT E N m o re “ .

1. How man y fine b lac k cr ay o ns are t here in 42 how ,

eac h con tai nin g 1 g ross ? Am 604 8

M
. .

2 . S old 63 boxes of ay n ard s

’
writ ing ink, each box co n

taining 3 do zen bo tt les ; how man y g ross ?

A ns 1 5 g ross , 9 do zen
Wha w
. .

l . t on ld be the cos t of 3 240 sheets of foolscap at

86 cen ts a quire ? Ans .

4. A lad y copied in on e m o n th c hancery folio. at

M y per fo lio , wbat d id she rece iv e ?
1 86 s o auu. us t o n as t r n uu to .

wn m n u su
m mo n s .

1 . Wha will 5
t to ns of coal cost, at 374} a hun dred ?

2 . Ho wmany g uineas in 47 poun ds an d 5shillings ?

Am 45 g uinms. .

8 Howmany poun ds A voird upois in 1 05000 g raim ?

A m 1 5lb . .

4 At 6/ a poun d ,
. what will
A ns .

6 . Howm uch wiHG ban eh of flour cos uat the rate of ll l

cen ts a poun d ?
6 . Ho w man y suits of clothes, con tain in g 64 yd . each
,

can be cut out of 93 yd of cloth? A m 1 3 ; 5} yd o ver

. . . .

7 How man y dwes of medicine, each w

. eig hing 7 g rains
cau be made o ut 1 3 2 3 2 8 1 1 g r ? . A ns 93 doses. .

8 . How many cann on balls, each -

weig hing 41 lb 1 0401 . .

can be mad e out of a w n of iron ?

9 . Howmany times will awhesl, 1 5 ft 4 in in . . cit cum?»-

in g oin g 50 miles ?
en ce, revo lve Ans 1 72 1 715 . .

1 0 \ Vhich is g reate r, an d ho w m uch, six doz en doz euor

.

a half a dozen d ozen ? A ns l st, b y 792 . .

11 . How many k egs , each con tain in g 5p l . 2 qt .

can be filled from a tun (4 lthd .

) of wine ? An s 444 . .

How man y
‘

19 . lots of 5 A 8 2 P are there in a field cen

. .

tain in g 66 A 24 P ? . . A m 1 2 lots . .

18 . At 1 3 cen m a pound ,
ho w m uch rice can be bou
g ht

fo r A m 3 1 2} tons
. .

14 . How much time will a person loss in 50 m in

an hour s each A m afternoon ?
2 3 0
’
tak in g p na
y r
15 4 1 . . .

1 5 If a comet pass thro ug h an arc of 7 5 a da a

° ’
.
y, h s

lon g will it be in desc rib ing an arc of A ns (is . .

16 H o.w m an y m in utes lon g er was Ja n ua ry, 1 860, t han

Februar y of the sam e year ?

1 7 If a physician u
. ses on a n avera g e 53 73 1 9 4 gr ol .

dr ug s daily , ho w man y d id he use d urin g F ebruar y , 1 876?

AM Ah 75 3 5Va1 6 gr . “ . W .
 n o uo xr o n s s un r u n . 201

cm II .

T o fin d the d ifler en ce of l o n g i tud e m

'

32 1 . o f
p l aces when the ir d if er en ce of ti m e is g i ven
’
.

1 . The difieren ce of time bet wee n t wo places is 2 6 min

ute s ; what is their di neren ce of lo n g itude ?
M ur mur Sinc e l h -
of tim e correspon d s to 15
°

m
.

lon g imdq an d l min ot tim e to 1 5 ot l

’
of tud e,
' °
’
.

l S tim u the n um her of /tours an d m a -

ence
um ber o f dogma
ultipl y ing by 1 5 we have M

um and by 1 5; the
. . result wi ll be the dif er ence o f lon gi tude

warm s: n m c rs m .

2 . The diflerence of time be tween P hilad elphia an d Cin

cin n a is about 3 7 min 2 0 sec ;
ti what is t he d iflerc n ce
'

. . of

long itude ? An s 9 .
°

8The time at S t Louis is abo ut 53 min utes earlier than

W
. .

the time at ashin gton ; what is the difieren ce in lon g itude ?

’

A ns 1 8 °

Wh
.

4. en it is n oon at Lo n d on it is about 7 o clock, ’

A . a
t ,

in P hil adelphia ; req uired the di fferen ce of long itude .

A n s A bout 75 .
°

5 In traveling from
. New Y ork C in c in n ati I fin d m y
to

watch is 41 mi n 8 2 see too fas t ui d h d ifl

'

. .
; req re t e ere n ce o f
long itude . A ns 1 0 °
.

”M ARY P RO E W B.
T o be om t t ted un leas o t her wlse d ireot od .

C Iu eom lng trom 8an F raneisc o to P hilad elphia I fin d my

.

wateh h s h flm in 8] m too slow; what iathe long itud e of 8an

.

c h eq that of Phi l a being . 750 9 5 ?

' "
A M . 122° 26 ’

7 The lon g ituds of Cam hrld g e, En g l an d, is 5 ea at, an d the 21

' "

M
.

diflmen ee d time b ctween it aud Cam brid g e, asa, is 4 h 44 m lu

’

M
'
. .

m ; r eq uired the loug it n d e ol the latter place .

0 " w
An s 71 7 91'
est . .

8. The long itude o f New Y ork is 74 8 0 ’ w s

e t, and ol J er un lem is

a x at New Yor k, what is the . .

time at J
erusalem ?
2 06 s c an “ . e uro s s s trs un tc .

to ads ctmd .

war t r un -
ax e ac rs ea .

Red uce
1 0 pwt 1 2 g r to the deci mal ot a lb
'

2 . 5 oz . . . .

Ans . . t 6041 661b t . .

8. B pk t qt . . l pt to the decimal
. ot abu .

A ns . . 8 9062 5 bu .

93 1 5 2BS p to the decimal ot a lb A ns 768 75 lb

'

l . . . . . .

5 286 rd 1 yd 3} in to the d ecim al

. . . . of a m ile .

A ns 8 948 75 mi
Wha d ”
. . .

6 . t ec imal part of b g al is 1.
q t 3 2g .

A ns . . 0725 .

7 Red uce 2 95rd

. . ayd . 22 . Bin to the decim al
. of a mils .

A ns . . 92 408 459
Red uce 91 1b l 2 i to the decimal ot a ton
'

. ot . .

A ns . . 0458 023 48 76 ton .

u r am m m
n su .

m em oos m n rm

1 . How man y eecon ds are there in the c ircmnfem ce o t

'

a can i agt

wheel ?
$ A hd y put up 50 q uafl u ns of strawha rleu ho w m an y pech
dld ahc put up ?
8 . W
hen the sun hss seemed to pus over 4§ sig ns ho w m y ,

secon ds has he rcd to move t w

t Ho w many pages ot an och vo volume can he prln ted s qulm
‘

. on

otpaper ?
5 A hostler at ahotel stabl e tcd out tflhalf peck meusm es ol oa
’ '

.
-
tl ;
hm man y bushels did he feed t
6 San h pick ed a peck o t chcrfi m an d sold them at t cen ts a pint;
.

no w much did she receive for them ?

L A sai lor toolt the soun din g an d thun d the water lb tu t doep :
'

hov many tathoms was lt ?

‘

”
8 Hy y and tather s age is three-score y ea and tern
’
.
"
rs hos
m y ycau old ls hc ?

he ll thcm to gain bo cen ts apiece ?

n

10 I paid $ 3 20 fo r a huahel ot b uck lebcrrles how shall I a

t!
'

. . :

them wz ain z cen u q

a uart ‘
 L as s o us r ao s t e us . 207

l d oc en sho vela at 80£ 0.ad oeen z hov shall

g xo
'
ss torhaip plnathat l may sel l them fm
2 cen b a d oeen ?
mauy cub ic inches in a 2 inch cubs ? in at ineh cuhe t- -

fiancs ho w man y
'
cen ti mes ? How many in BQ trancs ? in

m ay leap y cars in every cen tury ? At what timc d ld tbt

Number ol

tor a bushel o t cra

‘

n berries ; ho w shall he
cen ts a pin t ?
so ld on e day a bu shel of pea n uts -
by the
uch did she receive ?
sets of chairs. an d adam n
d ahe buy ?
'

ho w many words

to cen u abox each hox ccntain l ng a

will l gain oueach collar by sel lin g them for e

" P ET E ! s x s n cu z s .

in sor m n z ous raos m e.

1 . If 8 barrels of flo ur cost £ 24 1 2 8. 8d .
, what will 12
barrels cost at thc same rate ? A na £ 3 6 l 9s .

2 . If 7 bales of g oods weig h 2 0 cwt 76 1b. what will 66

.
,

bales of the same si e z weig h An s 1 66cwt

Wha
. .

8 . t cost 8 §cord s of wood ,

at the rate of £ 1 1 5d for .

Si d ?
cor s A ns £ 1 6 1 2 3 2 §d 4

aW
. . .

ha
. t cost 8 }y d . of clot h, at the rate of p y
er ard ?
A ns
Multiply 8} d
.

5 . . by and from the product take 2 a

d. A M Is l l f d . . .

6 A d d Ooi sq y d
. . . .
, . 042 sq ft .
,
and 0008 sq in
. . .

Ans . sq . in
7 Red uce 1
. shillin g , 1 1 pen ce an d farthi n g s to the
d ecimal of ag uinea
208 s e ats “ us xo s
. s at r s ur r t c .

8. How many cub ic feet in cord s ? How many

cubic in ches in t he same ? Ans 961 6 c u ft . . .

9 . Ho w much g old may he ob tained trom a ton of q uart s

rock. it it yield s 001 6 of its weig ht in g old ? A ns

. . lb .

1 0 Ho w m uc h is the cos t of 2 4 c wt 8 7lh o f

. . . s ug ar at ,

per hun d red weig ht A ns .

11 . A man boug ht 4 hhd . 2 8 g al 3 qt . . of win e at $ 4 50a .

g al lo n what d id it cost ? A ns .

12 A g rocer s hipped 61 2 0 eg gs to P hiladelphia in 6 bar

.

rels ; ho w man y d id he pa c k in a barre l ? Ans 85 d oz . .

1 8. A n a h a b u h l i d u a 5
'

pot ec ry o g t 1 6 1b 1 0 oz o r g s, t 8 12 2 . .

a pound ; req uired the cost . Ans .

o c loc k t he s un has seemed to pass o ver 4 °

1 4. S in ce 9 ’

23 ’
what time is it ? A n s 9h 1 7 min . 3 3 §m
. .

1 5 A drug g ist purcha

. sed 20 lb 8
} o z . . o f opium at 48{
cents an ounce what d id it cost ? An s
Wha
; .

1 6. t is t he weig ht of in g o l d dollars at

g r . eac h? Wha t is t he weig ht in sil ver half d oll ars at -

g r. each? A ns 4479lb 2 on ; 66979lb 2

. . . oz .

17 . If I st art at S t Louis, latitude 3 8

.
°
37 2 8 ' "
N and .
,

travel d ue n ort h 1 800 miles ; what latitude d o I reach ?

° ’
A ns 64 39
Wha
.

18 . t co st 3 1 lb . 1 4 oz . of d rug s . if 6 lb . 6 oz . cost

19 . What cost b cwt 65lb . . o f s ug ar, if 96 o f a cwt . . cost

20 . Wha t cost 10cwt 8 1 lb o f hay , if 5cwt . . . 552 1 . cost

A ns £ 4 1 8 3 . .

21 . It £ 1 2 4 1 6 s 6 d are . . worth ho wma y dol n

lars are £ 13 6 1 0 8 6 d . . worth ?

22 In what t ime will a man walk l m mL IOO rd d t be gw
w
.

A u sc h mtn .

28 . It A travels 2 1 111 1. 198 rd 4 yd in . . 6 h 80 mln , how tar. .

will he g o in 9 h . 46 min ?
 s o aun . un i on as t r uaar t o .

S E C T IO N V II .

8 8 2 Tbo Applications
. ea sures to the farm, thc “M
ho usehold the mec hanic arts, etc are s o ext ens i v e that we
,
.
,

no w presen t a dis ti n ct treatme n t of the subj t

ec

M
.

3 3 3 These Practical easuremen ts in clud e easures M

M M
.

of S urface eas ures of V o lume eas ures o f Capac ity , and

Wig ht a d f M y
, ,

Co mpari so n of e s n o on e .

Mas se us e o r S U R F A CE .

3 3 4 A Surface is
. that which has leng th an d
without thickness

33 5 A Rectang le is a plan e surface

.

havin g four aides and fo ur ri g ht ang les A .

slate a door, t he sid es of a roo m, etc , a

,
re ex .

amplee of rect an g les .

3 3 6 . A Rectang le has two di mensi ons ,

’

leng th an d bread th A Sq uare is a rectang lo in

.

whic h the si de s are all eq ual .

3 3 7 The Ar ea of a rectang le is the

.

sur face inc luded within its si des It is .

exp res s ed b
y t he n um ber of ti mes it con

tains a small sq uare as a un it of measur e .

Rul e I .- To
tt ply its len gth by i ts br ead th
find the area of a
.
m an -
or
M aul
.

For, in the abc vq the w

ual to the u cach row m u l ti lied
p
w ch is eq ual to the n um ber of linear um ta in
°

the n um ben in the bread th .

Rnl o II .
- To fi nd either sid e o f a sqm cr

d i vide the area by the other sid e .

 us s s us s us n r or L A ND . 213

Rul e 1 1 — 1b fin d the d iameter of a ci r cle m ulti p ly the

.
,

c ir c umf er en ce by 3 1 83 . .

Rule III . T0 fin d the ar ea of a ci r c le, m ultip ly the ci r

c um f by m f our th of the d iam eter , multiply the
'

eren ce or

squar e o f the r ad i us by 8 1 41 6 .

wm r r am sz x n n c ns szs .
'

1 . The diameter of a c irc le is 1 2 4 feet ; what is its c ir

um feren ce ?
Sc ran — To find the circum feren ce we m ulti l the diamete r
z
to n ,
py
gg
di 3 1 4 16x 12 § eq uals
. hen ce the ci rc um feren ce eq n
r
Wha
‘

2 . t is the circumference of the plan et V enus, its

d iam eter being abo ut 7800 m iles ? An s 2 4504
. .

3 . T he d istance roun da circular po nd is 500

is t he di stan ce across the pon d ? A ns .

4 . How m any t im es will a carriage wheel 4 ft 6 in in . . c ir

c um fc rence re vol ve in d riv ing 1 0 m iles ? A ns 1 1 73 3 } .

5 I hav e a circ ular flo wer bed 50 feet in

. -
circ umference

what is the area of t he bed ? A ns 1 98 sq ft 1 35sq in

. . . . .

6 . A co w is fas te n ed to a stake by a rope 1 6 feet lon g ;

what space can s he g ra z
e o ver ? Ans . sq .
y d .

To b e o m i t te d un less o the r wise d irected

w
.

7 If the eq ua rial diame te r o f the earth is

. m iles , what
are its circum fem e and the leng t h o f ad eg ree o f lon g itud e at the
eq uator ? A ns 24890536+ miles ; H m il es
AC . M -
.

8 . A circular no wer- bed be in g d ivid ed in to fo ur eq ual parts by

11n d drawn from the cen tre, o n e sec t ion was plan ted with tulips ;
what was the areaof the tulip bed, its o uter ed ge being 7 feet ?
AM . sq . ft .

MEA S U R EMENT O F LA ND

M
.

3 44 T he Uni t of easur e o f lan d is t he Acr e whic h

. ,

is sometim es di vid ed in to sq uar e r ods an d so met imes into

s
quar e chain s . Hund red t hs of an sure are also freq uen tly
used .

mt m
G o vern m en t lands are d ivided by parallels and m arfi n m i
'

056m wh
.
ic h m n ts in 3 6 sq uare m iles o r u an d each m
q
a w“
l W .
 21 4 n nnn n . un t o s s at r s us r t c .

eq ual e roti c. -
g lve cquarc c m ;
rod smul tiplied b y rod l g lve
d w, that l acre - l o aquare m
warm am ou nts .

1 . [l o w m any q
s uare rod s in a g rass plat 65 ft lon g and .

1 5ft . wide ?
So ntrrto m— Tlte areaequals 15, or 975 sq ft ; red uc in g to eq um
m
.

fun, we have e sq rd . .

2 . Ho w m any acres in a rectan g ular m ead o w 725 rods

ro d s wide ? A ns 1 8 19 A SO P
Wha i h alu f a fa m
. . .

d t s t e v e o r ro s lo n g an d 120
d wid a $ 8 1 §a a
ro s ? e, A t n c re ns 8 1 2 795 91 }
5 M A b ug h 64 A 1 1 6P
.

. f la d f
r . o t . . o n or per square

rod , an d so ld it fo r per sq uare rod ; what d id he g ain ?

Am $ 2 58 9 . .

5 A rec tan g ula d is 200rd l l y d long an d 1 50 rd

'

. r po n . .
. .

1 5yd . wide ; req uired its area

A n s 1 93 A 1 3 7P 1 5} sq y d
. . . .

6 . I have a field ch lo n g an d
. c h wi de ; how .

much land d oes it c o n tain ? Ans 1 6A 14 P

M Wil
. . .

7 . r . so n s
’
farm co n tain s 1 63 A 3 ch , an d its lengtl
. .

is 71 eh ; ho w m any . rod s of fence would be req uired to

su rro und it ? A na 1 52 ml . .

To b e om tt te d un i s-am mo ni u m
8. 1! 3 townahlp ls eq uall y di vid ed amon g 480fi mi h w ho wm
aom d oeo each fam lly reoe ive, and what a
p t
r of a eeotie u do!
eac h recei ve ? A ns 48 ac res ; f f a confida
‘

.
, o

9 Ho w man y rails are req uired to fen ce a m m

M
. t ( 111

the fen ce being b m ih hig m an d eaeh rafls m lon g ; md wm

will he the oa t at ‘ilb pe r
1 0 A field 80 ro ds lo n
‘

the m e wld th con tain s

Geld ?
 co st or aar rr ro uas ’
wo n . 215

m A mm ha Mhafl
o ng alot of g mund GO mds sq m plm ted B

he h pt to pu ture his oo w; how

lot was past ure ?
A MOA .

C OST O F A R T IF ICE R S ’
WO RK
W
.

8 4 5 By Ar tificers or k we m ea
’
. n plas terin ,
g pain s
in g paperin g , pavin g sto n e cutt ing etc
, ,
-
, .

3 4 6 P lasterin g , pain ting , papering , pavin g an d ceiling

. ,

are estimate d by t he squar e f oot or squar e yar d

M
Roofing , .

8 ,

sq uare foot or y ard .

es, which common ly m easure 1 8 in by l in, .

the thousan d or bun d le 1 000 are ge n er

.

ally allo wed to a square of 1 00 sq ft . .

w arm s m um s “
Wha
.

1 . t will be the ex pe n se of paving a sidewalk 308

l l ft wide at sq ua a d ?
‘
r re
.
pe , y r

am eq uals 308 x 7§, or 2272} it ,

wil l it co at to
'

p las te r a sc hoo l roo m 40 it lon ,

g
-
.

an d 1 0ft . hig h, at a sq uare y ard

A ns $ 80 . .

is the co st of wainscot in g
a room 2 8 it lon g by .

heig ht of 4 ft 3 in at pe
.r sq uare .

A ns .

be cost of slatin g a ro of 52 ft mm . lon g ,

2 0ft . wide ,
at per sq uare

A ns .

ho use is 50 11 . lon g , 2 8 ft wi d e ,
and an d
will be the expense of o utside pai n tin g at
An £ 668 3 5 .
 2 18 s o s ru r. n s ro s as rr n n r r rc .

ef cubic uniu eq uals the n umber on the hase multiplied by the mm bo

of layers of these cubee or 9x 8 = 27 ; hen oe the w h o le n um her of cubu,
wn m eq uals the prod uc t of the leng th, ht ead th, and heig ht
,

or the .

Rul e 11 — To find either di men sion, di vid e the con ten ts by

.

the pr od uc t of the ot her two d i men si ons .

wru r r m t m ' '

arkers l l

Wha a
.

t re the c o nten ts o f a roo m 1 8 ft lo ng .

,
l 4 ft . widt
ad 1 0ft hig h ?

m
.

SO LUT IO N — To find the con ten t s, we m ul ti the len gt h, us

g
a
.

he rt tog ether, an d we have 1 8 x 14 x 1 0==2 z cu . fi ; . re d

yard s we hav e 93 cu y d 9 c u fl
Wha a
.
, . . .

2 . t re t he so lid co nten ts o f a cube whose ed g e meas

ures l y d l ft ? . . A ns 2 . 0u .
y d . lO cu . ft
8. A ciste rn 9Pt . sq uare con tain s 405 c ub ic feet ; what is
its depth A ns 5 B . .

4 . How man y cubic inches in a rectan g ular bloc k of mar

ble 6 ft lon g 4 ft wide an d 2 §fl thick ?
.
,
A M 1 08680
.
, . . .

5 How m any cubic y ards of air in a ro o m 2 5h long

. .
,

1 2 h Gin
.
,
an d 9}.it h iwide
g h ? A n s 1 09 cu
y d . .

m .

6 A pil e ofbricks con tain s 1 25cub ic y ards , an d is 1 3 ft Gin

. .

wide and 8 fl t in hig h ; what is its leng th ? A n s 3 0 a

, . . . .

7 Ho w much earth will be d ug out of a cellar 79 ft long,

. .

48 0 . wide , and 7 ft 8 in deep ? . . A ns 92 8 . on .

y d .

THE CYLINDER .

3 53 A Cy lin d er is a roun d bod y of uni

.

form s iz e, with eq ual an d parallel circles for its

ends . The t wo circ ular en ds are called bases .

8 54 . T he Altitud e of a cy lin der is the d is

tan ce from the centre of one base to the cen tre

f the other .

8 6 5 The Convex Surface of a cy linder is the

.
surf
ed
of the curved a t
p r .

Rul e I To fi n d the
f a cyl i n d er , con vex sur
f ace o ml
M
.

W
kph/ e d m m f er en ce of the b ase by thc alfitud e .

Rul e 1 1 — To fin d the contents of a cylin der .

.

cm of the bas e by the a ltitud e .

 warmrm ! -
mx n rwrs ms
What i
.

1 . s the con v ex surface o f a cy lin d er, the diameter

of whose base is 8 inches an d whose altitud e is 1 2 in ches ?
San ct i on — The circum ference of the e eq ua ls 8 x 3 l 41 6 whic h w .
,

is inchm ; m ultiply ing by the altitude, 1 2, we h ave

sq uare in ches, the con vex surface .

2 . I have a log 1 8 ft lon g an d 90 in ches in d iameter ; how

.

m an y sq uare feet of b ark on the lo g ? A ns . sq . ft

.

8 . is 1 0 feet deep, and 3 feet in d iam eter ; ho w

A well
many cubic feet d oes it con tain ? A ns cu ft

W
. . .

4 hat is the cost of d ig g i ng a well 1 5 ft deep and 9

. .

ft i n c irc um ference at , a c ub ic y ard ? A n s .

b . Howm uch zin c will it take to lin e the sides of a cistern

8 R in diameter and 8} feet deep ?
. Ans sq y d . . .

6 Dr Hiestan d put in his ho use a c istern 1 0ft in d iame

. .
, .

ter an d 4 ft 6 in hig h; ho w m an y c ubic feet o f wate r d id it

. .

hold ? A ns . cu. ft
.

WO O D MEAS UR E .

3 56 The . easu r e of M Wd oo is the car d, which is

d i v ided in to cor d feet, etc .

3 5 7 A 00rd of wood is a pile 8 feet long 4 feet wide,

. ,

an d 4 feet hig h It con tains 8 co rd feet, or 1 2 8 cub ic feet

.

8 58 A Car d F oot
.

is a part o f t his pile 1

foo t lon g It is t hus .

1 foot lo ng , 4 feet wide ,

an d fee t hig h, an d
4
con t ains 1 6 cubic feet .

Bol d — To fin d the n umber f i

o n acor d s
p i le f
o w oo d .

fi nd the nu mb er f
o cubrlc f eet an d r ed uce to cor d f eet a ns

WR IT T E N E XE R CI S E S .

1. How m any cord s in a pile of wood 2 8 it long ,

hig h, an d 1 0 ft wide ? .

So uruort — The . n umber

feet eq uals 28 x 10x 10 of cubic
eq uals 2800 di vid ing by 16, to reduce this to co rd tun,
°

aord k et : dfvidirwby 8 to red noe thia

 x z s s us s s or C A P A C IT Y . 223

2 . W
hat will be tb e coet af dig g in g a cellar 42 m long , % ft .

wtda and o ft .

yard 1 A ns
‘
.

8 Ho w many perches ( 24! c u ft ) o f st on e, laid d ry , will b uild

. . .

av ail aroun d a lot m rd lon g an d 1 8 rd wid e, t he wall to be . .

e m b ig h and 2 tt e in thick ?
W
.

4 . hat will be the cost of fill in g in s ettest 600 feet lo ng

an d 66 feet wide, averag ing 4} ft b elow g rad e, at acub ic .

y ar d ll

5 Ho w many b ri ck s of averag e si e will it req uire to build

. z
the walls of ahouse 48 ft lo ng , 2 5th wid e, and 2 1 ft hig h, the
“
. .

wall being 1 3 in thick (21 b rick s to sq . allowing 2 40 sq . .

( or d oors and wi n d ows A ns bricks . .

3 m m P RO B m B.

M Wil had a w ll d ug i hi ya d 6 ft i d iam a d

6 r. s on e n s r n et er n

t at w w25
.
. ,

1 0 m 0 iu d p ; what d id it fi
ee a l ad ? A coe o ns.

7 W
. .

hat wil l b th
. at f th b i k i a h m i O fi q uam
e e eo o e r c s n o s ,

22 ft hig h th wall b i g th b l k thi k “ Philad lphia

e s e n ree rc s c e

M?
.
, ,

b i k a 01 5} p t A
Wha will b h t f d gg g a d walli g th lla f a
r c , er . ns .

8 . t e t e cos o i in n n e ce r o
h m wm b y fi k
o e lla b g 6 f d p a d h wall 7l f tb e oe r e in t ee n t e t
b ig b a d “
, . .

it hi k “th
n a ati g d f a l ad aud tb
t c e ex c v n oos t b
s o e

“20 a m
.
, ,

m as on ry ?

MEA SU R ES O F CA P A CITY .

3 65 . Ma u Capacity are volumes used

e s res of to dc ter
m in e t he quan ti ty of fluids an d m an y dry substan ce
8 6 6 The Prin cipal . ea su res o f capacity are the gut M
lo n for liq uid subs tances , an d the bus hel for dry substances .

3 07 The Capacity of O isterns ,

. etc .
,
is usually ex

pressed i n g all o ns o r barrels .

8 68 T he Stan dard Liquid Gall on of the U nited

.

S tat es co ntai n s 2 3 1 c ubic in ches , an d is eq ual to about Bi ll) .

Avoirdupois of pure water .

3 8 9 The Barrel. of 31 } gallom , and the hogshead of

 x rs c s n n s s s o us r n o s h n x s. 221

l . A hs y mov is 2 i itfilong by IS ih wid e s nd l d ft hlg h; whst

M
- .

h the vs h e of the hay whw it b fifiei val ued at ‘ma ton, on.

k to a ton ?
1 8. L J M
enkins sold s rec ts n g ul ar s taek o f han t long , 7 ft . .

wid e, an d 6 ft hig h, at 015 s ton ; what was the val ue o f the hay
. ,

10 c u y d to aton
. . Ans .

1 4. A c rib fll led with corn in the ear m eas ures on the in s ide 20
m in what will be the
value o i
’
the com when shelled at 81 05 s b us hehil 2 b us hels
, . in the
es r make l b us hel when shelled ? A ns .

1 Howman y planks la
. id cross wise, l tt wid e will it tak e for ,

s boerd walk l mi wrd long an d 4 ft wid e ? A ns 5544

.
, . . .

2 How man y b ushels of g rain can s tarmer st ore in a ho g e

.

head con tain in g 122 gallons A ns 1 8 1 +b u

. . .

8 Howmuch stair carpet will b e re q uired for aflig ht of 15

M
.

ps each 10 in wide an d N in hig h l A m 8 ! yd

’
.
, . . .

4 T o dig asewer 1} miles long , 5 ft

. . wide , and 8 ft deep .
, cost

0371 6 ; what was the price per cub ic yard A ns .

5 A has a m o w20 ft long , 1 2 ft

. . . wi d e , and 10 ft d eep ; ho w.

man y tons of hay ( 400 cu ft ) d oes it hold 1 A m 6 to ns

. .
’
. .

6 F ro m aq uartz roc k yi eld i n g silver at the rate 01 0123 315Des

.

ton , aminer obtain ed worth ; what was the weig ht oi t ne

A ns 1 2 . cwt . ln .

7 1 ! 4 perso ns can
. stan d on one sq uare yard of g ro und , how
man y people can be con tained in a public sq uare 82 rods on each

si d e A ns 1 23904 .

8 . Howmany b unches of lath will be req uired for the walls

a room 1 8 1t 10ng , l 4 ft wid e, l o tt hig h eac h
'

an d ceili ng of . . . .

b un c h b ein g esti mated to cover 5 sq yd ? A ns . . .

9 I wish to cover my perlor 25

. wi th carpet
28 in wide ; what will it cost me
.
yard , the strips

runn ing leng thwise with 3 i yd waste? , . Ans .

1 0. A st reet 66 ft . wide was paved with Ni cholson pavemen t ,

squa what did “ s ua ”

per re yard ; it cost te ps ve s q re
62 nods lone P An s . W .
m I O BI AL un i o n aarr uuar ro .

tunnel is onee ig hth d amfle long , a

ralhua veuging
’

1 1. A d
fl m wid e wd m w
hig h ; what d id the emcavation cost, at ‘1 fl
acubic yard P A M 81 7600 . .

1 2 . How man y freig ht care will b e req uired to m nq mt

m oc ha of wheat, 601b each, 240001b bein g the weight allowed
. . .

tor s sing ie car P A n so cars .

1 8 A coal dealer has a wag on which holds exact ly one ton

.

of b ed is l i
‘
-

An a l 2fi n .

1 4 I used the earth tak en trom 4 cellars in g md in g alot ol

.

g ro un d ; if the cellars were 80x 21 tt , and .

82x 24 ft , respecti vely , and 5 1t deep , ho w man y loa

. d s (cu yd ) . . .

did l use l ‘
A n e m i loa ds .

15 . W
hat costs t he excavation for a cellar 5} it deep under the .

main b uildin g o f ad woll ing house EOXSG ft and an excavation ! “

-
.

the walls o i au L
'

per cu y d ?
W
. .

16 hat eosts the plastering of a house 01 12 rooma, there beiu

'

ou ea ch a t ory l room s l l x w
it aud ahal1 80X8 m; t he flrs t story
w
.

heing l O it hig h, the eec o nd Q } it , aud the third 9} th a

'

bein g also mad e fo r u d oors IXBQ ft , an d 80 windo ws 6X3 1t , st

'

w
.

flo er - m yth?
1 7 Req uired the coet of acellar od a house x
. m, the d lfisr» '

ww
s fo ll ows : ex ca
eat ite m s b eing a vatin g cellar, d eep, t son a r
a
ou yd ; oellar wall, 7 ft hig h wd l B h thc the lo wer d m com
w
. . .

mou masonry, ! 63 1 5 a perc h, an d the upper aft cut -

. tom at .

per sq . lt
.

18 Req uired the cost o f b rick work ot the same hon se, the wsfll
.
v

being 86 1t hig h and 1 8 1n thick , and g ab 1e 1 0m hig h, uain g oas

MM
. .

mon bric h at OIO pc ,

b ricklay ing ooetin g 0
8 per
.
, .

(or l deorq eaoh 7 11 .

232 NO R MA L U N IO N aarr n us r rc .

S E C T IO N V III .

P E R C E N TA G E .

3 76 . Per centag e is the process of computation in wh o!

the b asis of com parison is ahun dr ed .

3 77 T he Term p er cent
. from p er , by , an d centum, a -

—
hun d r ed mean s by or on the hun d r ed ; thus, 6 per cent 01 .

an y q uan tity mean s 6 of every hun dred of the q uan tit y .

3 78 The Symb ol of Per centag e is

. T he per cent
may also be in d icated by a com mon fraction or a decima l;
thus 6 = T 3 %
3 79 . The Q uanti ti es con sidered in percentag e are the
B ase, the Rate, the P er cen tag e, an d the A mount or Dry er
en ce .

3 8 0 The Base is the

. n um ber on which the percen tage

is computed .

3 8 1 T he Rat e is t he
. n um b er of hun d redt hs of t he base

which are taken .

382 . The Per centag e is the result obtain ed by taking

a certain per cen t . of the base .

T he Amount Difleren ce
'

383 the sum d ifier

'

. or 18 or

en ce ofthe b ase an d percen tag e T hey m ay bo th . be em

braced un d er the g en eral term P r oceed s .

No ut — In co m putation the rate is usually express ed as a d eci mal For

the d ifieren ce be’ ween
.

Rats and r ate p er cen t , see B rooke s P hilosop hy Q]

’
’

A rithmetic .

EXP R ESS IO N O F THE R A TE .

1 . Express 4 % as a decimal an d com m on fraction .

is 0 an y on a e t O P E R A TIO N.
n r cen

2i
p .

hun e , 4 o a q uan tity is 0 o it ; or, as

47 04=
0=
h ‘
.

acom m on fracti on , or fi of it .
T
z
1s .

E xpress
2 An s 05 or {W 4 An s 07 or 3
k
. .
T ,
. . . .

8 . 67
0 . An s . . 06 or Nu
‘ lx . 3 0
10. Am . . 08 or
 r ao r rr A N D L 0 8 8 . 241

for aho rse and , sold it at 1 6§ % ad vance

bought calico at ents ay ard , and so ld

was the selling price ?

; for what mu st b e sell her to loa
e

t at again of 25$ on its whole cost z

what did
’

ior he sell i t t
‘

l . A man bo ug ht a horse fo r $ 2 50, an d so ld it so as to g ain

what did he g ain ?
O P ER A TIO N .

Gunm en — II the home was bo ug ht for 8250 and so ld

30
360 .

Rul e L — ulta l
p y the M ’

cost by the r ate, to fin d the p r ofit

loss
Multip ly th
.

Rul e II .
- e cost by 1 p l us the r ate of p r o t fi
by 1 mi nus the r ate
f o loss, to fin d the selli ng pr ic e .

2 I bought $ 640 worth of En glish prints

. and so ld them
at again of 1 2 what was the gain ? Ans
M Mga
.

3 . r . or n so ld his house, which cost 83680 at a loss ,

of % 5 what d id he receive for it ? A m 83496 . .

4 A man weig hin g 1 62 lb los es

. of his weig ht in a

mon th ; how m uch did he then weig h ? Ans 1 08 lb. .

5 A dealer boug ht
. coal .
at a t on , which he sells at
g ad va
207 n ce ; what was his price ? A ns
M
.

6 I sold a lo t of en velopes marked 19 a t 10 an d

“
. ,

1 07. OF ; w hat was the pr ice received ?

Some valentin es mar ked 61 5 were sold at 25, 20, and
off ; what was the sellin g price ? A ns .

at 1 57
0 ad van ce ;
I sell it ? Ans .

at 40 % o ff, an d sel ls at a g ain of

a 8650 pian o ?
. Ans .

ged to mark down o ld -

fashion ed
deduct from these m ark eb N d .
242 N o n uA I. U N IO N Aarr uuar rc .

deduction fro m price is 1 0 and 1 5 ,

% off? what
5, 1 0, an d 1 57
0 oil ? Ans
Wha i
.

the difierence betwwn 1 0 %

'

1 2. t s on an d 5 and 5$
? between 20 and 1 07 an d 20 an d 1 0 %
Wz
on 0 on

AM e : 607
m
1 8. A m erchan t boug ht 84 yd . of F ren ch chin t , at 20}
per ya rd , an d sold it a g ain of 334 9
6 ; what did he g ain in

the transac tion A ns .

It. Hen ry bo ug ht a boat for 88 50 and ,

so ld it at ag ain of
an d the buyer sold it at a loss of what did the
latter recei ve for it ?

15 . M Wak ey for marking go ods is,

r . rn er s
’
new be

q ui c k if he buy a lot of calicoes at 1 0; a y ard,

ho wmust
he mark them to gain 35 ? %
CABB II .

3 94 . G i v en , the r ate wn d the p r ofit or lo ss , or th¢

sell i n g p r ic e, to fln d the cos t.

M E TA L E X E R CIS ES .

1 A boy eold akn ife for 5 cenh less than cont end themby lou
”
.

5 w hat did it cost him ?

floam rou — If he loa
whteh eq uah
t per cen t , thm
.
, “
S centa ;
t
w
f the coa
ti t
.
M
eq uals
e duah 5 times 5 centa, or u cents
o .

2 A shoemaker charged
. cen ts more for apa w
irof t hoeaman thsy
coat him, and thereby gained 1 0$ ; what wu the coet ?
3 Edward sold his watch for
. and thereby loet fi fi ; what d ill m
the watch coet him ?
4 . M
r Ps lum ao ld aset of maps mr flmand thereby luat z b fi a
. h
what -hould he have sold them wgain a ofi r
5 A horse jockey boug ht aho rse for mfllees than its val u
-
a, “
w
.

sold it for fi more than its val ue ; wha t 5 d id hs gain i

6 A pictured ealer so ld two picturu for n meachmn o n e he p ind
.

255, an d on the other he lost

7 A merchant eold asw
. ve for an d thereby lost M '

bought another etove for and upon it gained m what was m

gain er losal ‘

" m ax E X E R C IS ES .

1. A man g ain ed $ 2 8 ona wateh ay

‘
se w n “; m y
fi x ; what d id t he “ w e coat ?
 P R O F I T A N D L0 8 8 .

M IL— Divide MJife erm e betwem tko cod and the

sd l img p rioe by thc m g to fin d the rate
.

2 . S ome m uslin was b oug ht fo r sl y a y ard an d so ld for

what was the g ain Ans 607

0 . .

8 . I sold a lot d amag ed g o ods that

of cost me a
y ard fo r what was t he loss per ce n t ? Am .
6
2 59 .

4 If I b uy paper at
. a m m an d sell it at 2 5; r

q uire, w hat is the g ain A ns .

buy at 20 an d 1 0% ofl and sell for 20 an d 1 05

HI
'

5 .

m what fi do l g ain ? A m 83 l
1 5 . .

6 Bo ug ht valen tines at 25, 20 an d IO % 03 and sold for

'

1 0 an d 5 % ; on what pe r ce nt .d id 1 g ain ? A ns 1 1 3 393 . .

7 . I bo ug ht a lo t of g o ods fo r 1 5 %
b elo w m arket price,
an d so ld t hem fo r 1 5 % abo ve market price ; what d id I
c lear ? A ns .

8 . A man shipped 600 b arrels of flour, and lost of

it by a storm ; he sold 75 % o f t he rema inder ; what of

the who le remain ed ? Ans

M Ja k
.

9 . r . c so n boug ht 500 s hares of m in in g stock for

$ 9000 an d , so ld 400 s hares for what they all co st ; req uired

the g ain pe r cen t . A ns .

10 . Henry s old his horse an d carriag e for $ 450 an d ,

thereby clearedm on ey ; what wo uld he have

of this

g ain ed 0 b
7 y se ll in g t hem fo r 83 90 ? A m .

if “ I bo ug ht a watc h for $ 1 2 0 an d set s uc h a price o n it

. .

that afte r falli n g $ 12 , I s t ill mad e 1 57

0 on the purc hase ;

what d id I abate fro m the as king price ? A ns .

1 2. A lad y so ld her piano fo r $ 350, an d t hereby cleared

% this m o ney ; what wo uld she have g ain ed ii

'

20 of she

had rece ived 370 more than she d id ? Ans

M Ma bl
.

is r r e bo ug ht a lot of cassim eres and

Ma bl
. .

John
f what
“
m arked t hem u no ,
his key being r e

was his g ain at t he m arked price ? A ns .

I oflered my ho use for sa le at 35 % ad vance

'

14 . on its
c o s t, b ut fin d ing no purc hasers at t hat pr ice it was fin ally
so ld at 35 % less t han was first asked ; hat was t he gain W
or loss f
 248 NO R MA L U N IO N s s r r n us r r o .

Rule 1 1 .
— Divide the net proceeds by 1 min us the rate , or

the e ntire cost by 1 p lus the rate, to fin d the base .

WR IT T E N m
ru ors u .

3 . A lawy er ’
s comm iss io n for makin g collection s for afirm
at is $ 1 600; howmuch did he collect ? An s .

4 . A miller sen t his Detroit ag ent $ 92 70 to be in vested in

flour after ded ucting his
, comm ission of what was the
comm ission ? A n s $ 2 70 . .

5 A n ag en t b uy s hides on
. commission , %
at i , and pays
$ 25 for cartage ; the entire bill was what was the
commission ? A ns .

6 A comm ission merchan t sells g oods for a party at 1 49

. 5,
an d charg es 2 4 %
for g uaran teein g the pay men t o f the
money ; his comm ission was req uired t he am ount
of g ood s sold . A ns $ 7580 . .

7 A . cotton fac tor receiv ed to in v est in c otton

at $ 24 a poun d ded uctin g 3 4 , commission ; ho w m a ny
po un d s d id he b uy An s 4560lb s
. .

8 . A n ag en t b oug ht 40 horses o n com m is sion , at 4470 he

paid $ 2 5 fo r k ee in g an d $ 50 fo r tra
p n s ort a
p t io n , which, wit h
his commis sion , am oun ted t o $ 3 45 what did the horses cost
apiece An s $ 1 50 . .

9 I sold s om e ood s on co mm ission at throug h a n

.
g
ag en t, who charg ed me 3 %
my commission , after pay in g
my ag en t, was $ 3 8 8 ; req uired the ag en t s comm ission , my
’

co mm iss io n , an d the m on ey paid to m y employ ers

M
.

An s .
y co m , $ 970; ag.en t ’
s , $ 58 2 s um paid ,

CA S E III .

4 04 . G i ve n, the b as e an d the co m m i s s io n or t he n et

p r o c eed s o r t he en ti r e c o s t, to fin d th e r ate .

1. A com m ission m erchan t collects $ 78 60 an d his

, com

mission was $ 3 93 ; req uired the rate of co m mission .

Sc ran ton — The

com m ission , $ 393, eq uals the O P E R A TIO N.
base, $7860, m ultiplied by the rate hen ce, the rate
$3 93
eq uals $ 393 divided by $ 7860, which we fin d is 05, .

or 5 t a .
$ 7860

Rul e L— Dim de the commi ssi on b y the base , to fi

nd the
'

ma .
 s r oo x s A N D n r v r n s n n s . 249

Rul e 11 — Divide the diflerenee betw

'

een the base and the

Jy w
.

aet p rooceds or thc en tire cost aaeJo fin d tlwrafi .

Wm '
r rn mm u mm ies .

2 . A fac tor sold me land , an d paid

so o v er re

tain i ng as com m iss ion ; req uired t he rate .

A ns .

8 A n ag en t bo ug ht some flour, paid $ 544 sto rag e, and

.

charg ed $ 1 8 0 com miss io n ; his en tire bill was what

was the rate of com miss ion ? A n s 247
0 . .

4 . I sold a con sig nment of cotto n g oo d s throug h an ag en t

for $ 2 500; my co mm iss io n was an d I paid t he
ag e n t what was t he rate of com m iss ion o f eac h?

A ns Mi n e, 44 % A ge n t ’
s 1 49
My fa
. 6 .

5 . ct or sold a co nsig n men t o f sug ar for whic h he

re m itted a note for 8 8500; he c harg ed fo r g uaran
te e in g pay m en t an d for co m m ission ; what was his
rate of co mm iss ion an d of ua a t ?
g r n y
An s C o m
. .
g uar an ty ,

S TO C K S A ND DIV IDENDS .

4 05 . A Company is an ass oc iation of in d ivid uals for

t he tran sact ion of busin ess .

4 06 A Corporation is a company reg ulated in its

.

o perations by a g eneral law or a spec ial c harter .

4 97 The Stock of a co m pany is t he capital in ves ted in

.

the busin ess T he o wners of sto ck are called Stock ho lder s

.

4 08 A Share is on e o f t he eq ual parts in to whic h t he

.

s to c k is d ivid ed A s hare is us ually $ 50 or $ 1 00

. .

4 09 A n Install men t is a s um
. req uired o f s toc kho lders

as a paymen t on their s ubsc riptio n .

4 1 0 A Dividend is a s um paid to
. stoc kho ld ers o ut of

t he g ain s of the co mpan y

4 l l A n Assessment is a s um req uired of st ockholders

.

to meet t he expen d it ures or losses of t he co mpany .

 s r o o x s A ND v as 251
‘

rn ns .

OA SI II.

m an om m
the te m td the d t vtd em t or m
m t , o r the m utt of “un eas e or d ec r ease o f s to c k , to

1 . A ban k d ivid es $ 8400 amo n g the stockholders, bein g

the am ount of 77
0 di vid en d ; req uired t he whole am o unt of

Sanct i on — If $ 8400 is 75 of the stock, orm n on .

then 07 tim es the stock equals $ 8400; hence,

$3400
w
.

the ek eq uals $ 8400 divided by 07, .

.s 31 20000 .
. 07

Rul e I .
- Di vide the d i viden d or assessmen t by the r ate to ,

nd
fi the stock .

Rule II— Dz vide the r esult o f i ase by 1 p l u th

’

. n cr e s e

rate, or the r esult o f decr ease by 1 mi n us the r ate, to fin d

the stoc k .

w am n um am as .

I rece ived $ 880 from a 5} per cen t . d ividen d ; how

much stock d o I own ? Ans $ 1 6000 . .

receive $ a m h f a d i id e nd ; how
8 . I 2 79 s y s are o 970 v

m any shares, at $ 50 eac h, d o o wn ? I A n s 62 s hares . .

4. A co mpany d iv ides 872000 amon g its stock holders, as

the res ult of an d iv id en d ; what is B s s to ck provided
’
,

he o wns Q of the en ti re stock ? A ns $ 1 1 2500

. .

5 A lady
. receives $ 1 2 60 d ividen d at req uired the

am oun t of stock s he o wn s an d the num ber of shares, valued

at $ 50 each Ans 3 60 shares
MB
. . .

6. r. receives $ 78 00 pay able in

,
stoc k, as his s hare

of a 12 7
4; di vid en d ; ho w m an y share s had he at firs t, and
ho w many has he no w, shares at $50? A ns 1 456 . .

7 A g entleman received 7 shares an d

. $ 25 in money as ,

his s hare of a 67
0 d ivid en d ; ho w m an
y s hares , v alued at
$50, d id he then o wn ? A n s 1 82 shares
. .

8 . In 1 8 64 I received a stoc k d iv iden d of 0 in t he

2 57
C amd en and Am boy Rail road , and I then had 8 0 shares, at
$ 1 00 eac h ; ho w man y shares had I at first ?
2 52 NO R MA L U NI O N aarr n mar rc .

9. I receiv ed a stock d iv id en d of %
10 in an oil compan y
in Ma rch, 1 8 65, and a similar d ividend of i
6 n
12 9 Novem
ber o wned
3 08 shares at $ 25; how man y shares ha
1 t hen d
1 at the b g in n ing of the y ear ?
e
A ns 250 shares . .

1 0 The expen ses of an in surance co mpan y , capita

. l
are 757
0 of the g ross earning s ; it reserves

an d pay s a d ividend of what were the g ro w

earn ing s ? Ans .

CA SE III .

416 . G i v en , the s to ck an d d i vid en d or

or r es ul t o f i n c r eas e or d ec r eas e of s to c k , to fi n d the
r ate .

1. A co m pan y whose stock is $ 840000 clears $ 56000 in )

,

y ear ; what rate of d iv iden d can it d eclare ?

Somrrxo m — S in ce the d ividend is so me per or m n o sl.
'

cen t of the st oc k , the bos e $ 840 000, m ultiphed

by the rate eq uals $ 56000; L
.

ence, the ra te eq uals

sse ooo di vid ed b y ss40000 ,
wh ich eq uals 06 3 .

Rul e I — Di vide . the d i vi d en d or assessmen t by the stock,

to fin d the r ate .

Rule 1 1 — Di vide the d ef . er en ce between the stoc k an d the

r es ult o f i n cr ease or d ecr ease by the, stock , to fi n d the r a
te .

wm r r sz a mx rsn c nsms ' '

.

2 A com pan y whose stock is 31 25000 requires an assess

. ,

men t o f $ 1 8 75; what was the rate ? A ns

M
.

3 r A o wn s 2 88 s ha
. . res of sto c k at $ 1 00 an d d raws a , ,

d ividen d o f $ 1 944 what was the rate ? Ans .

4 . T he earn in g s of a can al co m pany for 6 m on t hs are

$ 70000,
the s t o ck is if t hey declare a d i v idend
whose rate is an in teg er, what is the larg est rate , an d what
is t he surplus ? A ns 3 .
% $ 1 00 surplus .

5 A . o wn s 70 s hares in a railroad com pan

y whose
stock is $ 4000000, an d his d iv id en d is req uired
the rate of d iv id en d , and the who le d ivid en d .
5
A ns 51 9 .

6. A fter receiv in g astock d iv iden d , I had 73 s hares

an d $ 1 0 to ward an other s hare

; what was the rate o f d ivi
den d, if I had 61 shares at first ? As s .
 r an , r as x wm ,
s s n n xs c o us r . 268

1. I hold 350 shares in a P ittsburg h g as company

an d receiv ed t wo s toc k di v id en d s , the first amoun tin g to 42

s hares , an d the seco n d to 58 share s an d $ 40; what were the
rates of d ivi den d ? A m 1 2 % an d .

P A R, P R E MIU MA ND DIS CO U NT
, .

41 7 . Capital is p p y i i
ro e rt
g f M y co n s st n o on e , Bond s ,

S tocks , Dr af ts etc ,
.

41 8 . Drafts Check s , ,
an d Bills of Ex chang e are writ
t en orders for t he paym en t of money at so me de fin ite place .

41 9 . Stock s is a g eneral name

applied to the scr ip or
b o n ds of a corporation, and to g overn men t bo n ds an d public
sec uri ties .

4 2 0 Scrip or Certificates of Stock are the papers

.

iss ued by a co rpo ration to its st oc kholders, as evidence o f

the n um ber of shares belon gi ng to each respectively .

42 1 Bonds are wr itte n or prin ted oblig ations to pay

. cer

tain sums of mon ey at o r before a specified ti me .

4 2 2 State Stock s or United States Stock s are bon ds

.

of a S tate or of the U n ite d S tates pay able a

, t so m e fut ure ,

time, with interest at a fix ed rate .

42 3 . T he Par Value o f cap ital is the value m arked on

its face, calb d the nomi nal val ue or f ac e

Ma k
.

42 4 . The Red Value or r et Value of capital is

what it will sell fo r .

42 5 Capital is Abov e
. m
m at ap r emi um or ad vance,
when it sells for m ore than its nom in al v alue Capital is .

below par , or at a discomu,

when it sells for less than its
n om inal v alue .

M
The atock of aeom w
“i ll general ly he aho ve w hen the oom pa ny
is doing a lucrati ve
Z
an d belo w par wh it is do i r
bm inen The ctock o f a mwmc ity , e varies wcordmg . con fi
.

d
fi
.

den c ain in security, the fluct uan om of

’

M
Bu da huo ds, the U 8 6 0“ t imum a ab l d m a d M
m
.
p y e o n e n
“ a fi m a leg al ten d er for all dehm due the Uni ted
Sm except i “ ”
Thes e notes, called g reen bach , are,
wi th noeen in ned by the National Ban h , the pm t cirm m g w
M am a / m M .
258 s o ax u . v s r o u s s rr n n s r rc .

R R
. . rats of bro kerag e bein g i %; req uife
brokerage .

value was 1 5x $50 or

m eoi m rfso,

Rul e IQ — ultip ly the par M value by the ato flr

r at

Rul e II — . Multiply
the p ar value by the m ar ket
mi n us the r ate, to fin d the net pr oceed s ; or by the u
val ue p lu s the r a te, to fin d the enti re ca st .

—
Nor a It is ofien sho rter to mul ttpl the bro k er o ne sha
W
-
re
num ber o t shares hen the par is , o.n e half rate sho uld l - E
in appl ying the rul e .

2 . I bo ug ht throug h a bro ker 46 shares of

at par, brokerag e bein g 47 ; 0 req uired t he

and t he co s t of t he s tock
8: A broker boug ht for me 76 shares 0

at what d id t he s toc k cos t me , t he

per ce n t
M
.

4 . r . Lyte sold t hro ug h his bank er 72 sli m New

Cen tral st ifle}; req uired the b rok era
g e. at is a
.

5 . My b roker bo ug ht on my ac co un t 25 a
s h res Ba
Nort h A merica at 1 50, an d so ld them at 1 61
Wa s his com m is s ion and my pro fit? A ns Pro fit $ 2 62 .
.

6. Shall I g ain o r lose if I

buy 65 shares Nort hern
in ] at and afler wceiving two 4 %diV idenj
them for b ro kerage
cred ?

CAS E II .

48 7 G i v en , the r ate , the b r o

.

p r o c e ed s , or en ti r e c os t , a
th e p ar val ue .

1 . A paid a broker $ 1 50 for sellin g some drafts, 1

rate of what amount oi excit e did he se ll !
“
 aao x au en . 259

Seam an A i a rate of 2 5 — 6 025 times the par am ar wa

m; eq uals 1 e hrok erage, which is 3
. .

val ue of the dra

$ 150
8150 ; hen ce the par valu
W
e eq uals $ 150 di vid ed by 2 56000
whic h we find is OO .

Rul e I — Dt mde the broker age by the r ate, to j in d the par

' °

val ue .

Ru
le Il a -
Di vide the n et
p r oc eed by the mar ket val ue
s

m i n us the rate, or the en ti r e cos t by the m ar k et value p le a

the r ate, to fi nd the par val ue .

warm e st E x mn m s ms
“
.

0
I paid abroker at a for buy ing
V
N Y Cen tral
. .

ho w m any s hares d id he b uy A n s 1 00 share s

M
. .

8 .
paI
id my b roker fo r an in v es tmen t in is
so uri 6 s
’
at 94, in c lud in g b rokerag e at {7 0 what was
t he par v alue o f t he bo n d s ’ An s $ 5000
. .

4 . I sen t a New Y o rk broker 3 draft on F isk 81 B atc h .

for $ 4953 to co ver an in ves tmen t m ade by my ord er in

”
.

Harlem Railr oad at 95 an d his com m iss ion of 2 ;

ho w m any s hares s hall I rece ive ? A ns 52 s hares

My b
. .

5 . $3 000 P hilad elphia 6 s at

roker so ld an d ’

in vested t he proc eed s i n U n ited Co mpanies of New Je rsey

stock at 1 3 1 3 how many d id he b uy , b roker

s hares

a
ge at AM . 22 shares ; s ur lus
p .

C ur . W est lak e 50) at

bo ug ht P enn s y l v an ia R R
(0 . . st oc k

und aold it at ; afle r m g

i n mb m kw ag a he fo un d he had a p rofit
of how man y shares d id he b uy Am 76
W
. .

7 is hin g to meet a no te for 0 5000, I d irect ed m y b rok er to

Wt
.

cell auflcient es Phila Pass R ail way

. . s toc k to co ver the
n o te and b rok erag e; it the stock was selling at 785 ho w m an y
aharea m ust he sel l, and what is t he surpl us ? Am 64 s h ; 024 . . .

8 I sold 25 shares of Philad el p hiaNational Ban k ( 01 00) at

.

an d d irected m y b rok er to in vest the proceed s in Norrist own R R . .

60) at 99; what is the amo un t o f in ves tm ent, alter d ed uct

l t ock ( 0

ing brok erag e ? A 80 shares ; surplu s M . .

 NO B I A L U NI O N A B I T B I R T IO .

CASE III .

488 G i ven , the p ar val ue, an d the b r o k er ag e, or

.

the n et p r o ceed s , or en ti r e cos t , an d t he m ar k et value.

to fin d the r ate.

I . A broker bo ug ht Read in g con vert ib le cou o n

p J
ls
’
, p
ar

value $ 4000 ; his charg e was $ 1 0; what was the r

a te of
brokerag e
SO LUT IO N— The brok era e $ 1 0 e uals the ar
.
g , , q p
va lue, $ 4000, m ulti lied by the rate; hen the rate
eq uals ‘ 1 0 l l d ed
y 000 ,
hiGh 0 “ i. W W
m
‘1 0 = . mi
or i
Rule I— Dt vt de the br oker ag e by the p ar valu to find
' '

. e,

the rate .

Rule 1 1 — Di vi d e the def

. er en ce between the r eal val e o u f
the stoc k , an d the n et
p r oc eed s or en ti r e cost, by the pa
r

value, to fin d the r ate.

wn u r mv '
Ex am s “ .

A broker b uy s 1 1 0 s hares
2 . ofg as s tock, p
ar v lue $25A a
r e wa what was the rate of broker
'

share ; his cha g s

ag e Ans .

A broker, havi ng purc hased , accord ing to ord er, $560

3 . 0
Rhode Islan d 6 s at 1 1 0, in fo rms me t hat t he en t ire cost is
’

$ 61 88 ; what brokerag e d oes he charg e ? A ns in

4 I sen t a d raft for $ 2 1 2 50 to a Detro it bro ker to invest
.
”
M
.
,

ic hig an 6 s at 1 06 ; b e remitted me a balance o f $25;

W
in ’

what rate of brokerag e d id he c harg e ? A ns .

, o.

I NCO ME FR OM INV E S T ME NT S .

43 9 . In vestments in stocks , etc m y e m de

a b a either

fo r in terest on t he m o ney or for the in crease of capital .

44 0 . T here are S ev eral Classes of stocks , v iz . : t hose

of Cor p or ati on s, S tates an d t he Gen er al Go ver n ment

, .

441 . u
Bon d s are d istin g uis hed as Regi ster ed an d Co pon

Bon ds . T he Regis ter ed b on d s are pay able to order find

.

can n ot be t ran sferred witho ut bein g in d orsed .

44 2 . T he Coupon bo n d s have co upon s or certificates Of

in terest attached to them , which m ay be c ut O E an d the infil l"

es t co llected when d ue .
 202 s c ans “ . o m en as t r s n xr t c .

4 46 Q uantiti es.co The

n sidered s re : l T he A mos-t .

Invested ; 2 The Rate of Div ide n d or In terest ; 3 The

M
. .

Income ; 4 T he ar/cot Value o .

f $ 1 00, or of on e chm ;
5 The Rate
. o f In come .

O‘ “ 1 0

44 7 . G iv en , the wm o cm t of an i n ves tm m t , th e mar

k et val ue, an d the r at e o f d i v id en d or i n te r es t, to m
the i n c o m e.
0

If I in vest 851 00 in 7
1 .
% bo n ds at 8 5, what will be my
ann ual inc ome fro m t hem ?
Sc ra n t o n — Since for 86 cen ts y ouca n buy or m r ros .

81 w o rth ol stock , for $ 61 00 you can buy as

'
'

many dollars wo rth of stock as is con

ts ined tim es in $61 00 or 9 6000 The annual
w0
.

income m this is 00 x 07 which eq us ls $ 420 . .

Balm—I Di vide the amo unt i n vested by the mar ket value,
.

to fi nd the p ar val ue

M
.

II ultiply tho p ar val ue by the rate to fi nd the i ucom

.

wn n '
rm am ora l

What a
.

2 . nn ual in come would I rec eive from 91 0050 m m

in U 8 P acific B B 6 s at 1 07 l
. . . .
' ’

8 . If I in vest in 65 bonds at 1 120, what is m y m m!

income from this investment
4 . I in veste d 95280in U n ited Companies of NewJ mal
ers ey w

costi ng me 132 , di vid end 105; what ws s my ann ual in come fism
this in vest ment 7
5 . Mi ss B rown has in vested 88476 1n 5§$ mfivos d bomb s!

1 13 , interest payable sem i ann ually ; -

what will b e her mi
se

an n ual in come from this in vest men t

8 . A con veyancer sold a lo t % ft trout and 60 a deep m
. .

g ro un d rent , red eemab le on pa yme n t of 91 500; what is h

t e

g ro un d ren t -
at 65 l
’

7 . MT r . ompkins boug ht on g ro und ren t ~

alo t we .

90 tt d eep,
. va1ued at 087 26 per toot tron t ;
. what wo uld ‘

b ut
g ro und -
rent per toot fron t at 65?
 m oo n r s ox w v s s r us n r s . 288

T o b e om i tt ed un l ees o the r wi se d irected .

8 . 1 m m
b y a specul ation , an d wishin g to in vest it pes
manen tly , Iboug ht 99000 6} b on d s at an d in vested all the
rem ain d er possib le in Q } b o n ds at 11 0} (d enom in ation s as lowas

what surplus rem ained, b rok erage i f , and what was the an
Am S un ,
. In .
,

9 .rs M W
arner has . ra d 6 s, q uoted at
il roa woul d ’

she in c rease or d i m in ish he r ann ual inco me if she shoul d sell them
an d b uy with the pr cceed s l fi bond s at l l on Ans Inc rease, 0
'
58 .

Wh
.

10 . en g o l was
at a premium of 12}fl,
d M Ba tr. r on co n veyed

al ot on a6x g roun d ren t, pay ab le in g old , an d

-
red ee mab le on pay
ment of usoo; at what sum in curren c y m ust it b e m ade red eems
b le to realiz e an eq ui val ent ren t, and what is the g round rent in -

curren cy ? Am Ben t, .

CAS E IL

4 48 . Gtvert e wom e , the

ia r at e o f d tvi d asd , m m

1. Wh en are selling at 1 1 0, howmuch must be

55 g as bon ds
in veste d to prod uce an in com e of 0650

im
BO L Un S in 81 “ 3k or m
o
£
t rrox .
mco me 0‘ z bS to ve an 3me o g —91 1M
g
-
,

it will uire Gauc h os or 81 1 000; 91 1 000

fgt 1 105 will cos t 911 000x 1 1 0
of st ocl
,

.
,
“1l 012 100
1 09 5

or 912 1 00 .

Rule — I F in d tlte p ar value of the stoclaby diudtng the in

' '

. .

some by the rate

M
.

II . ul ip ly th p a
t e r cal ue by the m kd m lw o f l skm mfi
fi d
n the amount in vested .

2 A . real ests te d ealer buys afifl g ro un d '

rent ot 0800 per an»
unm at par ; wat d oes it cost him ?
l A ho use subjec t to ag roun d ren t of 075 at 6}
. -
was sold tos
06760; what was its value ?
4 . What must I in vest in 6} street railway bon ds , at
sum

n ot, in secure an ann ual income of 0

800, b rokerag e ? u
”4 nos x u um o s
. s u r n am e.

S . Wh t m
mm t he in ed iaEea k1 16 M M
0786 ayear, brokerag e { 59 As s 01

W
.

t hen fl fi g overnment bonds are selling at 106;

must l in vest in them to sec ure an in cccne ot 0901
n o t} ?

7 11 1 861 98000 O hio 6 s at 1 1 8 , and buy sum

‘ ’
ci en

w
.

7 s at 103 to y ield 8500 1nco me, ho mnch sha11 [ have

'

kerag e l fi c n sale an d purchsse ? An

8 What m u t h
market value of Georg ia Q s
s s the
’

W
.

75 o n the in vestm en t ? hat m ust I pay for Bend ix

7 s, to g ive an income ot A M 869
’

To b e o m i t t ed un leu o ther wise d ire cte d

Wh g ld wa
.

9 . en o s selling at 1 1 5, what m us t b e paid ii

ai b d ai to l 75 the in vestm en t ?
10 W
ne r ng on s re z e on 1.

ha m
. b t ns t e tb e market pfim of b fi b ondg eo th

ag e j fi, I m ay real is e 4 5 on an i nv est ment ? A:

11 . I bong ht alot wfi fm t m d fi m deen at a m
per m front ; what would be the cost of the pvt

g ro un d bein g li fi An
'

ren t ol it ?

12 . How man y shares of North P ennsy lvan ia R B . .

must be sold , that the proceed s , in vest ed in Pen nsy lvan ix

at may g i ve an in co me of 9 000, b rok erag e b ei ng 4
sa le and p urchase ? Ans 287 shares ;
M Ja k
.

91 5000 Un ion Pac ific 7 s at 1 01

'
18 r. c so n so ld

M
.

ves ted part o f the p roceeds in Ill in o is 8 s a

’
t ods

d uce an in com e o f 9750, an d deposit ed the rem aind er, 1

i f ) ,
in b an k ; what was hi s b an k d e pos it ?

1 4 I had some Califo rn ia 7 s , whic h b roug ht me in

'
.

of 8546, but preferrin g an in ves t men t nearer hom e , I

exchang e t hem fo r P hil ad elphia 8 s ; if the C alifornia b
’

wort h 1 17 an d the Philad elphia 1 05, ho w much m ust I 1

inv est men t to secure the sam e income, b rok erage net cot
 c an r ac u i s v s s r ms s r s . 266 5

, to flat d the r ate o f tn ter es t m t tlw i u

n t. of in com e will be realiz ed by purchasin g

sto ck will cost an

d or n aar i o x .

on $1

d ivid en d o f the stool:

m y u m
I
. What i
s t he rate of income of NewY ork Cen tral 6 s boug ht ’

A ns m 5

w
. .

6} bon ds are sellin g at l what per cen t will tbm e .

Am .

cen t . d o I reali ze Ans .

M 5 .

the bette r in ves tment , 55 bon ds at or

A rts T he 5 s
’
. .

boug ht a g roun d - ren t of 9450 for 96675; what

d oes it pay A ns 6 .
m } .

95000 mortg age at 2 55

5 discount , in terest at 8 5,
income do I recei ve on it ? A ns } .
M .

m m P RO Q m e .

To b e mn i tt od un less ot her wise d i rected

Mi
.

the mo re pro fitab le in ves tment , sso uri 6 s at 1 09,

’
or

AM He 8 s ’

Mi hig a
. . .

boug ht c n 7 s at
’
an d after wards ex
05 head s at which was the be tter in vest
Am . Mi h 7 c .
’
s.

to malne apermanen t in v estm en t, I am reco mmen ded

6 s at 75,
’
which is the b est
Ans 7 s at 90 .
’
.
2706 s c an “ us. i os as i rs us r r c .

GE NE RA L T A XE S .

450 . A Tax is s e um ot mon ey s ss em d on persons ct

p p y
ro ert for public purpo ses .

4 51 . Tax es are assessed by the national g o vern ment. s

st ate, co unty , or to wn .

4 52 . A Property Tax a tax upon pr opertyis Pro .

~

pe rty is o f two kin d s ; Real E state a

,
n d P er son al P r operty .

4 58 Real Estate is im movable property ; as land

. ,

buildin g s etc P er son al P roper ty is movable property ; a

,
. s

money , s tock furniture etc

, , .

4 54 A Poll Tax is a tax on the person

. It is assessed .

in so me s tates o n eac h mal e ci tiz en n ot ex empt by law .

4 55 A n Assessment Roll is a list or sched ule con tain

.

ing the n ames of perso n s taxed the v al li ation of their pro ,

t
p y,
er a n d t he am oun t o f t heir t ax es .

456 A n Assessor is an ofi cer who apprais es the pro

.

a
p y
rt an d p p
re are s t he asses s me n t ro ll .

4 57 . T he Q uan tit ies to be cons idered are : l . The Tao

able P r oper ty ; 2 The R ate . o f Tax ation ; 3 The A moun t of
.

Tax .

Real
e
s mte is otten
its real value
‘
am s e
a
by the p r pcr ofleer for m t m owfln
d
t e m ue o person al propert y g
:
g
er g o .

i ven in b y the c wner un der cath, or if he n eg lects to do this,

va lued b y t he ofi cer .

The term poais fiom the German poa

Mm athe hesd A poll tax h s .

u ’m me Lafin m ‘ the hesd In some States the iaesn

M
.

b o s person s occupation is assemed at a small sum and tax ed m e! .

on inte m t secured by bo n d and mortg age is tax ed in some sates

“
.

mmu m w i ps “ et hic
fis g?
v

m sta ting u y f it p ea l w
ofi cem and sho w ressons or co rrectin g a
on h e may
ny m
a . i il“ the prnpa
that have besu
 as s oon “ . on i on s au n as -
n o .

4 F ind B
.
’
s tax , whose property is $ 9750, and who pays apoll
m of A ns
W
.

5 A is worth 895 and his sister $ 6634 ;

. , what is the agg regate
amo un t of their taxes 2 A ns 82023 35
‘
'

M Ma k
. .

5 . r. r
’
s property is m ed
s ea at 88500; he pays fo r 1 poll
and on the in co me from his occ upation , d at 8800; M
what was his en tire tax A ns
M Sid
.

ney 8 red esta a1l fwa

te is valued
at s7fi nd his persona l
‘
7
’

f
r
-

”
.
,

pro perty at 670, both of whic h a n fa i t t heir value;

he mys a poll tax of $ 1 00, an d also i f on an
n ated in come
.
s

of a m ; what is his entire tax 1 ’

fi ns .

To b e om itted un tes o tha wm

' ”

is e

8. Hr Shan k s ’
W rit? was amu sed at last Year, an d he
H

paid fi fi village tax,

. 5 coun ty tax , . 455 school tax , an d
pol l tax ; what amoun t of taxes d id he pay ? Am .

9 I fin d I have b een asses sed as to llows : Real estate

.

person al pro pert y , m o ney at inte res t, 01 5,000; in c om e from

woupation, 51 500; an d 3 g old watc hes I obtain an abatemen t oi .

Il
. on t he m l estate, Q on the personal property, 5000 on money at
0

lu au my tax, the rate bein g and one d ollar fo r eac h watch?

CA S E 11 .

m o mot

1 . Wha i t s t he assessed value of ro ert

p p y taxed a
the rate of 5 m ills on a dollar ?
So mm os a—At 5 m ills on the in , 005 M .

times the amo un t m l eq uals the tax, w

5 837 50; hence the atn ount nais $ 37 50di vided
. .

by 005, whieh we find is sl

‘

Rule I —Di vtd e the tax by the rate, to fi n d the amount

1 m i n us the r ate .
 an i mal s T A XES . 269

on the dollar ; re

A n s $8400 . .

d ollar;
he
h
w
w at
e

is the
apon tax of
valuation of his p ro
the

interest , and my tax for mon ey o n in ter

ls on the d ollar ; for ho wmuch mon ey a t
Am . 02 700 .

by acertain town at a cost of t7580,

on the prcmerty holders - of 3} m il ls on
co mmission was en ; what was the
Asi a .

yes r As fi to wnship tax m un ty tax ,st i

and poll tax ; his whole tax was
ue ot his propert y ? 4 7m m
0
"
case: 11 1

the ass ess ed val ue an d the tax , to fin d

is to be ass esse d in a town ; the real

at 83 45000, an d the perso nal pro perty at
420 polls, taxed what is the

O P ER A T IO N.

$ 1 60 4204
. x 30
8638750
4 822500- 007
767 50- 5.

have 7 mil ls,

p p
r o er ty tan: by the amoun t f
o tn z abls
wi ll be the r ate of tax ation .

0 whole tax “
he .

wa rm s m us t angs .

is valued at $1 58 0 his tax is 33 5:

. ro

oi tax ation . A ns .
 28 2 m i.
tsun a us i o s ,
A B IT H MB T IO .

the money d ue hln ls m; how much mom hu he dm thn h

10 The in ieren on the money A pd d fl

. or a finm hom and m n .

for B y ean at b per cent , eq uals $ 1 8000 : whet was t he eeet ot eeclt
'

p ro v ided the iarm oost ati mes es m uc h u the ho m un d the m

twice es much as the sto re ?
l l A man wishes to plaee such it m et m on ey on in tera ct a
t !

per cen t . that it wil l g i v e an ann ual in teres t o l fo r apoor

’

M M
12 . T wo thirds fortun e, pl us o f B s, bein g
-
of A s
’ ’
on in wreet tin
B y eara
. at 5 per cen t amou n ts w
flGOO ; what is the m ofuch.

supposin g of A s eq uals 1 of B s ?
’ ’

INTER m T O N PRO MISSORY NO TE .

4 79 A Pr omissory Note is a wxitten agreemen t to pl y

.
-

some perso n a certain sum of mon ey on deman d , or at aspeci '

fied time
“
.

4 8 0 The raw of a n ote is the sum whose payment

.

p rom ise d It is wr
.itten in words in the bod y of th n ofi n ml
in figm a at the top
-
.

The n umber o f cen ts is usuall y expressed in fig ures as hundredth

of a d oll ar, as is seen in the n o te be low

Mak
.

48 1 . The er of anote is the party who eigm it . The

Payee is the party to whom it is mad e payable . The m
is the on e who owns it

In the followi ng promissory n ote, let the pupil poin t out the
maker , the payee, the face, the date, etc .

Thirty d ays a
f r date,
te

'
“
Il anote reads wi th in tereet flt draws in tem t fi m
’

wise it draws in te res t fro m the tim e of m aturity an i aid g m m

Am
p
m
.

ma d raw in terest from a particular time afber d at e, t co

i
in ‘ e n ote W
hen n o rate is m ent ioneththe leg al rate of
.
294 No n uA I. U N Ic N A n n e x e m o . -

CAB! II
.

606 G i ve», th e r ate, the ma m “ the m "

M
.

the “
m , to fin d the f ace .

1 . I wish to borrow $8 00 from abank ; tor what mal l

gi ve my n ote at 3 0 day s, d iscoun tin g at 6 per cent ?
Sot o n om
-— imam oi 81 Wfi d e n the
‘

ni u
c ra m
d u w ”09
‘

.or 8 0 da s a n s bt a t it f o m 31 hic h
y r c r , 3
ives the proceed s o f 31 If for every $ 1

W M
g .
005
m the fac e ot the no te the proceede are
“
'

to m e si ve ssoo roceeds 11 an d l

as ma n y ti mes one it: as 0 “ $m ; 6

8 0
con tained m e o, which are oz m
M
.

Bol t —1
the gi ven proceed s by the procwde of ‘l
°

f or the gi veu ti me and r ate ; or d ivid e the di scoun t by lin

wn r r m '
m o mma .

2 . A wishes to borrow $ 1 000 from a ban k fo r 60 days

for what s um must he g ive his n ote, disco un tin g at 6 pa
cent ? A ns
Wha i
.

8 . t s the face of a note at 90 days, t he proceeds of

whic h ,
d iscounted at are 82000? Ans .

4 . F or what s um m ust a n ote be d rawn at 60 d ay s to not

85000 when , d isco unted at 6 per ce n t ? A ns .

5 A broker buy s a 60day n ote fo r $ 20 less t han the fa

. ce;

what was the face, discoun t 6 per cent ? A n s $ 2000 . .

SU P P L L ME N T A R Y m en u s .

T o b e m n i t ted un l ess O ther wis e d ir ec t ed .

6 F in d the face o f s 6 m m n ote which, when di acounb d a

. tl

p e r cen t a m o n th, y i
.el d s Am . m
7 O win g 01 000, I g ave a 90d ay n ote , which w e d isc ount ed a
. t

l i fi a mo n th n eq uired t he fa ce o i the n ote ? b e

'

mm
M
. .

* 8. r Bc hofl eld p rese ted a 80d ay note a

. n t a Balti me re hack tu
-

diaco un t '

,
the proceed s were what was t he fac e fi f th!
not e, ( the day of d iaooun t In c l ud ed ) ?
CAS E III .

507 . G i ven , t he f ac e ,
t h e r ate , m ed the p r o “ 0

the d i s co un t , to fin d the ti m e .

scou ed a
i
‘
1 .
a f
The proceeds of
n ote or 8600 di nt t t . . G

00; what.
was the tim e !
296 NO R MA L vm o x

SO LU N O Na
‘ — Wfi d
t he d isco un t on $ 3 00 is
e n o u ttan os .
-

c en t.
an d t he d is co un t o n $ 3 00 at on e per
fo r 3 0d ay s is $ 0 2 5 Hen c e t he req uired
. .
mg
rate is u s m an y ti m es I } as 2 5 is co n tain ed

M
discount
which is 6 5
.

t imes i n
SO O X J
.

FO
L EO- p iled .

ul —
R e Di vi de the disc oun t by
. the inter est on the f ece, a
t
l %f or the gi ven ti me .

wan n a m u t at e

MH
.

2. r . buy s g ood s to the am oun t o f $4 000, and to

err

a
p y fo r them g ets his n ote for 60 d ay s disco unte d at a bank;
if the face is what is the rate ? A M .

8. A n ote dated July l et, 1 8 75, at 3 m ont hs , was dis

co un ted at ban k on A ug . 1 0, 1 8 75; the face was $ 8500, and
the proceeds what was the rate 7 Am .

* 5 A d ated September 1 2 th, 1 8 75, at 6 mon t hs, m

n ote

W
.

discounted at ilming to n, De l Decem ber 9t h 1 8 75 ; the .

, ,

face of the n ote was $ 5760 an d the prowede what

was t he rate of d isc oun t ?

S TO C K IN V ESTMENTS WITH INTERE ST .

509 In Stock Inv estments O perators take in to consid

.

eration the in teres t on the m oney in vested .

is worth ib in t m
v
Sines mo fle
'

t be d
ain or loss o an in vmtmen g we a
hould reekou the am mo niu
m)
g

m
stock
m
fall in i
laton

p ce
r
b e uen tly , instead d

before deli very

g m
or ale
a .
mfing fir
m h depait
‘fi :

1. Wha i t s t he an n ual rate o f interes t of an i nvestment

which pays 6 % semi -
an n ually if , rein vested at
SoLUfl O N.
—
Tb e d ivid en d on 81 at t he
aid of the first 6m o is an d this m ay
'

bo on in tereat at d fi fo r t he n ext 6 m m ;
hen ce at t b e en d ot the year thia wil l
'
600 s o aull l . ns l os aal r s uar l o .

EX CHA NGE .

51 2 . Ex chang e is the method of makin g payments in

distan t place s by mean s of Dr fl
a a or Bi lls of E x c han ge .

61 3 . Exchan ge is of t wo kin ds, Domestic an d Foreign .

Exchan g e bet ween t wo places in the same coun try is called

Doawshc or In land E xchan ge ; that between difleren t coun
‘ '

tries is called F or ei g n E x chang e .

51 4 . A Draflz or Bil l of Ex chang e is awritten order fior

the payment of money In d omestic exchan g e a bill is

.

usually called 8 Dr af t . .

51 5 A Sig ht Bill is o ne payable

. on its
”
at sig ht or
.

p resen tat io n A Ti.me Bi ll is o ne a

p y able at a s
pecified
time alter s ig ht or afier date .

51 6 . The Ind orsement of a bill is t he wr itin g upon the

back of it, by which the a
p y ee tran s fers t he a
p y ment to

an other .

an ord er to pay the bil l

and he alon e
of t

51 7 T he A cceptan ce of a bill is t he pro m ise of the

.

Drawce when presented , to pay it at m at urity T he Drawer

W
, .

8 b writin acro ss t he face of the b ill A cce ted

“ ”
y g , p ,

w it h t he d ate an d his sig n ature ; t he b ill is then called an

Accep tan ce, and is of the charac ter o f apremises: y ne w
If a b il l is pro teste d fo r n on ac cep tan ce, t
-

tio n to pay i t i mmed iat ely ,

expired . Bil ls of ex chan g e
to t he custo m o f th
P en n sy l v an ia, et c , .

is allo wed o n sig ht

d ue when presen ted , as bank m o m , etc .
 DO I B BT IO E X O HA NQ I .

of Ex chang e is the rate per cen t . which

draft . T he Cour s e of E x chan ge is t he

paid in one place for bills of ex change upo n

is usuall y incl uded in the q uotation ol ex cha

'

ng e.

Par of Ex chang e is the establis hed value oi

un it of one co un try in the m onetary un it of

eit her i ntr i n si c or com mer ci al .

52 0. Ex chang e is at p ar when a d raft or b ill sells for its

face ; at ap r em i um when it sells for m ore than its face ; an d
at a dism al when it sells for less than its face .

ugh several

DO MESTIC EX CHA NGE .

Domesti c or Inland Ex chang e

152 1 . is the exchange

bet ween two places in t he same co un try .

52 2 . The Base o f an in lan d b ill is t he f ace ; the Bah

is the rate of premium or d iscoun t .

m The rorl ns an d Use of drafts may he seen by tln

following ex amples and explanati ons :
 804 s os uu . U N IO N s arr n us r ro .

CAS E 11 .

52 5 . G i ven , the co st of
'

a but of a c hesn -
a e, to ) “
i ts f ac e .

1 . A B os to n merchant paid $ 2030 for a dr aft on Pitts

burg h at 30 d ay s . exchange p rem ium ; req uired t he a
f ce

of the d raft

S alm o n — W
e 6n d by C ase I that . o r nam en
t.
ad raft fo r 01 will co s t t here .

fore a d raft that cos ts 02 03 0 mus t be . 005= d isco un t for Bods .

fo r as many d ollars as is co n
tai n ed tith es i n $ 2 03 0, which are
02 000 From t he ab o ve sol ution we
0L 01 5= s ost of 01 oi drali
.

d eri ve t he fo llowing
.

Rule — F i nd the f cost o f f

ad r a t o 8 ,
1 an d di vid e the g ieen
fl

cost by i t the quoti e n t wi ll be the f ace o f the draf t .

wm w e s m
la e ne s s .

Jo nes B ro . S t Paul, purc hased a

, of .

$ 2 587 on 0;
C inc in n ati, at a d isc o un t of $ 7
of the d raft
Mai
.

a . A merchan t in ne b uy s a draft on New Y ork h is .

day s for at apremium of l§ % what is t he taco of

the draft ?
4. I received from P hilad elp hia a check for which
5 h ve cas hed ; wha hould ha
cost {9 to a t s ve

t he c heck that I mig ht have reali ed z

6 . My ag $ 5000 wort h of goods o
en t sold

an d rem its the proceed s in a draft bou h

g t
premi um ; wha t d id I receive for the sale ? A ns $ 48 .

T o b e o m i tte d un l ess o ther wue am m o.

6. A B a l ti m o re m e rc ha n t wis h es to a
p y a debt of 015001:
Det ro it b y a s ig ht d raft on t he F irs t N
f
I ex c h an g e o n Ba l t im o re is fi pfi
f rem i um
the face of t he d raft ?
No m
r — S l i m e t he d raft is a t a p re m i um of g
b e d rawn fo r s uc h a s um as wit h .

he n ce t he m e n w ill e q ua l 31 50 04 4 00 }
 ro as t e r: exce s s es . 305

8 A Bosto n m erc han t

. send s to a cre d ito r in Savan nah a sig ht
draft on Bosto n for what was the deb t, ex c hang e on
Bost o n bein g at a premium 01 15? Am . 01500 .

CAS E III

M
.

52 6 . G i ven , m t an d the co st f a
o un
fi nd the r at e of ewe/m ug s .

1 . A draft Baltimore for $ 2000 at 3 0 day s

on cost me
32030; W hat was the rate of exchange ?
S a m son — W
e fin d t hat the cos t o n s m ox .

o f $ 1 o i t he d raft , it ex chan ge wa s at
’ '

a
p , r i s an d of $ 2 000 is 2 000 . 005= d isco n n t for 3 0
t im es or 01 990 t he d ifl
‘
ers uce
a
£0
33? p r
b etween $ 1 990 and 0203 0, the ac tual
.

40, whic h is t he premium ;

cos , s 0
t i u
d iv i di ng t he pre mi um , 840, by the
$2 30 “ :
990 0

lace , $ 2 000, we hav e the rate, 2 fl .

or 2 ,

BRIE F - fi nd the pr em i um or the d iscount, and di vid e it

by the f ace, to fin d the r ate .

waw nu nm n m u .

2 A Savan nah cotto n broker bo ug ht a 30 d ay d raft on

.

P hil adelphi a for t he fac e bein g 83 500 What w as

;
the rate of ex c han ge Ans .
“7 0 prem ium .

8 Sold g rain on co mm ission to the amo un t o f $ 5000; hav

.

ing reser ved I boug ht with the proceed s a draft Fo r

which I remitted to t he co nsig nor ; what rate of
exchang e did Ipay ? A ns 1 1 prem ium %
M
. .

r Bair, o f Cinci n na
. ti, b uy s of Hood C o , P hila, . .

a lot of wooll en g ood s amountin g to $ 760, an d forwards in

a
p y men t a d raft at 3 mo which costs him what
“7
.
,

was the rate of exchan ge ? Am .

0 d isco unt .

F O RE I G N EX C HA NGE .

52 7 Foreig n Ex chang e is
. t he exchang e that takes
lace bet wee n d ifleren t co un tries
'

p .

b il ls of the same tenor anddata,

it shall continue payab le only while

bil l of a set is remitted in ad iflbren t

the - et hu bem paid the oth m m
808 l o an “ . n s ro s
-
A e rre n am e.

warm s m ore “
Wha will b
.

8 . t e the cost in Philad elphiaof the follo wing draft .

exc han ge at 60 d ays bei ng Am ac . m .

Ex chan g e f or £ 500 . Pm u nz wm a July

. 1 , 1 575 .

S ix ty d ays after eight of this Fi r st of E x change (sec o nd

‘ w
an d thi r d unp aid ) P ay to the or der of Chas S mith, F t t
’

Hundr ed P ounds Ster li ng f or value r ecei ved , an d char t”

W
,

the sa me to account o f P ar as e re n t
'
S o us
Ma Ba wu Ba
.

To s s es o or n nas, LIV ER PO O L
Wha mu a m ha
. .

8 . t st erc nt in Canton pay fo r a d raft 0!

31 1 3 4, if 1 teal A ns .tae ls .

4 . i wish to rem it 5400 francs to P aris ; what will a d rafl

cost me in New Y o rk if 1 fran c ,
A ns .

,
5 A me rchan t in Lond on
. so ld a consig n men t of wheat
from O dessa for £ 420; what will be the face of a draft on

O dessa for t he amoun t if £ l == 6 ro ubles 70 copecks 7,

A rts 2 8 14 ro ubles .

By t he first q uo tation in t he tab le, A rt

6. . 53 2 , what
amount of exchange on Geneva at 3 days sig ht will $ 1 2 00
in go ld buy ? A ns. fiance .

T o be o m i tt ed un less ot her wiae d irecte d .

7 At the d rat q notation , how m uch exc han ge on Berli n a

.
t no
d ays rig ht, will 01 000cur ren cy b uy A 42600 04 reicham arka M .
.

8 Ho w m uch in cur re ncy would a b ill on Amsterdam {or

.

g uild erao oa t ,
at the d rst q uo tation , 00 d ayaa
ig ht , when g o ld was
selli ng at 1 1 8}
9 M
ec he & Cc , o f B re m en, wis h to remit $ 70 rei c han urkat o
M
. .

their corres pond en t in Ne w Y o rk ; what will be the ore d raft

fo r 8 d ays at the seco nd q uot ation ?
1 0 A comm ission m erc hant in Cad i
. z having aen t to hiacm e
s pond e n t in P hiladelphia an in voice of sherry , valued at 34m peac
taa,
d raw
what would
s on hi m Mfi M e

have been the advan tag e to the con sig n

e m Ml M
” w a
fl
of s"
a dn n on etahelng
Cadi q l pea wortii IO 89 in Phllad elph
.
M
 Au wr u r ro x or x x c au e x. a
ns

l l A gentlm ab out to vut l u o a b t -h aab th r ol m

‘

’ c
from l iak, e draw
'
- ain
M 0000 fran cs J ult he bill of exc hang e at dayareanhing w
New Yosk J uly l 7; o u hiaret urn , 8 0pt
, he n tfled the accoun t ; . m
what mnat he pay , cosnm iaaion l fi, a ohang e m r a
“ m e w .

A R BIT RA T IO N O F E X C HA NG E .

53 4 Arbitrat ion of Exchang e also called Ci r cular

. ,

Exc han g e is the method o f maki ng exc han g e bet ween two
,

places by me an s o f o n e or more in te rm edi at e exc han ge s .

53 5 .Simpl e Arbitration is that in whic h there is o nly

o ne in termed iate exc hang e ; Compoun d A r bitr ati on is that
in which t her e are two or more in term ediat e exch n g es a .

corns
t antl var
i
,
it iaofi
e
n
m
mon
advan tag eom
M
to

an d the to m t g?
to as certain which will be moat
1 . A merc han t wishes to pay a deb t in P aris of 4680
fran cs, remitt ing t hro ug h Lo ndon ,
exchange bet ween Paris
and Lo n d o n be in g at francs an d bet ween Lo n don
,

an d Ne w Y o rk what will it co st in Ne w Y o rk ?
—If ite re resent the re ui red n um or m '
n on .
p q
her of do llam hy x, we have x=4680 fran cs,
26 fi Now, the pro 9 no
J 4

2. A merchan t in Sav ann ah wishes to rem it $ 2 000 to

Cincinn at i ; exchan g e on Ne w O rlean s is premium ;
be tween New O r leans and St Lo uis 1 .
%d iscoun t ; bet ween
S t Lo uis and Cincin n at i
. d isco unt ; what was the value
of the remittance in Cinc inn ati if se n t t hro ug h these c ities ?

to the g iven rates o rm r i on .

in New O rleans ;

”M ”W% : a
‘ 1 in St Lo uis ; IN 0
“ S1
.

W Wfl
. . .

in fi m in nati ;
WW
and in St Le nk a
O - l ].
m
.

&
.

a =
z
sO 994S an a -
t i Cia o
W 2
.

7 = . 9
 b ur n s o n c us r o x s . 313

o rn an on.

75X 87
1 12
21 x M = 7fi h an . an
33 355
3l x $1 1 = 034L

or ml .

Rule I — F or ad . valor em
-
d uties, m ultip ly ths cost o f m

Rule 1 1 — For spec ific d uti es ded uct fir st the d iatom

.
, ,

an d oomp ule thc d ul y on tlw rem ai n d cr .

m m , m
and more than j

2. I received from Havre an in voice of 50 d o zen bo ttles

of champ ag ne , cost in g per do zen ; what is the d uty
at 30a d o zen breakag e . A na $ 288 . .

8 H B O laflin
. . 00 received an in v oice of Brussels
. .

laces costin g 2 800 francs in Brussels charge s francs ; ,

what was the d uty at A na $ 1 68

Wha i
. . .

4 . t s the d uty at 207

0 ad valorem on 3 50 boxes of

Naples orang es, in voiced at 20 lire per bo x, charges 475 lire .

commis sio n A mt
What i
.

5 . the d uty on 25 hhd of sugar , ea

s ch w eig hin g .S o wt . .

1 q r 8 lb , tare 21 lb per hhd , d uty 01 } per cwt , and 36 hhd of

. . . . . .

molasses , 120 gal each, d uty 5} agall on . A ns .

m m P RO B I M
To b e o mi tt ed un less o t her wise d i recte d .

0. Sharpie“ B rothers im ported fro m Lon d on 1 0cases of woo len

g ood s , n et weig ht 1 850 l h , val ue £ 75 6 1 5 s , c o m m is.s ion a; $ ; wh at .

did the g ood s oost in store, duty 50f per lb and also an ad valm em .
'

duty o f 85 fi
7 Chas F ord
. Son , lin en merc han ts , Belfast, shipped to J
. ohn

Ford & 00 , A prfl 8, 1 870, 40 pos Q Duoks, m arked

W
14,
W w
. .

inin g fl i ;
d co m m it -io n sh i p ‘01m g “
what will be the duty at 35k ?
81 4 s om ux un i o n . n arr aus r ro .

To be o mi tted un l ess o ther wis e di rec ted .

8 A n in voice of 76 Drums Caustic Soda. shipped per 8 8 . .

German iafor New Yor k , b y the un d ersig ned on acc t and risk
‘

of Messrs S mith
. Bro .

75 Drums .

'

t q r l b . . .

( ir 42 1 3 8
. 017 1 q r lb . . .

Tr . 14 8 Net 406 3
d iam un t 2 55
U ve hA pril, 1 874
fi
oo .

m n Baos ,
Wlb @ l if
.

—
Duty, 46, .
= 8

Wha wa t s the cos t of t his in voice , in clud in g d uty , when

delivered to M ess rs . S mith Bro l .
l
Ans .
g o ld
t M
.

9 In vo ice u bad d aid f i L d a d

'

.
po rc se , p
o
se r n . o
, n -
o n n ,

s hi
pped b y D avi d T ay lor S o us , per stea m er O h io t o P hil
ad elphia, for and risk of essrs S no w , G i lbe rt C o M . .

F B No 21 0u . M MMK im n
24 doz 8 iu P lain
12
00
4
.

u u . .

5 04 u
diss’t, 2 5x.

F ind t he d uty on t he abo ve invoice .

 Bi d sc am “ . U N IO N

S E C T IO N IX .

RATIO A ND P ROPORTION .

R A T IO .

54 7 . Ratio is the measure of the relatio n oi

q uan tities ; thus , the ratio of 8 to 4 is 2 .

548 The Symbol of ratio is t he

. co lon ( );
z

c ities t he rat ioof 8 to 4 Ratio i

afra ti
.

t he n umbers in the form of c on ; t hug }.

54 0 . T he Terms of a ratio are t he t wo nu

pared , called respec ti vely t he antecedent an d the

550 . T he Anteced eut is the num bs

co nse uen t thus in the rati o 8 : 4, 8 is
q ; ,

551 . The Conseq uen t is the nu

anteceden t is compared ; thus ,

in 8 : 4,
4 is th
552 A Ratio is foun d by dividing t he an
.

the co n seq uen t ; t hus , in 8 4, t he ratio is i , or

553 . A Simple Rati o is the ratio of two

6: 3 A Compound Ratio is the prod uc t of two
.

ple ratios ; as ( 3 : or

554 . A Compoun d Ratio is usually

ing the simple ratios one un der an other ;

555 . Ratio ex ists o n ly bet ween s im ilar q u

is alway s an abs tr act n umber .

Nor s e — l The sym bol o f ratio ( z ) is

. supposed to be a
t he s i bol o f division
yp
.

2 h tin is us ually d efined as the rd atton o f two

s ite , for t he ratio is the meam r e o f the relation .

8 A few autho rs d ivid e the secon d term

.

Halted The method an d name are both found ed

.

Frenc h mathematicians , lik e the German , Eng lish,

by the seco nd .

m w u ta
no .

i The rati o equals

. the quoti ent of the
by the co n seq uent .
 uan o an r uo r o ur ro x . 31 7

Thlg if the amea dfl n i repr m d b m an d the c on seq uen t I

n t.
z
sn d the ratio by r, u ln ve ¢ = r, or -

MW
c

2 . fi q -d to flc p r od ud of fle m w
an d m fio .

Fa , sin oe - = r, m ulfiply ing hy q u h ve a= c x n

3 . The coq m l i s equal to the qud ient o f the a m

dent d i vidcd by llw r atio .

Fo r, sin ce
5 : = c ,
fro m which we see that c=

Wha i
M
t s the ratio of

l . 1 2 to 3 ? A ns 4 . . 5 .
$ 256to $ 8 56 7 A n s .

2 . 24 to 4 7 A na e c . . . £ 1 44 z £ sss r A ns 5
.
1 .

8 . 90 to 1 6 ? A na 53. .
7 .
{4 2
7 A ns } .

4 . 488 t0 61 7 Am 8 . . s .
{g l i g y
a ? s z s
-
A ns .

9 . Wha i t s the value of t he com poun d rat io

S oLUTl ox .
— This com oun d ratio e uals 2 : 4
p q ( ) x which eq uals
1X t =
t
1 0. Wha i t s the v alue of t he ratio
3g :
A na l . .

11 . Wha i t s the value o f the ratio

2; g}? A ns 3 5
. .

1 2 . The an teceden t is 2 4, t he con seq uen t 8 ,

what is the
ratio ? An s 3 .

1 8 . The con sequen t is 8 an d ratio 9; what is the antoes

len t 7 A n a 72
. .

14 . The anteceden t is 3 6 an d rat io 4 what is the conse

q uen t ? A ns 9 . .

1 5. T he con seq uent is H an d ratio Q ; what is t he ante

ced en t ? A ns .
H .

1 6. T he an teceden t is {3 an d rat io Q ; what is the con se

q ue n t ? A n s It
. .

1 7 Can y ou ex Press the ratio between $ 2 4 an d 6 lb ?

W
. .

hy n ot ?
1 8. The an teceden ts of a ratio are 5 an d 6, an d the con es
q uen ts 1 0 an d 1 4 ; what is the ratio ? An s .
k .

‘ t
 618 mo an “ . c m on as t r an s r l o .

M
S I P LE P R O P O R TIO N .

556 A Proportion is the ex pression of eq uality between

.

eq ual ratios, the terms of the ratios being in d icated .

557 The Sym bol for proportion is t he d ouble

. co lon,

which expresses an eq uality of ratios ; thus , 8 4 6 : 8,

means t he same as
558 A Preportion is
. read in t wo way s ; thus ,
is read t he ratio of 8 to 4 eq uals the ratio of 6 to
or
“
8 is to 4 as 6 is to 3 ” .

559 . The Terms of a proportion are t he four n um bers

used in the co m pariso n The first and fourth term s are
Ma
.

the E xtr emes t he seco nd an d third are the e ns .

s ooThe Couplet s are the two rat ios co m pared

. . The
fir st couple! con sists of the first and second terms . T he
second couplet co ns is ts of the t hird an d fo urth ter ms .

56 l . Prepor tion m ay be Si mple or Compoun d . In Si m

ple P rop o r tion b o th the ratio s c o m ared a
p re si m l
p ;
e i n G o m
un d P r op or ti on one or b oth o f t he ratios a re co m po u d
po n .

56 2 A Simpl e Pr oporti on is
. the expressio n of the
eq uality of t wo simple ratios .

568 . T he Principles of ro
p p or tion are the truths relsto

in g to a pro portion They en able us to fin d an y

. one mm
whe n the ot her three are g iven .

P R Il O IP m .

I . In ever y p p
r o or ti on the pm d uot of the meam eqs o h w
m d u t of the ”tr ea
ties
p c .

In any proportion, as we have ( a b out! m ultiplying

tho s eq unls by 4 and 3 we have 6 x 4 == 8 x 3 ; that h tln pnodu ct d
0he two mca m 8 and 3, eq uals the prod uct o f the two ex tremes fi and l
E ither ex tr eme equals the pr od uct of the meam dtmdd
’

it
'

ty me otlter ez tr em e .

For, fro m the proport iou have fi x 4 = 3 x 8 3 has ,

x 4 = 3x Thm fo rq etc
w
o r .

8 . Ei ther mean equals the p r od t of the ez tr ema w

by l /te other mean .

PW: from the h z fi we h we hx ka m

M
p p
ro or ti on h z ht t z x g .
‘

8 = d x 4 + 8 or 8 .
= 6x 4 - 8 .
ic m ac .
 620 n o un “ . o n i on as l r s us r ro .

APP LICA TIO N O F S I P LE PRO PO RTIO N M .

56 4 Bfinple Proporti on is employed for t he m imics

.

c f problems in w hich three o f fo ur q uan t ities are g i v en, so

rela ted that t he fourt h may be d etermin ed from t hem , by
eq uality of the rat ios .

565 . The req uired q uan tity mus t bear the same relat ion

to a g i ven q uantity o f the sam e kin d t hat one o f the rem ain
ing q uan tities d oes to the ot her e ca n then fo rm a pro . W
ti tai i u k n ow ua ti t a d fi d th e
po r o n con n ng one n n q n y, n n

unkn own term by the prin c iples o f pro portion .

—
Nor m Pro po rtio n was formerly called the Rnl e of Three ” So me oi .

“
the old arithm eticlans thoug ht ao hig hly of it that they called it The
Gold en Rul e o f Three ”

Wha will 20 ya d
.

1. t r s of cloth cost, if 5 y ards cost $ 1 5?

M
Sonm It vtden t that
'

m o ooa t o 6 pg;
‘ m e sa me S f a
fi g y ‘

re lation to the oost o f b y d a s 20

Coat of .

fl wb
yd h.eam to b yd henoe w e h ave .

myi
,

the pm porfiomeoet q/ m yd iato Cost of m

u
.

s m soya a e s ya , from 5
which, by Prin 2, we have the .

2
i ><
out of 20 yd = Beneathe
6

and the si m ilar kn own quantity f or the second ter m , and

lace the other two q uan titi es
f the thi r d and f our th te m
p or r ,

so that the two r atio s be eq ual wi ll .

II F i n d the
. fi
r st ter m by di vid i n g the pr oduct of 000

M
secon d an d thi r d ter m s by the f our th .

l — l t is evid en that the 0m m

pgx :
. .

0 to 20yd is t i s same ‘

y d yd
. .

as the rela tion o f the cost of b yd to 6 x20 lb cost of

.

the wm of m yd
.

henc e we have the

; gox
w
p ro
to ‘
Prin
rt
mi
ca
.
o n fi
st e
y
/
d is

y
to

th, f ro
y
m
d

we have the eou oj 20 y

M
.a
w
s
h i
$
c
1
h
6
,
b
in .

.
Cost of 20

eq u als

Rul e 2 d —4 . . Wit r e the n umber whi ch is qfihhe ad m “

it
as the re
qui r ed quanti ty f or the thi r d ter m .

11 P loee the other two n umbers i n the fir st en d owed

ms sewn d ter m whm w r u uuieW
.

fe r me the g r eater i n
.
h
 c on s o nx n r ao r o ar ro n . m
29 T wo . cog swbeels o ne having 28 an d the o ther 20 cog s
, ,

run tog et her; in how man y revol utio ns o f the larger wheel
will the sm aller g ain 1 2 revolutions ? A ns 3 0. .

80 A g arris on of 2400 men has provis ions

. fl
s u icient to
last them 2 0 days , at the rate l hlb a day ; ho w large a
of .

re in forcemen t co uld be mceived for the time if the allo wance

be red uced to 1 5oz . a day ? A ns 1 440 men
.

CO MPO U ND P RO P O RTIO N .

566 . A bompound Proportion is apro port ion which

on e or both ratios are com o u d
p n .

567 . Thus, 6 z 36 an d

are an ni ples o f com o u d ti

p n ro
p p or on.

The pr od uet f the si mp le r a f first cou l

M
1 . o tios o the p e!
the pm d uct of the si mple ratios o f the aecond

u d
po n rati o
i
is the prod uct of the simple rat oa,
roportion ex pm the eq uali af ratioa .

e ve pro pel tim

-
we have, {, x x
2The pr od uct of att the ter ms in the
. emtr en ws equats

the p roduet of alt the ter ms i n the means .

Fog from the natu al on w

m
e have l rom the
’

g
of
fl on
po
g
r
s
em d file in ‘fractiona, we have d x x 0x 1 8
'

fix
w b ex ami n ation , we see is the product of the
.

x l fix l t
y
c

m m uct of the means .

the other ter ms i n the w

wpor tion we
w
abov e have 4x 7x 1 0x 1 8= 5x 6

e h and similari for an other

7x 1 0x l s
term in fi ter en reme .

6 Any ter m in ei ther equ ats the pr od umean

ct of the ec »

M
.

a divid ed by the p r od uct of the other ter ms i n the

we have 4x 7x 1 0x 1 8 = 6x 6x 1 3
(6x 12 x l 4) ; and similar ly fun ny
 o e ur o ux n r n o p o ar ro a. 325

M —The m ma be abbreviated thus : U 4 men earn

mm wil l earn f ysis
y
f they earn it in 7d a, in 12 da they w
?144
f t it i -
. ill earn . .
v
of
? ar ses : .

Eula— L P ut the r equi r ed quantity f or the fir st ter m an d

the si mi lar kno wn quan ti ty f or the sec ond ter m , and f or m
r atios with each pai r of si m i lar q uan tities f or the second

cl m p tet, as if the res ult d ep en d ed upon eac h pai r an d the

sec on d ter m .

1 1 F i nd the
. r equi r ed ter m by di vi d i n g the pr od uct f
o the
means by the p r od uct of the f our th ter m
”

Norma— 1 Teac hers may put the un kn o wn q uan tity

. i n the fo urth term
in s tead of tbe first if they prefer it The m etho d o f sol utio n will be the
. .

sam e in princ iple, and the rule can be readil y c hang ed to correspo n d w ith it .

2 Pupils should be req ui red to so lve bo th ways an d to g ive t he rul e for

.
.

bot h m ethod s .

warm s: mx rm c rs m .

U 3 6 men ear n $ 3 2 4 in 1 8 d ay s ho wmuc h will 42 men,

earn i n 2 7 day s ? A ns 2567 . .

ws eat hay in 25 d ay s ho wm any

.

3 . If 58 co 2 9 bun d les of ,

co ws will eat 35 bund les in 1 4 d ay s ? A ns 1 25 c o ws . .

If $ 600 in 4 yr 6 mo at 6
4 .
gain $ 162 in terest ho w . .
% ,

much will $8 00g ain in 6yr 4 mo at A n a $ 405; . . .

5 If 1 2 men in 35 d ay s b uild awall 1 40rd long , 6 it hig h,

. . .

ho w m an y men can in 40 d ay s b uild awall of the same thick

flees 1 44 rodslong , 5ft hig h ? A n s 9 men
. . .

6. If 1 8 carpen ters b uild a house in 45 d ay s , work iug 1 2h .

a day , in how many d ay s would 3 6 carpen te rs have b uilt it,

working 1 0 h a d ay ? . A ns 2 7d ay s
. .

7 If 2 8 men dig a t rench 1 2 0 rod s long , 1 5ft

. ide, an d . W
1 2 feet deep, ho w many men will d ig a tren ch 3 60 rods lo ng ,
9 feet wide , and 10feet deep ? A ns 42 men . .

17 8If 8 y d of m uslin , 1 } y d wide, cost

. . what cos t .

10 y d of the same q uality , 1 } y d wide ?

. Ans . .

9 If 3 5 horses can eat a lot of g rain in 3 6 day s, in what

.

time will 3 times as much g rain be cons umed . ii 5 horses are

'

ad ded when the g rain is i eaten 7 Ans 1 043 da . .

If 32 me n b uild 60 rod s oi wall in 15day s i wha

'

10 . can ,
n t
time can t hey build 75 rods if 8 , men leave when 40 rod e

hav e been bui lt 7

 re s o n an c e . 329
‘

Rul e — Di vi de the pr emi um by the rate, to fi nd the

amount i n s ur ed .

Noam what amoun t

MM w
To find m ust be in sured to eover the tn
f ww
-

” e di-
dde m n tuatton o by l um
n d o.

“ m ax g u nm an .

2 I paid
. to in s ure the transportation of g ood s at

‘ %
2i ; what s um was co vered on t he g ood s ? A ns $ 2325 . .

8 The prem ium for in s uring

.
t of the value of a house
fo r 3 y ears, at was what was t he value of the

ho use ? A ns .

B ’
s ho use, worth $ 1 58 8 0 ,
is ins ured for g of t he value
as to inc lude the prem ium if b urned ;
for £4 43 . so re

aired the sum st ated in the policy A ns . .

58 0 G i ven . , the p r eowtum an d the

to fi n d the raw .

i . The premiu m for edecting an insurance of $ 6000 on a

ho use was $ 1 35; what was the rate ?
,

the o r s nx rro s .

rate
3135
5 we h
nd to be .
$ 6000

l —
E a Di vide the pr emium by the amo unt i ns ur ed
u . to fin d

m u
m s “ n e w“ .

ant pay s $ 55 for the in suran ce of $ 2500 on his

o f insura n ce ? An s .

8 . T he premium for in s urin g f o f the carg o of aship, v alued

Ans .

of 85700 on my st ore, a i
p y g
n

i the policy , what was

'

An s .
no s ona
r “ us ro s an rr m r n r ro
. .

CA SE IV .

1h fl ood the r etur n p r em i um on a can cell ed

p ottery .

58 2 . To Oa nceIaPolicy is to ann ul the a

g reemen t be

tween the party ins ured an d the insurers .

1 . Whthe polic y is can celed at the in stan ce o f the co m

en

p ro ra ta p p
ro o rt io n o f t he p rem i um paid i s ret urn ed ; when on e at
the req ues t of the po l ic y ho ld e r t he co m pan y pay b ac k a ret urn .

m m w w
W
p re i u g o ve rne d b y hat a re k n o n as S hor t R a te T ab let .

2 . hen s par tiat lou hac been pmid . the retur n pr emium is to the
whole prem ium as the b alan ce o f the polic y aft er d ed uc t in g the
p a rtia l los ses p a id is t o th e w ho le a m o un t o f th e p o l ic y as first iss ued .

1 . M r .
'

A effects an ins uran ce on his sto ck of mds e to the

.

amoun t of 05000 for 6 mo , at short rates, his risk being rated at.

857o n ahun dred dollars ; in conseq uen ce of ared uct ion of stock
at the en d of 4 mo , he . wishes his policy can celled ; to howm uch

ret urn premi um is he entitled

M
S urrO N — The rate fo r a foun d
o sn i
'

k
. i e.
in t e . tab le is .0059 a n or mo , 0059_ 0043
w
. .
.

1 0042 ; hen ce the return p rem ium is t he

. 1 7x 5
difference between m
.

an d ore m ul
tiplied b y 5000, o r

Balm— MM
tlte tw
the m ust insur ed by the ew f
ence o tiM
e -

ratee or f o p eriode, to find lhe return premi m

war m um m
-
o rai ne.

2 . M B tak
r . es out aperpetual ins uran ce on his marb le dwel
5500. his risk bein g rated at
ling to the amo un t ot 0 i f a n n ually;
what is the deposit premium at the rate of ten an n ual pm
m iums , an d if he afterward surrend ers his polic y for cancel!»
tion how much return prem i um should he g et the rate being

M
,

75

W
905 of the d eposi t A ns
MC
. .

8 . has an an n ual policy of in suran ce ot

L ou ld!

house ; at the end of ? m o afire occurs ti ich damag es his pw . w

pet t y to t e amo
h un t of w hich the in suran ce com a a
p y py
n !

an d ind orses t he paym en t on his policy ; 2 m o m . M .

0 sells his house an d surrend ers his policy tor canb ellation il‘

tall ; what is his return premi um , the

hi s ris k

m m.
 33 2 BO R MA L um os as t r s us r t c .

PA RT NE R SHIP .

68 5 . Pa rtnershi p is the a ssoc ia tion of t wo or more

pers on s for the tran sactio n of bus in ess .

858 6 . Partners are the perso n s assoc iated in b usin ess,

an d are of Gener l, Lim ited, and Sp ec i al
three kin d s,
a .

58 7 The Capital of a firm is the m on ey or property

.

in ves ted by the partners The Li abi lities are its d ebts
. .

58 8 The Resources or Assets of a fir m are its prop

.

erty of an y ki nd , tog et her with the a m ounts d ue it The .

excess of reso urces o ver lia bilities is called t he Net C ap ital .

58 9 Partn ership is div id ed in to Si mp le and Cons»

.

poun d P ar tn er ship for co n v en ie n ce o f treatment .

General P ar lours risk their who le pro perty in the btmi nms ;
ital an d Special P artners r is k on ly the am oun t o f capi tal lhey
to con tribute Partners whose nam es do not appear are co m e
.
.
m
M
SI P LE PA RTNERS HIP .

590 In Simple Pa
. r tn er ship the shares of t he partners

are employ ed for eq ual per iods of tim e .

1 . A , B, an d 0, went a
in to p rtn ership ; A put in $500
.

B p ut in $ 700 an d O
, , 0800; t hey g ained $ 600; what wa s

eac h o n e s s hare of t he g ain ?

’

SO LUTIO N — The en tire

. o r s ns n o
'
u .

capital is $ 2000 Since .

ed or t
re of t he capi share .

tal , an should h ave {aof -

e .

the g ain , etc .

Rul e — Di vi de the g ai n
. or 103 3 amo ng the

p r op or tion to thei r shar es o f the stoc k .

wm m n H ai rc u t s.

2A , B , and 0 form apartn ers hip for

. shippin
g
A p uts in $ 68 0,
h rec e i ve 7
 r aan m n r . m
8. Three per“ was in t o N ip. whh m a!
whieh A m m h -LB g t -d c tk
’

w m ; t hey g t ia
81 800: what can belon g s t o each I

A na A . . 33 00 ; 8 $600; 0 $ 300
. .

4 Three men ag ree to shm

. fiO g d wing A taking $ 8
and C } ; but upon drawiug o l t hese parts they fin d thm

is aremain de r ; ho w abould the wine be divided ?

A n A . 253 9 14 B 1 95 31 14 C. l h gl l fl
M
.
,

5 A , B. and a t i t h al t rad A
My
.
p r
ere n e rs n e eo e ;
ni she d $ 6000 B , 87000 and C man ag ed the busin ess ;
,

g ain ed 8 2400 ; what was the share o f eac h if C meeived as ,

m uch as bot h A and B ?

A ns A 8500 ; B s $ 700; C s 31 200
’ ’ ’
. s, , . .

6 T hree pers ons eng ag e in

. co tton specul ation ; A co n ~

t ributed 86400, B 37200, an d C 86400; t hey lose }

4 of their
stoc kby fire an d g ain ed , on the remainder }
1
of cost ; what
was the g ai n of each ?
A ns A.
$ 2048 ; B s 82304 C s
’
s, 798 ’
.
’
. ” .

7 . S q uire
’
Jones left by his will $6000 to his wife $ 8500 ,

to his son , And $4500 to his d aug hte r ; but upo n settling his
estate it was fo un d to amoun t to only 31 0400; how much
did each receive ?

Ana. Wif e, $ 4000; son , $ 2 800; daug hter Q 3600 , .

m m P M .

To b e om l tte d un less o t her wise d i rected .

8 A. B. and 0 g o into t he lumber trad e wi th aj oin t capital s!

” W
.

600; at the sn d of a year it is found that A s g aln h t i dbo,

'
.

31600, and 0 s 01600; req uire d each on e s stock

’ '
.

A m A s, 0
’
8800; B s, 0 8000; 0 s, 0
’
8900
'
. .

0 A shippin g firm g ain ed on e year $ 4200; A s stoc k was

. oo, ’
m
B s st ock, 0
’
6800, and 05 31 111 01 250; req uired 0 s stool: and A s a
' '
nd

B s gai n Am A s, 81 685; B s, 01 825; 0 s stock, 0 5000

’ ’ ’ '
. . .

1 0 A, B, and O form a partnei shi p t or carrying on s o ur-cry ; A -

W “
.

hats , s 0000 , s tati c 1 0 ac res of laa d on w hl s h to e -

tab
l ish the rmm ry ; their flrst year s profite are 01 500, of whic h 0 re
’

Q eim wha m
t are A ’
a a n d B ag ai n, an d th e val ue o f O ’
l land
’

”
;

we?
Am A s: .
'
“so; B ’
s, M g nm wm
 834 me an “ un i o n . s at r n us n c .

CO MPO UND PA BTNEBSHIP

591 In Compound Partnershi p t he capitals
. of the
a a m l d t difi i d f im
'

p rtners re e p y
o e or eren t pe r o s o t e .

CASE I .

fiu m m p r o flta m t d lom ar e d i fi d e d h
p r op o r t io n to cap i tal an d ti m e .

I T wo persons
. en ter in to partn ers hip an d g ain $328 ; A
pm in
.
$ 8 00 for 5mo .
,
an d B $ 700 fo r 6 mo ; what . was eac h
man ’
s share of the g ain ?
Sc h
E ato n
oxa fi
w
18 eq m
for
len t
to $ 4000 for l mo ; and
gg
.
c entu r i o n .

6m e u iv
.

3 1
3 32 g g
s
j
1 00 200 r $ 200 who le for 1 mo .

hence the en tire ca

is eq uivalen t to $ 00 5
2 B s share
'

for 1 mo The m of.

the sol ution may be

g iven as in Sim ple Part
nerebilL

Rule . Mul iply t each p ar tner

’
s cap ital by the. ti me i t was
emp loyed , and d i vid e the gai n or loss i n p p
r o ort ion to that

p r od uc ts .

wm '
rn m s u m m i ts .

A , B, an d O en g ag ed in partn ership ; A had $500 in

tr ad e for 9mo .
, B $ 8 00 fo r 8 mo , an d 0 $ 12 00 for 7 mo ; . .

they g ain what was each ons s s hare of

’
. t he g ain ?
A ns A .
’
s, B ’
s, C ’
s,

8. F o ur g en tlemen ren te d a pas ture field fo r the -

first put in 3 ho rses fo r 7 weeks , t he secon d 4 horses for 8

weeks , the third 2 horses for 1 3 weeks ,
an d the four th 5
ho rse s for 5 weeks ; what s ho ul d eac h a
p y
Ans .

4. A , B, C, and D ag ree to elear a tract s! woodland for

$ 1 2 0 ; A worked 9 d ay s o f 1 0 ho urs each, 15 dq s JG B
ho urs each, 0 1 0 d ay s of 9 hours eac h, and D 8 weeb fi

what does each recewe i

' '

ho ur s a day
 co ur o c s n u srs s as n rr . 335

t he e nd 0 0 mon ths he to o k in
3 MG wi h $ 7 00 api
r ree n , t 0 c

h M Ha dy wi h $ 3 000
.
.

ta], and at the end of 6 m on t s r . n t

c ap ital
; at the en d o f the y ear t he
y had g ain ed $ 4 020 ;
req uired the share o f each A ns $ 2 400; $ 12 60; 8360 . . .

6 T wo persons A an d B, were in partn ers hip 2 y ears ;

. .

A at firs t put in $ 2 500 an d B $ 3 000; at the en d of 9 m o A .

to o k o nt $ 8 00 an d B put in $500; t hey lost in 2 yr .

$ 38 25;
v. hat was eac h o ne s s hare of
’
the loss ?
m 31 440; B $ 23 85
4
'
. A s,
’
s, .

7 Three dro vers , A , B, an d C, hire a past ure for

.

fo r 5mo ; A put in 60 co ws ,
. 80 co ws, an d C 90 co ws ; at B
t he e n d of ti me A . sells
g of his, B i of his , an d C i of his ;
ho w much ren t oug ht eac h to pay ?
Am . A, B, C,

T o b e om i tt ed un l ess o ther wise d i re cted .

8 A and B went in to the hard ware business, A s capital b ein g

’
.

io B s as h to 7; at the end o f d m on ths A withd raws i of his capi

’

tal, and B l ot his, and durin g the year they lose $ 1 480; what was
each ma n s share of the loss ? A m A s, $ 585; B s, $845
’ ’ ’
. .

9 Brown s capital was in trad e 6 m o , Blac k s 8 mo and

’ ’

W W
. . . ,

hit e s 10 mo Bro wn s g ain was $ 750, B lac k s 01 200,

’ ’
’ ’
. hit e s
$3 10. an d the whole capital . $ 1 8880; how m uch did each own 1 ’

A m $ 7000; $ 8400; $ 4480 . .

Ma n - r in d each o n e s
'
gain for 1 m o an d d i vi d e the whol e capi tal in
.
,

CASE IL

W of m flts or lom ia m o

W e p r op or t i o n o f c ap i tal an d the am u
on t he

1 . A an d for m a p a rB
t ne rs hip; A c o n tr i b ute s $ 1 70 0 . an d
is t o h av e Q of t he p r o fi ts B c o n t rib u tes $ 70 0 . a n d is to

ha i p
v e ro fi ts ; ea ch p a rt n er is to re ce iv e o r a
p y in tere s t a t

the r ate of 6 p er an n u m% fo r an y e x c e ss o r d e fici t i n h is p r o

port ion ate share of capital . A t the end of a year t he profit s

are $ 000 . How much has each gained ?
 336 s c an
s “ . o n i on s arr n n s r t c .

or m m ou .

a pt“! is $ 2400 A huted

3333
°
.

should con tribute i or

$ 1 600, and is en titled
to 1 year s inten t, or
’ Ex 51 0
0
B 06
$ 6, on his ex can .
.

should con tribute { , or

l o t fo r 1 year
.

$ 800, an d m ust pay 1

im i 6
W W
$ ,
'
y ear s or
br c t
Deficit
.

$ 900
gi i m
o
t i i ter t
In t fo r 1 year .

T
600, and + 6 A s gfi n
’

2
oi 900
'

:
.

of 900 300, and 6z B s gain

’
.

Rule s
- I F in d the i nter est
. on the m ar de finit e]
eac h par tner s shar e o f cap i tal. f
I h ar e ad
’
t er e

withd r awals , subtr act the in ten d on the f or n w f rom lhs

g r oss pro fi ,
ts an d add the i n ter es t on the latter to the gross

p ro
fits

II Di vid e the pr ofits thus obtai n

. i n the r eq uir ed pf e “
por tio ns add i n g or s ubtm eti ng ths i n te r est d ue to or by m
a
,

p ar tn er r especti vely an d the r ewlt will be the m ,

f f

eac h F or the p r esent value of eac h shar e, add to

M
.

par tn er
’
s or i gi n al stock the net gam an d the ad d itim ,

subtr act the withd r awals .

puts in $ 1 00 more than his share,

than theirs
wan
.

-
re s z x u m es .

2 . A an d B
form a partners hip A co n tr b ute s .
i

is to have § o i the pro fits ; B co n tri b utes $ 2 000

hav e i of the pro fits ; eac h par W er is to recei

in terest at the rate of 6% per an n um for an y

de ficit in his share of capital . A t t he end of the
the pro fits are $ 1 500 an d ,
n othin g is withdrawn .

the worth of each share . Ans A , $5000; B,

.

To b e o m i tt ed un leas otheewise

mr
o

i he fonow in g yu r A add g dm ing the

’
l
W W
'
,

aveu g ing hi ay l ; B ad ds avuai in g L

 888 n o un “ un i on. an xr n n s r i c .

u
R e
l — ultip ly each payment by
r M its ter m o f cr ed i t, and
di vid e the sum o f the p m d ucts by the sum o f the a
p ym ats ;
the quoti ent will be the aver ag e ter m of c r ed it .

Hor n — l U there are ceu u m wy of the pay m m mey m be

gz
re
when w
.

iect ed less t hau , and rec k on ed at t l when m ore than The

m otion c i a d a y in the answer is aiso rqiec ted whcn l ees thau i , and
‘

reck o ned as 1 d ay if mo re t ha n 5 .

2 It is o bj ccted to this rul e that the ln terest o n a cert ain sum not
.

Q i g 8 E i E 8 5 i E s

The tim e may also be fo und by divld ing the m m oi the in te rests
’

on the
a
p ym ent s, using auy rate, b y the iut eres t o u tb e sum for !
t o the un it o t ti me used in
’

m u n : Im
m u ne .

2 . Hen ry S m it h o wes T homas Jones $ 6000,

f d ue in
3 mo .
,
in 4 mo .
, an d t he remaind er in 6 mo ; . req uired the

averag e term of cred it . A ns 4} mo . .

8 . I owe $ 1 500 g o f which is d ue in, 2 mo .

, $000 in 51nd ,

an d the remain der in 7} mo ; . req uired the aver ag e ter m of

A n s «i i mo
. .

i n A perso n o wes $ 3 00 due in 4 m o , $ 400 d ue in 5mo ,

. . .

$ 70 0 d ue in 6mo , an d $ 1 000 d ue in 8 m o ; w
.hat is the aver»
.

ag e term of cred it ? A ns Gfi mo . .

5 I boug ht merchan d ise A pril 1 , 1 876, as fo llows : $ 4200

.

for cash 82 800 on 4 mo , an d 8 1 400 on 6 mo what is the . .

equated a
p y m en t ? time of A ns J u n e 1 1 . .

6 A g entlem an bo ug ht a house, ag reein g to pay i in

.

4 mo , Q in 9m o , an d the rem ain der in 1 yr ; req uired the

. . .

averag e term of cred it. A n s 7 mo . .

R en am e — S ince the rmn lt will be the eame whatever the sum ovd .
we may amum e $ l as the capitahand proceed as befme .

m an ! P RO BL M .

To b e o m i tte d un l ess o the r wise d irecte d .

7 A merchan t o wes a certain

. sum, §o f which ls d ue m 4 m , i
In 6 mo , in 1 2 mo , an d the
. . remaind er in 8 m o ; req uired tit .

averag e t erm of cred it . An q u

8 .

an d the rem ain d er on Sept “m . um mm eme for the n

m t of t he whole ,
estim atin g m m m mxm \
 av s aas i se ac c es s “ . 341

bei ng due he paid $ 600, and 3 m o before d ue he paid $ 1 200; .

at what time in eq uity should the remainder be paid ?

Ans In 1 0mo
M 0 $ 1 600 f
. .

8 . I lent r . . or 9 mo .
, of which be paid in 5 O

mo , and . of the remai nder in 6 mo ; . how lon g in equity , ,

may the remain der remain un paid

'

Am 1 1 mo after d ue
M W$ 400 f
. . .

4 . I bo rrowed of r. . or 3 mo , $ 600
. for 5m o , .

a nd $ 800 for 6 mo ; at the en d of 4 m o . . I paid him $ 1 200; at

what time in equity should the remain der be paid ?
A m 7 mo after borrowin g . . .

5. A m illiner bo ug ht of S m ith Cc a b ill of $ 2 40 for

2 0 day s, and $ 560 for 3 0 d ay s ; at the en d of 1 6 d ay s s he

pa id $3 00,
an d at the en d o f 2 4 d a s she
y pai d $ 350; when , in
eq uit y , should the balan ce be paid ? A ns 56 day s . .

A VE RA G ING A CCO U NT S .

002 . Averagi ng an Account is the process of fin din g

the mean or eq uitable tituc for t he pay men t of the balance of
the acco un t .

1 . In the follo win g accoun t, req uired the balance and

the time when d ue :

Hm : Hu nt .

$ 550 41500

7 M 22 0til .

the m am a-
mais due fi dm ahm l n m , h a\ . fl
Im fl .
 346 s o an u un i o n aat r s us r r c
. .

S E C T IO N X .

INV O LU TIO N AND EV O LUTION .

INV O LU T IO N .

6 08 Involuti on is the process

. of find ing any po wer of

a n um ber .

6 09 . A Power of a n umber is the prod uct aris i ng from

us in g the n um ber se v eral t im es as a factor The n um ber .

itself is called the fi r st po wer .

61 0 T he Second Power of a n umber is the prod uct

.

ob tain ed by using the n umber t wic e as a fac tor T hus , 1 6 .

is the secon d po wer of 4 s in ce 4 x ,

The Thi rd Power of a number is the pro d uct oh

tained by usin g t he n umber three times as a factor T hus .

64 is the third power of 4, sin ce 4x 4 x 4 : 64 .

612 . The F our th Power of a n umber is the prod uct oh

tained by usin g the n um ber four times as afactor ; t he F ri/lb
P ower , five times as a fac tor, etc .

61 8 . The a po wer is in dicated by a small

Deg ree of

fig ure, called an expon en t, placed at t he rig ht an d alittle above

the number . Thus, 5 3
represents the 2d po wer o f 5, the
third power of 6, etc .

6 1 4 The Ex pon ent in dicates ho w man y times t he n um

.

her is used as a factor T hus , 8 denotes that 8 is used as

3
.

a factor three times ; that is , 8 x 8 x 8, which eq uals 51 2 .

The m e power o f an umber is called its sguar abecanae the area

of a sq w e e uals the pro d uct of its two equal si d es
q .

of a n umlm is aalled its cubabccause the prodnct of the three

aids or a on ce g ives its con ten ts .

P arn e l r n u .

l A power of a n um ber i s obtai ned by usin g the n umber

.

as a f actor as m an y ti mes as ther e ar e un its i n the degree

M
.
.

he r od uc t o an y
p
two po wer s of a
f m mh er em it a
t
f
o the n m n ber den oted bg me um
a o f tha em m .
 c os i ne s aun as . 349

“ ru m! m a
i nl i ne .

fo ll owin g n um bers

A ns 78 4 . . 8 . 89 .
-
A ns 792 1 . .

An s 1 1 56
. . 9 97 . . A na 9409 . .

A ns 1 52 1
. . 10 . 467 . An s 2 1 808 9. .

4
4 71 2 2 1 16 .
11 . 1 03 . A ns 494209 . .

Am . 3 2 49 .
12 . 2 005 . Ans 402 0025
. .

A ns 608 4
. -
li r . 462 8 . Ans 2 1 41 83 8 4
. .

he following prin ciples d erived fro m the abo ve

important, an d should be committed to memo ry :

Pn nm an s .

sq uare o f m ba
er of tw nu
o fi g ur es equ a ls the ,

ti mes TER S K o m r s + um r s ’ '

squa r e of a n umber o
f thr ee fig ur es eqw d s mm
2 ti mes no un s sn s x

8 m ay also be ex pressed in sym bols.

units fig ure, t ten s, It hun d red s , and T

a period bet ween t wo letters d en ote their
then we have
3

u) ’
T ’
+2 T h . NH » «»
I6 a
’

CU BING NU MBERS
Mt h d
.

here are Two e o s of cubing n um bers , called

Alg ebr ai c, an d the Sy nthetic or Geo metr ic al

T he o b ec t o f
j these met hod s is to fin d t he la w of
the and thus to prepare for
c ube , corres pon di ng

of u plain ing Ev o lution .

of 25 by the anal yti efi method .

 s vo w r ron . 351

first cub e represen t the w ho alread y foun d , an d then

follo win g num bers

A n s 1 728 . . 8 . 36 . A n s 46656 . .

A ns 4096 . . 9 42. . A n s 74088 . .

A ns 583 2 . . 1 0 65. . A m 2 74625 .

A n s 1 2 1 67
. . 11 . 84 . A ns 592 704 .

An s 3 9301 .
- . 12 . 327 . A n s 3 4965783
. .

The followin g prin ciples are im portan t, an d s ho uld

to m em ory :

P m ar m .

cube o f a n umber con sis ti n g o f fi g ur es eqtw

ua
ot e

ti mes 1 2 218 ’
x s tar s 3 ti mes w as x v m r s ’

3 ti mes n o uns nn s ’
x runs -
l 3 ti mes
rm s ‘
3 ti mes ( n un ns s ns r s us )
’

( n o nn as ns r s us ) x vmr s ’
urur a '

ciples may also be ex pressed in sy mbola

t ‘
St ne l 3t u i -
.
’
u '

3h t ’
. t ‘
3( h +
3 th t) u’
u '
. .

EV O LU TIO N .

Evolution is the process of fin ding a root of a

A Boot of a n umber is one o f its eq

-
ual ts ctors .

Boot s are of d ifferen t deg rees ; as , secon d , thi r d , etc .

62 5. T he Square Boot, or secon d root, o f a num ber is

one of its two equal factors . T hus, 8 is the sq uare root of

64, 8 10 00 8X8= 64 .

62 6 . The (lub e Root, or thi r d r oot, of anumber is one

of it s thr ee equal factors . T hus, 4 is t he c ube roo r. of 64,
610 00 ‘ X‘ X‘ z
-
fid .
854 RO B I A L um os aat r n un r ro .

“ Th .dt h pow ot an umher dividsd by ths sq uam ol tbs nm

s

bu squah to; what is ths n um bcr ?

l 3 Tb e fim
. of a n um ber divided by §ot tb e uumber squ ab
fl ; what is the n um ber r
l l A n umber di vided by 6 gi ves double the sq uare mot ot tbs
.

nu mbs r g what ls the number ?

1 5 Tbs sq uare of a n um ber m ultiplied by one half of the numbu
.
-

sq u als 32 ; v hat h ths number ?

l t fld t ol ths sq m ot anumbsr, multiplis d by i of §ofl ho u

h. , - qu ls fl what is ths n umhar ?

SQ U A RE RO O T .

68 2 . T here are Two Mth d

e o s o f explain ing the ge nera
l
of ext rac ti ng t he sq uare roo t, called t he A nalytic
process

or Algebr aic Mth d

e o an d t he Synthetic or l
Geometrica
M
,

ethod

M
.

68 3 T he Ana lytic ethod of sq uare root is so called

.

because it an aly zes t he n umber into its elemen ts and derives

the process of evo lutio n from the law of in volution
M
.

68 4 The Geometr ical

. ethod is so call ed because it
makes use of a g eo metrical fig ure to explain t he process of
ext ract ing t he root .

Nor m— Wi h y
t o ung pu have adimcul ty
who
tion it wi ll be weil to them upo n the mcthod
(a u tt ing them to g ive the expl an atio n until they
b
on sn t a nd It .

1 Extract t he sq uare roo t of 1 225

. .

w
A s su m e“ S o w rl u
o — h inoe '

m ig sm
.

st a w
.

m «
cs
'

ta m or twics as wm y lm one
wi ll eons tst of
z
the
a 326 35
m um m ot of

two lac es, and hence will cons is t

g
of te s and u n its, and l 225 consis ts

ofw + 2 x m x un iu+ uuia ’

.
 s ruxt aa n o v a" . 359

M
S I ILA R F IGURE S .

Similar Fig ur es are those which have the same

es are s imilar fig ures ; also sq uares, etc .

The Princi ples of sim ilar fig ures derived from

are as follo ws

ar eas of all si milar fig ur es are t

o eac h other
-
a

figures ar e to
squar e r oots o f thei r ar eas .

warr ant
of a rectan g le is 2 70and one sid e is 1 8 ; what
sim ilar rectang le, t he lo ng er side being 2 4 ?

c e ntu r i o n .

Am o d 270 z : 24 ’
18 '

270 ’ "
?
Q

Am of 2d 480,
1s

g ard e n s o ne 5 rod s in d iameter

rod s ; t he sec on d 18 ho w m any times as
A 718 3 6 times
. .

20 rd long and 1 6 rd broad ; what are the

. .

lot 4 tim es as large ? Am 40 32 . .

e, whose diamet er is 2 0feet, is

is the diamete r of a circle whose area in
A ns 1 0it . .

a rec tang q field 80 rod s lo ng and 60

e dimension s of another similar field con

A ns 53§ rd ; 40rd
. . .

to a post i n t he centre of a field by a

g rz
a e upo n an ac re, what leng th of rope
upon 5} acres ? Ans 4 c h l 5§li
. . .

d iamete r
h will a
360 s c ant “ . U NIO N s arr n un r xo '
.

whose d iamete r is
8. If apipe in fill acistern in 5 bean , .

in what time will a pipe whose diameter is 3 in fill the sen s .

cistern ? Am . 1} hours .

S ue — It onn in 4 timm as m nch and fillait in

.
p , f of 5 ho urs .

9 Req uired t he distance between a

.

lower corner an d the O pposite upper

corner of a roo m 48 feet lon g , 2 0 feet
wide , an d 3 9 feet hig h .

A n s 65feet
. .

0U B E RO O T
64 4 . There are T WO Method s o f explain ing t he g e n eral

pr ocess of ext rac t in g t he Cube R oo t, c alled t he A n alyti c or

Algebr aic Mh d
et o an d the Syntheti c or Geometri cal Mh d et o

M
, .

64 5 T he An aly ti c
. ethod of cube root is so called
ly zes t he n umber into i ts elements an d d eri ves
bec ause it an a
the process from the law of in volution

Mth d
.

6 46 . T he Geometr ical e o of c ube roo t is so called

because it makes us e of a cube to ex plain the pr oces s .

1 . Extract the cube root o f 91 1 25 .

W“
A NA LYTIO So um o s . o r nax rxoa .

the who of a 91 1 )
num ber consists of three 5
27125 45

thr a arm as m v t u m
'

y e o
3 x 40x 5z 600
or n athe cube root of
91 1 25wil l com ist of two

itsel f m ll oom ist of teac'

sn o wn sr am m

tTa
e x u ul F
r r
» - -

h am um b
e g re t t n er
of tens whoee
be 18 c
g
a
;
turned i g 1 1 b i 4
Cnhl g the t ns z
and sn btracting , we have
z 25
271 25, which eq uals ii x
WXM +3X (G M
 or 45units on a side .

Nor a— Thum
it into its part s,
auo bc
a ? te nt ed
whic h sc
5 bu
iMy
ild

64 7 . W will e no w solve a problem with th

the root, in dicatin g the solution by mean s of

breviatin g the operation as in practice A poi .

in d icates the m ultiplication of the letters .

S HO WN BY L ETT ERS . O P ER A TIO II AS

im am
M a: moo suma
c
”50 00
M 3X ” , 120000
w r x soox 40: tom
a
aa n 403

h+ tl i ==8Xm 3
fl +3) u =3X240 X 3
. —
“3 3 8 3

NO TU — l By th . .

mes we remove the

Eula— I Beg in at un its an d

. sep ar ate the

per i ods o f thr ee fi gur es each.

II F ind the gr eatest n amber whose cube is con tain ed in

.

the lefl han d per io d , wr ite it f or the fir st ter m qf the root .

subtr act its cube f rom the lef t han d per iod , an d annea the
nex t p er i od to thi s r em ai n der f or a divid en d
Mult p ly th
.

III . i e squ
f ar eo
the fi r s t ter m of the r oot 631 300

f or a r am . m vrsca; divide the di vi dend by it, and {he rm it

wi ll be the secon d ter m of tlte roct

wm
.

ad d m tim d“
‘

IV . To the tr ial dit neor i

 ” d im .

A ns 231. . 9 . 633839 779 A ns

. .

A ns, 327 . 10 . 1634838 4872 A ns 2588 . . .

A ns 845
. . 11 . 8427392875 A ns m o.
. .

A ns 652
. . 12 . Am .

A n s 1 234 13 16508 467386 A m 2546

WM
. . . . . . .

m etho d s c l ex trac ti n g c ub e ro ot , see Br oo ke s

'

OF C U BE RO O T .

of cub e root to problems in

, such as cubes, parallele i
pp e

etc .
. are exte n si ve .

Edg e of acube is eq ual to the cube root of it!

warm s an n o t at e.

on e of a cubical cheat which shall

Am . 40(L
sq uare feet in one face of a

ie the en tire s uf fi ce d a enhe who-e m

91 1 25 eabte leet t AM [ S tu -at
. .
 s i e n n a s c or e . 861

4. U s cub ical box 4 ft lon g , hold

. bu . of g rain , ho w
much wil l a cubi cal box 6 ft lo ng hold ? Ans hu . . .

5 If a hay s tack 1 2 feet in d iame ter con tain 1 5 tons , what

.

is the diameter of a s imil ar s tac k o f 1 2 0 to ns ? A n s 2 4 ft . .

8 If a man 5ft hig h weig h 1 50 lh , what is the weig ht ol

. . .

a man of sim ilar b uild whose heig ht is 6 it ? A ns 8 591 15 .

7 T he sun is 8 85680 miles in d iameter, an d the earth

.

791 8 miles ; the s un is ho w m any times as larg e as the

A ns A bout 1 1 2
.
‘

8. T here are two balls whose d iam eters are respec ti vely

3 in an d 4 in ;
. what
is the d iameter of a ball
. whose conten ts
are eq ual to them both ? A ns . in . nearly .

—
SUB Cube 3 and
. 4, take their sum , an d then co m pare this witheither
of the g i ven bal ls .

H I G HE R R O O T S .

664 A ny root whose in dex con tain s onl the fact ors 8
.
y
or 8 can be ex tracted by mean s of t he sq uare an d who roo t

accordin g to the follo win g princ iple

r um -
or s L u .

A root o f a n umber e
quals a m ot of a root f o the n umber ,
in which the p r o d uctf o the i n dices o f tke two latter r oots

squab the i n dex of the f orm er .

Sin ce the sq uare o f the cube o f a n um ber eq uals the six th po wer ,
the n xfil root ot a n um ber eq u
' '

als the root ot the cuhs root ot

the m hm aud the same is true in any

n rl r m :
-
s m el l " .

1 . Extract the s ixt h roo t o f 4096 .

w
BO Lm ou — To fin d the sixth root of 4096 we first ex tract the s nm
q
-e fiud wbe u u
.

m d then fin d the cube root ot which h

4
. the six th root of is d m .

Req uired t he value of

Ans 5 s . . . V ssosss . Am . 5
’
A ns 3 c / 862 1 44 Am 4
Wm
. . . s . . .

4.
V sorse A ns 1 8 7 le sw A ns 4
W-Mu m
. . . . . .

M M am
.

— m d MM m Bm
 868 l o an “. un i o n t arr aun r ro .

S E C T IO N XI .

SU P P L E ME NT .

The 8 m m co ntains add iti on al matt er for ad van ced ch u m

~

It may be om itt ed in schools req uiring a shorter noun s, or such

p ts of it may be stud ied as the in teres ts of the pupils ind i oate
ar .

656 A S eri es is a s uccess ion o f n um be rs , eac h d er ived

.

fro m the preced ing by some fix ed law .

666 The Terms of a series are the n um bers which

.

compos e it The E x tr emes are t he fi rst an d last terms ;

Ma
.

the e ns are t he term s bet ween the extr emes .

057 . A n As cen di ng S eries is one in which the terms

increase from left to ri g ht ; a Des cend i n g Ser ies is on e in
which the term s decreas e from left to rig ht .

A R ITH METICA L P R O GRES S IO N .

6 58 . A n Arithmetical Prog ression is a series of n um

here which vary by a com mon d ifferen ce ; as 8, 5, 7, 9, etc .

The common Diflerence is the d iflerence between

'

6 59
‘

any t wo co nsec uti ve term s ; thus, in the abo ve series the

comm on d iflerence is 2
'

66 0 . The Q uanti ti es co n sid ered are fiv e, any thr ee oi

which being g i v e n , t he ot hers m ay be fo un d .

on axr i r m s c o us ws az n .

The fir st term co m mon d idereuce

’

l . . 3 . T he .

2 . T he las t term . 4 . The n umber o f terms .

5 The sum
. of all the term s .

CAS E I .

68 1 . M e m tl te flr s t ten m the co m m n

an d the n um ber of tem s, to fln d me las t ter m

I. The first term is 3 the ,

common u
fi ereum
’
2 and
, “m y

re q u r d h h a t m
8 of ter m s i
" e t e er . .
 eso ms r s rc an r ao o s s s s l o s . 3 73

5. The firs t term of a g eom trical series is l an d t he rate

2; what is the 30th term ? A na 53 68 7091 2
. .

6. The firs t term of a g eometrical series is l an d the rate

8; what is the 2 l st ter m ? A ns 3 486784401
. .

7 A mer
. chant dl b les his
4 yr ; if he beg ins
i capi ml every .

with $ 5000, ho w m uch has he at the end of 1 6 yr ? .

A ns .
98 0000 .

8 A m an boug ht 2 0 horses ag reein g to pay for them all

.
,

as much as the last horse wo uld cost, at the rate of 2 cents

for the first , 4 cen ts for the secon d , 8 cen ts for the third ,
etc .
; what did they cost ? An s 81 0485376
. .

CASE II
.

G i ven , the fir s t ter m , the r ate , an d the las t

Wm or m cm b er of tem pt s , to fin d the s um of the ter m s .
1 The first term i 2, the rate is 3, an d num ber of ter ms 5;
.
s
req uired the sum of the terms.
So urrt a — Wi i orm
W
n t rxon
'
o r ng

a rm
.

the h
t
m u ta rd then mu l upl Sum 3 x 4as
ing s the rate and
tww e the sum 48 6 2
ing diflerence o f the
’ -

tw o series, w
4 8 6 2
AM m
-
e hs ve tvies z .

the m eq u als 486 2

and the sum equals 0
486 2, whi ch i3 242 In this solution w e obsem that is the lsn M
m
-
.

ter m, m u lti hy the rate , s nd that this is diminished by the first term,
.

da di vided hy the rate minus one ; hence w e have the

Eul a— To fin d the sum , m ulti p ly the last ter m by the

rate, subtr act the fi r st ter m , an d d i vi de the rem ai n der by
the rate d i mi n ished by un ity .

Hor n — In ad ecreasing ser ies we sub trac t

the las t term m ul tiplied by
me n te tt om the nn t term , an d divi d e by l mln us the rate .

2 . The first term is 4, the rate 5, an d the las t term 500;

req uired the sum o f the terms. A ns 62 4 . .

8 . T he first term of a decreasin g series is 64, the rate

the las t te rm 2 ; what is the s um ? A n s 1 26 . .

i T he first term of a decreasing

. series is 2 43, the rate Q;
what is the sum 5 te rm s ? Aus 36&
'

ot
'

WW
.

8 . A was bo ug ht 1 2 y ard s o f cl o t h, g i vi n g re m-
 m n o auu . e uro s s au n a

firat yard , 3 cen ts for the wcon d , O cents

ho w much did it cost ?

8. A mother g ave her daug hter 1 cent

it on eac h s ucceed in g birt hd ay ; be

worth when became 2 1 y r of
she .

7 A lady thin king $ 1 § a y ard

.

contain in g 1 5 y ard s , ag reed to pa

8 cen ts for t he seco n d, etc .
;
how m uch i
8. A man wishin g to b uy
but ag reed to pay l f for the l st nail in
the 2d , 4 y for t he third , etc ; what d id the .

be in g 8 2 nails in his s hoes ? A ns .

l NFl NITE SERIES .

6 72 . A n Infini te S eries is a series in

ber of terms is in fin ite .

6 73 . In a desce nd in g series of an
te rms , the las t term beco mes so sm all that it m y
cred z ero ; hen ce the abo ve rule becomes

Rul e The sum of an i nfi n ite ser

. ies equals the
d ivid ed by a un it mi n us the r ate
Wha
.

1 . t is the sum of t he in fin ite ser ies 4t , ,

etc

So um on — In this series the first

. O P BRA TIO N .

is 1 , and the rate , and the last 1 1

is ed a s sero ; enc e we ltave
the sum the series eq u al to l di vided l 5
by l — i or whi ch is 2 .

2 . S um of the in fin i te se ries Q i j 15
, , ,
1
4
, et c ? A ns 1 . .

8 . S um o f t he in fin ite series i f ,7
,
3
, , etc ? A na i . .

4 . S um of the in fin ite series fi h , , et A ns t.

5 A ball falls 8 it to t he floor an d bo unds back 4 ft

. . .
. tim
falling bo und s bac k 2 ft .
,
an d so on ; ho w tar will it move
before coming to rest ?
8. A bound an d fox, 1 0 rod s apart, run so t hat wheat!”
houn d run s 1 0 rod t
s he iox ru n s m o m ;
e nt how fur will
i t s ho un d ru
n to c atch the ( of !
376 s o an s t un t o s
—
Bonn n om It ieli
-

the end ot b the

will be ‘ wi out
4i h tw ill have
ins the interest for one y ear which
p
at $ 21 2 ; the 8d pa l en t w ili have
become pl us t ‘ in t
e rest in
for 2

wi ll fin al val ue
’

the ter ms ; thi s s um be the .

Nor a .

me n m of terms ,
hr such

wa r r e n ex e m s ns .

2 . A u ann uity of $ 400 was un paid for 7y r ; .

then due, in te rest at 6 % 7

8 . A n an n uity of $ 600 was un paid for b yr .

tnen d ue, in te rest at 4 per cen t

W
.

4 hat is the fin al v alue of an

. an n uity of

it 5 per cent .

ann ually ; now if he n eg lec ts to pay what

what will be the s um d ue at the end of 8 y r , i .

C ASE II

68 2 To fin d
. the p r es s ed statue o f an
si m p le in ter es t

Wha
.

1 . t is the present value of an an n uity

4 yr at 6 t

“
, .
per cen .

So nm oy - in e the present
“an an nui t ‘ e pram wo gg
F

final f
va u fin d the final fim
M
the en ve
value by L n d thm find t he pm

m
wor a! this by Art
M W
m
M
The .

we u 2 , a
n d the “has at
we h m e in fla ti n g m
 s tr uc t u r e an o o n r o us n t s r n as s r . 377

R M — F i n d the finat f thvatu

e ae o
n n ui t b
y y Case L,

“ w
'

then fin d the p r esen t or th of lh at s um

wm r ml
'
“ n uc l e u s
Wha m u I pay f
.

2 . t st or an ann uity of $ 400 for 6 y r , at 5

.

per cen t ? A ns
Wha i h p
.

8 . t s t e rese n t v alue o f an an n uity of $ 8 00 for

1 0 yr .
, at 6 pe r ce n t ? Ans .
$ 6350 .

4 . I have an an n uity of $ 750 to run 1 2 yr .

,
at 8 % what
is its presen t v alue ? A ns .

5 A ren ted his house fo r

. $ 80 a quarter ; what sum paid
at the beg in n ing of the y ear would a
p y it,
in te res t at 8 per

cen t . A ns .

hi m — Sin ce the am o un ts fo rm an arlthm etical series, the ti m rate, and

er A z :
%en rly pa m ma u fl a u
'

y en t y be fo n d by the di ere n t c ses n d

m g reed om and it is thereiore unnecessary to treat them separate iy here .

ANNUITIES A T CO MPO UND INTER EST .

68 8 A nn uities are us ually

. reckoned at compound in ter
est inste ad of simple interest .

CA SE 1 .

08 4 . To fln d the fln at vatue o f m t m m ui t y cer m m

l. Wh i t is t he fin al value of an an nuity of $ 3 00 for 4 yr

u e%r
SO LUTIO N — A i 65 $ 1 g ives an
. c entu ri on .

ann ual income oi hen ce to g ive

'

an in come of $ 300 it wi l l
man y times $l as 06 is
i uir
m me
e a
.
s
3 624g77 . 00m Int “ oi $1
tim es in 300, w hich is $ 5000; and
ii the annui t remains unpaid fo r 4
'

at fifi, e amo un t d ue wil l he

g
.

o com in terest of $ 5000 fo r 4 y r at fifi, whic h . we find is

Hence the fo llo win g
Eula— Divid e the ann uity by the r ate, an d fin d the com
poun d i n terest f
a ili e quotien t f or the gi ven ti me an d r ate .

Nor m — 1 Use the tabl e, A rt 51 1, fo r fin ding the com po und in terest

m a
. . .

2 A n an nuity at com und t t is m ly a g eometflcal

eg
s
m
.

m um , i pins the rate per cent the

mW
the perlod icnl ul ent ng .

ot the m
m m d th e fi val ue the m T he und e tbh
ease conl d them fb re be so lved bn e n in Geom m lk fi
m uc h world -saved by us ing the teb l e c t co mp onmu’mw
’
.
 878 s c an /u. o m en aarr n uu ro :

Wha i d u m a a ui y f $ 250 u paid f 6y

2. t s e e on n nn t o , n or r
a 6p
t ? er cen t A
8 W
ns .

ha i h fi al alu f a a ui y f $ 3 60 f 7 y
. t s t e n v e o n nn t o or r.,

a 6p
t 7 er cent A a
4 M B pay
. n .

.
$ 0ay a f r.ig a ; h w m u h m s 4 e r or c rs o c ore
would he be wort h at the e n d of 20 y ears, by in vesting thi
at 8 per cen t co m po und in te res t ?
An s
M A pu $ 120 i
. .

6. r . t n asaving s bank o n the d ay his d aug h

ter was 1 0 y ears o ld , and the same sum o n eac h s ub seq uent
birt hday ; what will the d aug hter be worth when 2 1 years
old , com po und in te res t 6 per cent ? A ns .

cm 11

W
.

3 To fin d the h of an an ”ut ty cer

wa s at co m p o un d i n ter wt.

1. Wha i t s t he presen t v alue of an an nuity of $ 3 00 for 4

at 6 per cen t ?
W
yr .
,

on — The final value

1 1 an t
‘1 mm + 51 2ss477
m arks m an . m t
.

worm req uired The com .

amoun t of $ l fo r the Na rate a n d tim as given in the table.

A rt bl l , is I262477, henc e e pm tw ort b o the su m is $ l , and the
M MJ
.

rw orth o f is as man tim $ 1 as 81 3 62477 is contained

time in which is SI A Hm oe t he fo ll owing .

Eula— F i nd the finat value as i n the pr eced in g case and ,

di vid e th e m m by the am ount f

o $ 1 at co mpoun d i n terest

f o r the g iven r ate and ti me .

" m en 4

2 . Wha mu t st I pay fo r an an n uity of $ 600 runn ing 8 yr

,
.
,

a
t 6 % comp . int ? A ns .

8 .F in d the present v alue of an an nuity of $ 480 running

l O yr , at 8 7 m i t Ans
MM
n
.
0 co p . .

4. A m rent his house for a

p y ab le at the G
ning of the year, or $ 120 payable q uarter ly; w hic h is tln

fitab le, money wort h 8 per cent ?

pro
 380 n o auu . us i os an xr n us n c .

2 . The n umber of s hee

p an d co ws belong in g to a dro ver
eq uals 42 7, an d he has 1 25 m ore s heep t han co ws ; how
man y has he o f each ? Ans Cows 1 51 .
, sheep , 2 76
m
.

a The . s um of two fractions is , an d their d ifferen ce is

H ; re uired
q the two fractions A ns 55 1 7

William b ugh w 1 17; 1 17

. . .

4 Charles an d t t houses , for which

bu W
. o o

they paid $ 8976; ill iam h u

’
$ 758 m ore than
t s o se cost

Charles s ; what was the price of each ? Ans $ 41 09; $ 4867

’

M
. .

5 r J ones by his w
. .ill divided $ 1 0000 amon g his three
, ,

sons ; to the eld est he a $ 500 m re than to the secon d

g ve o ,

and to the secon d $ 1 000 m ore than to the third ; what did
each receive ? Ans $ 4000; $ 3500; $ 2500
.
.

CA S E II
W
.

68 9 hen o n e p ar t i s a n um b er of
, t i m es an o the r .
or a f r ac ti on al p ar t of an o ther .

n un s ] r un -c l an s . .

1 Divi de the n umber 24 in to two such parts that 3 times

.
on e part

shall eq ual the other .

SO LUT IO N .
— By a con di tion
the prob lem , 3 times the first part equa
of ls
the sec on d , which ad d ed to the first , eq uals 4 times the first , whic h eq uals
t he n u m b er , o r 24 If 4 ti m es
. th e first p art e q ua l s 24 , onc e t he fi rst pa r t
eq ual s 4 o f 2 4, o r 6, an d 3 t m es the fi rst p a ‘
rt , o r th e secon d p art , eq u als

3 tim es 6, o r 1 8 .

2 . John has 5 tim es as m an y apples as G eorg e, an d to g ether they

hav e 36 ho w m an y has each ?
3 . A tree was b rok en o ff b y a hig h win d so that the part stan di n g

was l of the fallen part ; i f the whole heig ht was 60 feet, what was
the len g th of the pa ts
r ?

WE II I E N
' ' ‘
E X E R C IS E S .

lA an d B tog ether hav e 2 53 8 acres of lan d , an d

. B has
5 times as m uc h as A ho w m an y acres has each ?
S O L U T IO N — By the c on d itions , 5 tim es A s n um
’
. O P ER A T IO N .

oer e uals B s n um ber , which a d d ed to A s n um ber

’ ’
q A
’
s 5A s ’

eq uals 6 tim es A s n um ber, which eq uals 2538

’
’
6A s 2538
ac res ; on ce A s n um ber eq uals l o f 2538 acres , or
’
’
As 423
s A s n um ber, o r B s n um ber,
’
423 acres, an d 5 tim e
’
Bs
’
5A s = 2 i l 5
’

eq uals 5 ti m es 423 acres , or 2 1 1 5 a c res .

2 . T he cost of a horse an d harn ess was $ 32 8 ; an d the

horse 7 tim es as m uch as the harn ess ; what was the
co st

cost of each? A n s Horse, $ 28 7; Harn ess, $ 41 . .

3 . A v essel an d carg o, insured for were lost at

sea what was
paid on each if the c arg o was val ued at i a
s

m uch as the v essel ?

 ME DI A L P ao r o am o u . 389

m m : an t en n a .

has teas worth an d 1 8 d ime s apo nnd ;

m ust be taken to form s mix
A ns 6; 4 ; 2 ; 6 . .

o f musli n , worth 1 0, 1 4, 20,

ly ; ho w man y y ards m ust he sell

price may a v e rag e i cy ? A n s l ; l; 2; 2 . .

Icomb in e g o ld 1 6 c a ra ts, 1 8 carats , an d 22

a m ixture of 2 0 carats fine, if I wish to mix

of l st an d 2d ? A n s 1 st , 1 ; 2d , 1 ; 3d, 3
. .

vs q uan t it ie s of ric e wo rt h l 2 § ,
1 8 3, an d
must be take n to fo rm a m ixt ure worth
Ans 2 7 ; 1 5; 1 5
. .

g ht i
pg s at $ 41 e ac h, s hee
p a t $ 5} e ac h,

each ; ho w m an m u t h se ll o f each so
y s e

p m
riceay he $ 5 eac h A ns 9 2
; ; 3 . .

a q uan t ity o f 3 5 26, and 50ce nt piec es

, , .

to exc hange fo r l O cc n t pieces ; what is the

of piece s ex chan g ed ? An s 40; 1 5; 5; 7
. .

CASE m .

th e m ean val ue, the val ue of eac h ico

q uem ti t y of o n e o r m o r e , to fin d the

hen s at 1 0 dimes eac h ho w man y

d imes each, so that the averag e
h?

l ance, as ofien as we tak e

l at -l and 2 at 5 we take
2 w a s a n o hm he boug ht 20, tim es 5, u 10 d unes, hence
be m nst bny 4 ti i n es l or 4 at 4 dim ea, and 4 tim es 2 or 8 at B di mes
’

Rul e — I F in d the pr opor tion al quantiti es by Case II

. .

11 Di vid e the gi ven quantity oy the p r op or tion al quali ties

.
;
avai led , an d m ulti p ly each o f the other pr o por tio n al queen

tie s b e the quoti en t .

 u r n m eas u re s . 893

LI F E INS U R A NC E .

705 Life Insuran ce is a co ntract by which a company

.

in cons ideration o f paym en ts m ade by the in s ured , s tipulates

to pay a certain sum of m o n ey to his heirs at his deat h, or to

himself if he attains a certain ag e .

7 00 The Poli ci es . of L ife In surance m ost frequen tly

used are the follo win g
Term P olicies, uyable at the death o f the insured, if it occur within
1
i
.

acertain n um ber o y ears, premi um y ah le a n nu al ly .

s P olicies, pay ab le at the d en of th e ins ured , p

r em i um a
p y ah e .

ann ual y d uring life, or in o ne five, or ten an n ual pay men ts .

3 E ndowment l h i u d h d i ai
'

. a
p y a e to t e n s r e at t e en o a cert n
nu m cer o i yearn o r to his hei rs if he dies sooner, premi um payable
'
-

either an nu ally d uring the con tin uance of the policy, or in one, five, or
ten ann ual pay men ts .

7 07 T he rates of prem ium , as fixed by d ifleren t co mpa

’
.

nies are b ased on the ex pectation of lif e, d ete rm ined by a

,

table m o rt ality , the pro bable rates

of of in teres t , an d the
”
load ing , or m argin for expe nses .

w
Polic ies in m an y com pan ies are fo rfeited y men t ol
M
on non
hi m w
The la s o f assac husetts however , pro vid e that s ee m
cha rt ered by t hat S tate sha l l all ow the po lic y to run on ac ertain me,

m m to the n um ber o f prem ium s that have been paid , and if t he

d ies within this tim e, the co m pan y will pay the amo un t in sured ,
d ed uc tl rxg fo r the prem i um s o mitted
M
.

t‘ bis g iven b the NewEng l an d utual Life Ins urance Co mpan v o f

i
in the A ppen dix , on which most o f o ur examfles are

708 T he Q uantiti es con sidered in Life Insuran ce usi n g

. ,

the tables in our calculatio ns , are, 1 T he P r emi um o n 81 000: .

2 The Gai n or Loss ; 3

. . T he A mount f
o the P oli cy ; 4 .

The Age 5 The P er i od .

f
o In sur an ce .

CA SE I .

7 09
. 0 0m m , t he a m o un t of p o l i c y . t he ag e, an d the
pe r i o d of i ns ur a n c e to fi n d t he p r en m m t

Wha a
.
,

I . t nn ual prem ium m ust a man ag ed 45 y ears pay

fo r a life policy of 82 500?
Sonnr rou .
—l he
’ ‘
um fo r life, in the om s rt os .

table, at the a ‘
i
ts 838 fo r 81 000; house,
$88 s m
m o it tv ll he
3

(ar 2 500 tim es $ 38 , whic h is

605 . Ho uce the
 m n o n us t us ro s A at r m ur ro
' '
.

wm
.

719 n m m m m m q m
l. Wha w uld b t o e t he ann ual ag g reg ate d ues on SO sharss
of stock at “a m on t h per share l
Sonm ou S in athe dues ou l a
h
iI gb ha a
rwg
e f r

M
-

[ month are ' on

s res ' nl
sl x sox tz =
m d for i ym 12 ama sa
o oz

—M
, ,

Rule pyl lh e p er todtoal d ues by

oer tods, an d lo this p r od uc l add llte eum of llw

2. I buy 8 shares in the firs t series , 1 2 in 2d,

of Fran klin Build ing A ssociation if these
and mi y ears res pec t ively in
mo n ey in monthly d ues will have bee n paid
series whe n closed out ?
8. I s ubscribed for 1 8 shares of In vest men t Building Asso
ciation , ne , w series an d was twice fin ed 1 0
for u n punctusl %
a
p y men t o f dues ; a t the en d of t he y ear I subscrib ed ter m
shares in t he secon d series ; ho w much ha d my subscriptions
cost at t he end of the secon d y ear ? Ans
M A ll
.

4 . r . en a
p y s d ues o n 2 0 share s for 2 y earaan d t hen

discontin ues his pay ments ; if his fine is -1 0 of d ues each %

month, what will be the amount to his credit at the end
a t
the t hird y ear ? Am 084

W
. .

Bum— The install ments and fin es form an arithmetical h

O AS] II .

72 0 Ib fln d the m w ut of a m
. m m w
a
p y m en ts an d en ti r e p ay m en t of a b o r r o wer

M
.

l. I buy money on 1 0 shares o f s tock , Installment P .

ne w issue, and bid 40} a mon t h prem ium ; what is the

amo unt of my loan, an d what are my mon thly pay m tszl w
Sc ra t
n on — O u the In
stall men t Plan, the full
valu e d a sha re is loan ed ;

henee the loan on l a hare is

 s urn am e as s o c u r ro s s . 399

l share, by the n umber of shares, f or lhe mon l hly

M ulti ply the mon thly p ayment by the n umber
lhe ser i es has lo run, f or the en ti r e a
p y m nt .

In the l nstaflm sn t Plam t he loan on l share ls C WM h n t- s

the dua must

W an d p rm m

wan rm
-
m i nu t e
B ui ldi ng A ss oc iation
series , for 65 cen ts a
an d what d id he pa y
years ? A ns . $ 3 000; $ 42 93 .

din g A ssoc iat ion on 1 6 shares

at $50 premium Gross P lan ; ,

d id I pay for it ,
if t he series

A n s $ 2400; $ 3 328
. .

of 23 sham
a Building An ociation en

the 3d year, for 67 cen ma mon th pre

0 loan, and w hat d id I pay for it if .

8 } years ? Ans 84600; .

built a house for 83500, and to pay for it

of the Q uak er City B uildin g An ociation
“
he 4th year of the series at $ 1 5 an d stated
,

Net P lan ; what balan ce remains d ue on the

if t he series runs out in 8} yr , what will he pay
.

A m 8500; 02960 . .

cas e i n .

fi nd the ac tual co s t f a l oan

o to a bom '
o wer .

loan on 1 5 sharm in a ne w series of a

Si years, what will he that

 flol l A L U NI O N A B IT H MI T IO
Sa m oa The mon thly
M
-

1
P equals 31 M on thly payment
m
.

1 m $ 2,

m
or
1 91 X 1 00

a
n“
d ? a
15
p m en t the sox P In tufifi
r

l
o
.

mt insta l men t
is on in teres t 100 mon ths, the
secon d instal lmen t 99 mo n ths . Cost .

and so on ; hen ce the in terest

Mm is 1 , in t te rm 100, and numbei o f te rms we

MH M (

w
or

“
,

( I X IOO The in teres t of

. tar 1 mon th h; ,
and

p ie mon ths , i of 1 00x 1 01 x v = 25; and on 630 it is

W
The sum of the pay m ts unis 830x 100, or

m m; and the cost o t the loa

’

n eq uals OO or

of m on ths i n cr eased b 1
y , an d di vi d e b y 4 a fi n d the i nte s
re t ,

at 6%on the aggr eg ate mon thly a ; o

f $ 1
M
. .

11 ultiply the i n terest on the

.
0

by the mon thly pay

Ad d this i n ter est to the sum o f the
tmfll coa the loan
be the to f .

m eal in terest . b ut this mak es t he calc ulati on ta mer

his lo an ?
a . M Bur. rto n bo ug ht a loan of aP h
associati on on 1 0 shares o f a ne w series
. at
mi um ; what is the actual cost of the loan
out in a
ty ears ?
4 . A rents a house at 31 9 a mon t h, an d

in g m oney of a building on 8 shares of a new

series at 850 prem ium , Gross P lan , whichm ns o ut in l Oyr a
 nun n xs o “ s o p ran o ” . m
GAB " .

m b m m m q w m n am
“m a en v

l . Wha t rate of in teres t d o l reeeiv e o nb shm adm fl

w eb m if the aa iw m s out in fl y ears ?
m m f tlne install
men ts share ‘o g‘ yeau or z mo w
w
on
31 1
l u men £5 31 1 4 ; the “ 1 15x 11 4
bet ween

M
the fm al valu e, and 81 14, a c u
q ated fil m .

the am om t aid, eq uals 886, which is

y
“
.

the or m terest o the n m tmm t

n i .
1 574 .

’
l l 4 mon tln , t:
e seoon d pa y m ent is on
in terest for l l fi monthaeta ; henee the in terest on the installments fur
the di fleren t periods ia“eq uixvalen t to the in tereet on Sl fior a num her d
'

the m m ot an arit hmetical a erim whenc fin t

'

term ia l a n d la a
t ten n l i x l l 4, mon thc
-

{g ot th e in m u m fl l y ear, or the

m , is m —
fl
— n um t -
, or

Eula— I Subtr act the aum of tlte in stallm en ts po ti on

.

m akar e f rom the final value of the shar e w d tlwd if eh

ence witl be the i nter eat on the t avestment
'

M
.

II ultiply tlte n umber of p ay men ta by the n umber of

.

p ayme n ta i ncrea eed by l au d di vid e by 2 1 ,

to find the,

equated ti me, or the nu mber f

o y ear s in whic h 81 mal pro
M the wme i nter est as the i nstaum nts .

[ 11 the i n vestment by tlw equated

Dtvtde the t nter ect
' '

. on

mate ; the quotient wi ll be the equated r ate per cent .

2. By the an nual report of the In v es tm en t Building and

Loan Association mad e at the en d of the eig hth y ear, the
pre sen t val ue o f the first se ries is w hat is the

eq u ated rate of leg al in terest at that time ? A ns .

8 It was estimated that the first series, incl udin g d ues

.
,

would be worth when 8§ years old b ut at t he end ,

of 8 y ea rs the a sso ciation can celed t he series by pa i

y gn the

est imated v a lue, less the un paid d ues on eac h share ; what
rate was z
real i ed by the sto ckholders ? Ana .

Nor m
96 M
 us s s nn ar m n . 40.

S E C T IO N X II .

ME N S U R A T IO N .

72 4 . M ensuration t reat s of the meas urem en t at g oo

metrical mag ni tudes
M
.

7 2 5 Geometr i cal
. ag nitud es co n s is t of the Li n a
Surf ace Vol ume, and A n g le
, .

72 6 . A Lin e is that whic h has leng t h wi thout breadth

or thic kness Lines are eit her str ai g ht or c ur ved.

Waig ht Li
.

72 7 . A ne is one that has the sam e dirou

tio n at ev er
y po i n t .

72 8 . A Curved Lin e is o ne that c hanges its d irec tion

at e v er
y po i n t . T he word li n e used alone means a str ai ght
li n e .

72 9 . Parallel Lin es are t hosewhich have the same

d irecti o n . Parallel lines, it is thus seen will n e ver meet
,
.

7 3 0 O ne line is said to be perp en d ic ular t o another

.

whe n the adjace n t ang les formed by the t wo lines are equal .

73 1 . A n Ang le is the open ing betwee n t wo lines which

d iv erg e fro m a co mm on po in t .

73 2A Rig ht An g le is an an g le form
.

ed by o ne line perpe n d ic ular to an other ;

as A BC
. .

7 3 8 A n Acute Ang le is an an g le
.

less than a rig ht ang le ; as, DEF .

A n O b tus e An g le is o ne larg er than

ari g ht an g le ; as DEG , .

MENS U RA TIO N O F S U R F A C ES .

7 8 4 A S urface is t hat which has leng t h an d bread th

.

wit ho ut thic knes s S urface s are p lan e or c ur ved

. .

A Plan e S ur fac e i: a s urfac e s uch t hat if as ? W?

 rnx q uan ai t ar s aan . 405

8 . Req uired the area of a trian g ular field whose base is

965 rods an d altitude 576 rods Am 1 78 7 A
Wha i
. . .

4 . t s the area o f a field whose s ides are res pec ti vely

20, 3 0, and 40 chain s ? A ns 2 9A S P

. . .

THE Q UA DRILAT E RA L .

74 1 . A Q uad ril ater al is a poly g o n hav in g four si des

and four ang les
therefo re T here are three class es, the par .

all log r am, tr ap e oi d , an d tr ape i um

e z z .

74 6 A Parallelog ram is aquadrilateral whose o ppo si te

.

sides are parallel The alti tude is the perpen dicular dis tance
.

between its opposite sides .

74 0 A parallel og ram which is rig ht an g led

W
-
.

is called a Rectan g le hen the four sides are .

eq ual it is called a Sq uare .

74 7 A n oblique an gled parallelogram

.
-

is called a Rhom boid A n eq uilateral .

rhom boid is called a Rhombus .

Rul e — To fin d the areaof ap ar allelogr am , multip ly the

base by the altitud e
Wha i
.

1 . t s the area of a parallelog ram 20 feet long and

[ 8 test wide ? An s 40sq y d . . .

2 A has a rectan g ul ar lot 1 92 chain s lon g an d 65 chains

.

wide ; what is its area? An s 1 2 48 acres

Wha
. .

t is the diflerence in t he area of t wo lots , on e

’
8.
bein g 2 45 rd . long , 42 rd . wide , an d the other 85 chains
lon g an d 1 8 chain s wide ? An s 88 A 1 1 0P
. . .

7 48 A Trapez oid is a q uad rilateral

.

which has two of its sides parallel Its .

all il ud e is the perpen d ic ul ar d istance be

tween its parallel s id es .

Rul e . To fi nd the ar ea of a tr ape zoid ,

m ultip ly one

hal f lhe sum of the p ar allel sid es bg the alfi tade .

1 . Req uired the area of a trapezo id , on e s ide being 1 90in

the ot her 96 in and the altitud e 48 in Ans 8 6 amfeet
Wha i
.
, . . .

3 . t s the area o f at rapez oi d , the eu

n uch“;
1 94 lh . . an d t he . mmd . as in 1
. Am . “am in e m “
 we ac an u . 0 8 1 08 s arr n x n tc .

8 . Wha
t is the area of a pla nk 1 2 feet lon g , 1 8 inches

w id e at one end, an d 1 2 inc hes at t he other en d ?

A ns . 1 5 sq ft. .

4. A farmer has a field in the form of a trapez oid , the two

para ll el s ides being 95 a n d 75 ro d s res p ect i ve ly ,

an d t he pe r .

pen d ic u la r d istance betw een t hem be in g 65 r od s ; h o w m u ch

lan d in t he field ? Ans 8 4 A 85 P

. . .

74 9 A Trapez i um is a q uad rilate ral

.

whic h has n one o f its sid es parallel A .

diag on al, as A B , div ides the trape ium z

in to two trian g les .

Bula To find the area of atr ap ezi um, di vide the h ope
rim i nto two tr iang les by a d iag on al, fin d the are a of
eac h tr ian g le an d take the sum
Wha i
.

1 . t s t he areaof a trapez ium whose d iag o n al is 1 45

in an d t he altitudes of the tr ian g les, the diag o nal bein g the
base, are 3 0 and 40 in c hes res pecti vely ?
A ns 35sq fi 35sq in
. . . . .

2 . Req uired the area of a trapez ium , the len gt h of whose

sid es are respectively 20, 3 0. 25, and 85 chains and the ,

leng th of the d iago n al 40 chains . Ans 72 A» 56 P

. .

THE Ci nema
750 A Cir cl e is a plan e fig re bo un ded
. u
by a curved lin e, every po in t of which is
eq ually d istan t from a po in t within called .

the cen tr e .

751 . T he curved line is call ed the ci r

f
cum er en ce, an d a lin e pa ss i n
g th ro ug h the centre an d soda

in
g in the c ircu m fe rence is th e d i ameter Half the dim : .

is called the r ad i us .

tip ly the d iameter by

1. Wha i t s the circumiereu e e at a circle

i s 85 inc hes ?
 an v u w or ur as uaar t o n . 41 5

B . A l i p ha the bott om S in eq uare, the top 3 it 6 in . sq uare,

the hei ght 2 ft 6 1n ; . . What is the cos t of lin in g it wi th z in c at 20; per
sq . How many b u will . it ho ld ? A ns t on
- .
.

23 . Howman y eu it . . in ate leg raph pol e 4011 lon g, 1 8 in in diam . .

eter at the base an d 8 in , . in diam ete r at to p ? 11713 4 38 688} en 0 . .

24 Ho wm uch mm m fm e on
. a sc hoo l g lo be 12 in ches in d iame
ter ; an d how man y material are there i n it i f it is
cub ic in ches of ,

a hollo w sphere 1 in thick Am sq ln ; 38 1 1 808 0u in . . . . . . .

25 A room 24 ft 6 in lo n g 1 3 ft 4 in wid e is floo d ed with wat er

. .
, . .
,

8 in deep ; what is the weig ht of the water

. A m 51 04} lb ? . .

26 A circul ar roo m o f which the d iam eter is 25 it , and b eig ht ol

'

. ,

wall 14 ft , is covered with a hemispherical d ome what is the cost 01 ,

p laster i n g the wall

and dome at 2 5) per sq ft 7 Am . . .

2 7 How man y do en boxes o f perfum ery , 2 in on each sid e, can

. z .

be pack ed in a rectan g ular box whose d imen sions are respecti vely
Am l oa .

28 . A cub ic inch of g old is hamme red out to cover a square ( 1 012

sq .ft ); what is its thick n ess ? A ns . . 000069 in ch .

99 A n ice ho use is 40 ft lon g, 80 wi de an d 20 ft d eep ; what

W
.
. .
,

area of iee 6 in thi c k, will be req ui red from a pon d to fill it ? hat
would it weig h at 56 111 the cu . . A m 48000 sq 11 4 1 344000lb
. . .

39 A company wish to ex cavate a canal 25 m iles lon g , wi th an

.

average wid th y ards , an d an a v erag e d ep th o f 5 ft 6 l n ; ho w . .

lo ng wil l it tak e 500 men to do the wo rk if eac h man av erages l 2

'

cubic yards a day 7 Ann 12 1 days . .

3 1 If the m en are paid

. ea c h per day and the co n t racto r .

estimates 5% pro fit what proposa l will he mak e fo r d ig gin g the

,

ab ove can al 7 A ns 99528745 0 . .

32 H 50 cub ic feet of air are req uired per person in a wel l venti
.
~ ~

lated room how m an y persons can safely remain in a room 60 it

, .

lon g , 40 11 . wid e , an d 1 2 11 hig h ? . Am 576 perso n s . .

The cost of a c ube o f m etal at $ 1 2 per cub ic inch is $ 41 16; find

83 , , ,

the cost o f g l id in g it over at 2 »per sq uare i n ch Am . .

34 A cast i ron g ard en ro ller is 40in lo n g 22 ; in in d iameter and

.
~
. , .
'

the i ro n is } in thic k ; . req uired its weig ht , if a cub ic inch of iron

we ig hs 4} o un ces . A ns . 1b .

3 5 If acann on b all, 6 in in d iam ete r is me lted an d east in

. . . it o wn
cnl mould 6 in in diamete r at the base what is the leng th of the
.
,

c on e 7 A m 12 in . .

36 A railroad emban k m en t has an average depth fo r 5 m iles, of

. ,

1 2 feet wid th at top 8 yard s an d at b otto m 1 2 y ards ; what wa

. s the .

co at o f carti n g at 15! per load (cu yd ) 7 . .

 WI E G HT S A ND ME A S U R ES .

AP O IHE C A R IE S F LU ID
' ' '

M
EA S U RE .

60 mi nim: ( fix ) fluidrachm, Q .

8 6uidrachms = 1 fluidounce, 13 .

1 6 6uidoun ces = 1 pin t, O .

== l
sall om Con s
Non —A li q uid g all on z m cu . 1n ; .

O hm s

C IR C U LA R ME AS U RE
”
.

secon ds = 1 mi n ute,
60 min t l deg ree,
30 d “ = I aig n, 8
w0
. .

1 2 sign aor °
= 1 circum fe1enc ac

To r un su n : nu or

59, 90

MISCELLANEO US TAB Lm
sheets

q uires

sheets

MISCE LLA NEO US WEIGHTS .

The following deno minations are freq uen tly used

”
m ot powd er mak e 1 barrel . 1 001b . ot ra
'

lsins make l cask.

56 b utt er 1 Srk tn . 1 90 flo ur 1 barrel .

1 t ab . 200 po rk , b eef or llsh 1 barrel .

lm g rai n or d our 1 re n ta l 240 lime 1 cask

u
. .

9 dr m 1 ui t sec salt at N Y S work s 1 barrel

100 y q n te . . . . .

1 00 nails 1 k eg . 600 rice 1 barrel .