Hindawi

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2020, Article ID 7869315, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7869315

Research Article
A Mathematical Model for Parametric Tooth Profile of Spur Gears

Guodong Zhai ,1 Zhihao Liang,1 and Zihao Fu2

1
School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing),
Beijing 100083, China
2
School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Guodong Zhai; [email protected]

Received 6 September 2019; Revised 25 December 2019; Accepted 18 January 2020; Published 24 February 2020

Academic Editor: Giuseppe Vairo

Copyright © 2020 Guodong Zhai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Spur gears are widely used transmission components. In the traditional design process, the noninvolute part of the tooth profile
curve is difficult to describe with mathematical equations. This article puts forward a new parametric modeling method, which can
describe the modified involute part of spur gears and parameterize and optimize the transition part of the involute curve of the
spur gear. And this model of the spur gear can be created by parameters which is input in Scilab software and the spur gear graphic
can be completed correspondingly. The experiments show that this modeling method can more quickly produce the standard spur
or modified spur gear, and it also improves the efficiency and accuracy of spur gear modeling.

1. Introduction optimization model. By using Lingo and metaheuristic

algorithm, Padmanabhan et al. [5] optimized the bevel gear
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part with cut teeth pair by setting the objective function. The effectiveness of
or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit the algorithm is verified by the gear design problem, and
torque. Gears always produce a change in torque, creating a the comparison results are studied [5]. Sanchez et al. [6]
mechanical advantage through their gear transmit ratio. So, studied the contact condition of tooth profile modification
it may be considered a simple machine. The spur gear is a under load and explained the influence of tooth profile
cylindrical shaped gear in which the teeth are parallel to the modification on the transmission error. Litvin and Fuentes
axis, as shown in Figure 1. The parallel axis gears have the [7] introduced the design of modern gear drive and the
highest efficiency among all categories of the gear. The spur computer simulation of meshing contact of all kinds of
gear is a standard component and has the largest applica- gears and analyzed the theory of modern gear drive and the
tions. They are excellent at moderate speeds and can easily geometry knowledge of design and manufacture of all kinds
achieve a constant drive ratio. of gear drive. The research provided a general method to
Zhu et al. [1] took a harmonic gear with circular arc generate profiles also for worm gears [7]. Zelený et al. [8]
profile as the research object, calculated the flexspline introduced the mathematical models of helical and spur
profile curve when loaded with the elliptic cam wave gears. Yuan et al. [9] introduced the genetic algorithm to
generator. Liang et al. [2] used penalty function to solve the minimize the transmission error fluctuation of gears and
mathematical model aiming at the minimum volume and optimized the gear modification parameters. Fan and
transmission noise of the spiral bevel gear. Spitas and Spitas Zhang [10] used the finite element method to establish the
[3] proposed a nonstandard optimal design scheme to mathematical model of tooth shape optimization of double
replace involute gears. By setting objective functions and involute gear. Guo et al. [11] used finite element analysis
constraints, the fillet stress of gears was reduced [3]. Jia technology to optimize the shape of the gear transition
et al. [4] combined load-bearing contact analysis (LTCA) curve. Tian et al. [12] used geometric error compensation to
with intelligent optimization algorithm to establish an reconstruct the geometric model of the tooth profile.
2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Liang et al. [28] improved the durability of the involute

helical gear by establishing the mathematical model of the
involute hobbing cutter. Wang et al. [29] optimized the
profile modification of the end face of gear teeth by deducing
the tooth surface equation of the rack cutter. From the angle
of gear processing, Feng et al. [30] took the whole tooth
surface of the gear as the envelope of the imaginary gear
shaping cutter tooth surface family and then determined the
maximum radius of the face gear.
Usually the parameter modeling for the spur gear for the
two-dimensional plane is a complex mathematics and
programming project, which should be considered by many
factors. Most of the mathematics model only define how to
represent the valid expression to create the spur gear and try
to validate the expression right or not. They do not consider
the curve in the noninvolute profile of the spur gear and the
optimization in the noninvolute profile. This article mainly
Figure 1: Spur gear. focuses on the curve in the noninvolute profile of the spur
gear and the optimization in the noninvolute profile. After
Figliolini et al. [13] proposed that the contact profile of completing the modeling of a portion of the tooth profile, the
involute teeth of spur and bevel gears could be obtained by entire tooth profile can be accomplished by using a circular
using plane or corresponding spherical helix as auxiliary array.
center of mass. Ma et al. [14] deduced the tooth surface
equation of the gear by using the space meshing theory and
realized the optimal design of the gear. 2. Spur Gear Design Fundamentals
Parametric modeling is a process based on algorithm
To design a spur gear, it is needed to create a tooth profile of
that enables the expression of parameters and rules that,
the spur gear. To design a tooth profile of the spur gear, the
together, define, encode, and clarify the relationship between
first step is to know the components of the spur gear’s tooth
design intent and design response [15]. And parametric
profile. The stereogram of the tooth profile is shown in
modeling is a paradigm in designing and expressing the
Figure 2.
relationship between elements which is used to manipulate
In all tooth profiles, the involute curve is the most
and inform the design of complex geometries and structures.
commonly used. The plain of the tooth profile is shown in
The parameter modeling method is used extensively in all
Figure 3. The tooth profile of spur gears is composed of
design software, and it makes the designing work more
involute and noninvolute tooth profiles. So, by means of
effective and convenient [16]. Currently, there are two main
parameter modeling, the one tooth profile with the involute
methods to create a parametric model of the spur gear. One
curve can be built. The rotation matrix will be used to create
method, for two-dimensional plane, is parametric relation.
a whole spur gear until one tooth profile is completed.
Another method, for three-dimensional plane, is geometric
The spur gears are a very common component. The
modeling. It means that the spur gear model is obtained by
fundamental functions about the spur gear are the key to
modules in some modeling software, such as SolidWorks.
parametric modeling.
With the development of computer simulation modeling
technology, SolidWorks, UG, Pro/E, and other three-di-
mensional parametric software have appeared in gear precise 2.1. The Tooth Thickness Function. In order to get the ex-
modeling [17–20]. In the analysis of the three-dimensional pression of the involute profile, the thickness of circular
modeling data of gears, there are ANSYS, Coro, MATLAB, teeth should be calculated first. The base circle is an
and other analysis software [21–23]. Dolen et al. [24] used imaginary circle on the involute cylindrical gear. When the
the genetic algorithm to optimize the design of the four- generating line forming the involute profile (or the gener-
stage gear train by setting objective function. Five different ating circle forming the cycloid profile) rolls purely on the
genetic coding schemes were proposed for optimum design circumference of the imaginary circle, the imaginary circle is
conditions [24]. Wang et al. [25] optimized the three-di- the base circle. Figure 4 shows the transfer of tooth thickness
mensional model of the internal gear by establishing the to the base circle. For any radius of the circle, equation (1)
mathematical models of the top and root profile equation can get the value of corresponding tooth thickness:
and the modified equation. Lin et al. [26] used the combined
mutation differential evolution algorithm to engage the Stref
Sty � dy 􏼠 + invαt − invαy 􏼡, (1)
involute tooth profile with full-depth displacement. Spitas dref
et al. [27] solved the problem of gear stress minimization by
using the concept of dimensionless gear teeth. This method rb
cos αy � , (2)
effectively reduced the number of design variables and ry
calculation time [27].
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

Profile angle, αy is the pressure angle in any circle, rb is the radius of

Tip
the base circle, and ry is the radius of any circle.
Transverse The variable can be thought as ry and the tooth thickness
plane can be easily deduced from the function. After that, it will
represent the involute profile part.

Root
2.2. The Involute Function. Figure 5 shows an element of the
Fillet involute curve. The definition of the involute curve is the
curve
curve traced by a point on a straight line that rolls without
slipping on the circle. The circle is called the base circle of the
Tooth involutes. Two opposite hand involute curves meeting at a
surface cusp form a gear tooth curve. From Figure 5, the length of
base circle arc ac equals the length of the straight line bc:
Figure 2: The stereogram of the tooth profile.
bc rb θ π
tan αt � � �θ� ,
oc rb 9
(4)
1
invαy � tan α − α,

where αt is the pressure angle and αy is the pressure angle in

any circle.
Function of α, or invα, is known as involute function.
2 Involute function is very important in the gear design. The
relation of ry and Sty can be deduced by the involute
function:
3
π mzcos αt 􏼁 mzcos αt 􏼁
5 Sty � ry · 􏼢 − 2 tan􏼠arccos 􏼡 + 2 arccos
z 2ry 2ry
4

+ 2 tan αt − 2αt 􏼕,
6
(5)
Figure 3: The plain of the tooth profile with involute curve. (1)
Working profile; (2) lowest point of the working profile on which where m is the module of gear and z is the number of teeth of
contact may occur; (3) undercut; (4) fillet curve; (5) base circle; (6) gear.
tangent at lowest point of working profile.

3. Process of Parametric Modeling

sty (arc length)
3.1. Choose the Coordinate System. First of all, what is the
important thing is to find the appropriate coordinate system
of the tooth profile. So, it is assumed that the origin is the
θ1
stb (arc length) center of the pitch circle. According to this coordinate
θy
system, the next step is to create the module of one tooth that
is, y axial symmetry in the tooth profile. In Figure 6, the
αy center of the gear pitch circle is located at the origin (0, 0) of
θ2
the coordinate system. In order to show the axis of symmetry
Any circle, diameter dy of a tooth profile, we use the vertical dotted line for iden-
tification. To complete the presentation of a gear tooth, the
Base circle db dotted line in the middle of the image is part of the tooth root
circle. The coordinate system is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 4: Transfer of tooth thickness to the base circle.

3.2. Create the Involute Profile. The method is determined to
generate the profile of a gear as a set of (x, y) coordinates,
dy � 2ry , (3) from basic data (module, number of teeth, etc.).
With the tooth thickness equation, it helps to generate
where Sty is tooth thickness in any circle, dy is the diameter the profile of a gear as a set of (x, y). As shown in Figure 6, the
of any circle, Stref is tooth thickness of the reference circle, y-axis passes through the center of the circle and bisects one
dref is the diameter of the reference circle, αt is the pressure tooth. Due to the equation, the arc can be computed:
4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Y After computing this program, we can get the tooth

profile (above the base circle) expect the top land. The tooth
profile is shown in Figure 7. But these four equations cannot
represent the whole tooth profile. These can only represent
C the tooth profile above the base circle.
r Figure 8 shows the top land. These equations cannot
α
rb
represent the top land, and the variable ry has a limiting
θ condition.
α b The next step is creating the module of the top land.
Because the generating method is the common method in
O a X manufacturing the spur gear, so the graph of the top land can
inv α be thought as an arc whose radius is ra :
x2 + y2 � r2a , (11)

where ra is the radius of the top circle:

ra � m · z + 2m. (12)

Figure 5: Involute curve. In Scilab, X is a variable. So, the programming idea is that the
last point in the involute curve is the start point in the top land
curve. Then, use formula (11) to express the Y value with X and
Gear tooth profile plot. The whole tooth profile is shown in Figure 9.
20

18 3.3. Create the Noninvolute Profile. The difference between

Figures 10 and 11 is the link from the tooth profile above the
16
base circle to the tooth profile below the base circle. So, the key
point is to make sure that the end point from the tooth profile
14
y axis

above the base circle has the same common tangent with the
12 start point from the tooth profile below the base circle.
The analysis of the arc is shown in Figure 12. When
10 manufacturing the spur gear by laser cutting, the transition
section from the involute curve to the noninvolute curve will
8 be destroyed if they do not have the same common tangent. To
create the part below the base circle, the first step is to assume
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 the shape of this part. Figure 12 shows that the next step is to
x axis create parts under the base circle by finding the boundary of
Figure 6: The coordinate system. the same common tangent on the profile curve, that is, the
position where the base circle curve intersects the profile curve.
When the generating method is used to manufacture the
sty spur gear, the rack cutter’s pitch line rolling on a pitch circle
θ1 � ,
ry generates a spur gear. The generating method is shown in
(6) Figure 13. It is easy to find the shape of the tooth profile’s
π part below the base circle which looks like the circle arc.
Sty � ry · 􏼔 + 2 tan αt − αt 􏼁 − 2􏼐tan αy − αy 􏼑􏼕.
z And the next step is to know some basic parameters
about this circle arc, such as the origin of this circle arc, the
According to the abovementioned equations, ry is as-
radius of this circle arc, and the radian from the start to the
sumed as the variable. Hence, the one tooth’s tooth profile is
end of this circle arc.
represented:
Firstly, get the common tangency’s slope. With the value
θ1 slope, the next step is to obtain the negative inverse slope.
x � ry · sin , (7)
2 Because the link point is the point where ry � rb . So, it
can be obtained the derivative at the link point:
θ1
y � ry · cos , (8) dx d􏽨ry · sin􏼐(π/2z) + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼑􏽩
2 � ,
dry dry
π
x � ry · sin􏼒 + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼓, (9)
2z dy d􏽨ry · cos􏼐(π/2z) + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼑􏽩
� .
π dry dry
y � ry · cos􏼒 + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼓. (10)
2z (13)
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5

20 Gear tooth profile Gear tooth profile

20
19
19
18

17 18
y axis

16
17
15

y axis
ry 16
14 θ1

13 15

12 14
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x axis
13
Figure 7: The tooth profile.
12
Top land Pitch –2 –1 0 1 2 3
circle x axis
Face
Figure 10: The correct arc.

Gear tooth profile

Tooth
Tooth 20

18
Flank Bottom
land 16

14
Figure 8: Top land.
12
Gear tooth profile
y axis

20 10

19 8

18 6

4
17
2
y axis

16
0
15 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x axis
14
Figure 11: The wrong arc.
13
The negative reciprocal slope is
12
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 1 sin􏼐(π/2z) + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼑
x axis − �− . (15)
k cos􏼐(π/2z) + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼑
Figure 9: The whole tooth profile.

In this condition, ry � rb : After obtaining the value of the slope, it supposes this
situation, that is, the curve below the base circle. Figure 14
dy shows the detailed analyze of the arc. From Figure 14, point
k� ,
dx A is the start point and point B is the end point. The negative
(14) reciprocal slope can provide the value θ:
cos􏼐(π/2z) + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼑
k� . 1
sin􏼐(π/2z) + tan αt − αt − tan αy + αy 􏼑 θ � arctan􏼒− 􏼓. (16)
k
6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Gear tooth profile

20

19
The part above the
base circle
18

17
C
y axis

16 θ

15 A
θ
This point: ry = rb.
14 At this point, two
parts have the same B
13 The part below the
common tangent
base circle
12
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 Figure 14: The detailed analysis of the arc.
x axis
Figure 12: The analysis of the arc. With equations (19) and (20), we can obtain the center of
this circle (A-B).
After that, it is easy to compute the graphic curve in
Scilab. And with the radius rf , the whole one tooth of the
Rack form tool spur gear can be computed. The whole involute tooth profile
is shown in Figure 15.

3.4. Create the Whole Spur Gear. Using the rotation matrix,
as shown in equations (21) and (22), we can create the whole
spur gear. The whole spur gear is shown in Figure 16:
2π
θ� , (21)
Base circle z

cos θ − sin θ
O M(θ) � 􏼢 􏼣. (22)
sin θ cos θ
Reference circle

Figure 13: The generating method.

4. Practical Application of Parametric Modeling
So, the next step is to obtain the radius r. To get the value 4.1. Parameter Modeling Based on Scilab. The parameter
r, we need to obtain the value of vertical distance (H) be- modeling method is applicable to the parameterized design
tween A and B: in the different circumstances. If there are some changes in
m×z the relevant parameter, the model will be changed to a new
H � rb − rf � 1.25m − 1 − cos αt 􏼁, (17)
2 one.
Here is the flow chart to describe the whole pro-
H � r + r × sin θ, (18) gramming procedure, that is, computed by Scilab.
Figure 17 is the program flow chart. In order to ensure the
where rf is the radius of the tooth circle, H is the difference optimal design of the tooth profile curve and reduce the
between A and B in Y axis, and rc is the radius of this circle processing difficulty, we refer to the value of the processing
(A-B). example provided by the laser-cutting machine. The spur
With equations (17) and (18), we can get the radius of gear has five independent variables, such as module (m),
this circle (A-B): number of teeth (z), clearance coefficient (c ∗ � 0.5),
XC � XA + rc × cos θ, (19) pressure angle (αt � π/9), and coefficient addendum height
(ha∗ � 1). The spur gear has four dependent variables, such
YC � YA + rc × sin θ, (20) as radius of reference circle (r � m × z), radius of base
circle (rb � r × cos α), radius of top circle (ra � r + m), and
where C is the value of C point in X and Y axis. dedendum (hf � 1.5 × m).
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7

Gear tooth profile

19

18

17

16

y axis
15

14

13

12
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
x axis
Figure 15: The whole involute tooth profile.

Figure 16: The whole spur gear.

Determine the number of

Select modulus Determine top coefficient Determine pressure angle
teeth

Determine radius of Determine radius of base Determine radius of top Determine radius of root
reference circle circle circle circle

Select noninvolute Determine rotation

Determine dedendum Select involute curve
curve matrix to duplicate

Figure 17: The program flow chart.

Because the independent variable’s value can be input in The involute curve program can see Figure 18. In this
the beginning of the program, these four parameters relate to flow chart, the involute curve is divided into the face in the
five dependent variables. Secondly, equations (9)–(11) tooth profile and top land. The variables are assumed as ry .
represent the involute curve. Hence, the one tooth’s tooth profile can be represented. We
8 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

near the blank’s rotation center. This method changes the

Involute curve relative position of the tool and the gear to process the gear is
called the modifying method.
By the change to the basic parameters, it is essential to
Face in tooth profile Top land recalculate some relevant values such as tooth thickness, tip
circle radius, and dedendum.
Because there is a value named modified coefficient (x),
ry = ra which decides whether a spur gear is the modified gear. If
ry = [rb:0.001:ra] x � 0, there is no modified spur gear. And the modified
coefficient (x) has the minimum value:
ay, xi zmin − z􏼁
ry, ay = acos (rb /ry) xmin � h∗a , (23)
i=0 zmin

where h∗a is the Addendum coefficient h∗a � 1 and zmin is the

xa = [–xi:0.001, xi]
xi, yi, i + 1 minimum number of teeth.
Compared with the transfer of tooth thickness to the
base circle (Figure 3), the tooth thickness formula is changed
X(i) = xi; to the following formula:
xa, ya
Y(i) = yi
stref
sty � dy 􏼠 + invαt − invαy 􏼡 + 2x tan αt 􏼁m . (24)
Figure 18: The involute curve flow chart. dref

assume that the range of ry value is between rb and ra . Using The tip circle radius is changed as follows:
equations (9) and (10), we can get the coordinates of the
curve and present them in the matrix. So, the face in the ra � r + h∗a + x􏼁m. (25)
tooth profile is modeled. And, the top land is the same way.
In the noninvolute curve, a simple arc under the base Because the base circle has nothing to do with the
circle is created. Figure 19 shows the noninvolute curve flow modified coefficient (x), so it is easily to replace equation (1)
chart. Firstly, it is important to get the value of the center of by (24) for the involute curve of the modified spur gear.
the arc and the radius of this arc. As shown in Figure 14, with Then, the involute curve in the modified spur gear can be
equations (15)–(18), this problem can be solved. Secondly, to created by the same way.
create this arc, it should be considered that this arc links the Besides, equation (11) is replaced by equation (25), and it
point A (ry � rb ). Besides, the angle of this arc is assumed can be easy to create the top land in the modified spur gear.
between (π/2 − θ) and π/2. Therefore, it can be represented After that, the involute curve in the modified spur gear can
by an arc that links the tooth profile under the base circle and be represented entirely.
the root circle.
Using the rotation matrix in the two-dimensional plane,
the entire spur gear can be created by duplicating and ro- 5. The Optimization of the Arc in
tating the above two parts. Noninvolute Profile
This spur gear model is edited by some relevant pa-
rameter, such as the radius of reference circle, base circle, Because the common mathematic equation cannot represent
module, and the number of teeth. There are different values the curve in the noninvolute profile of the spur gear, so it is
of these parameters, and the program will output different essential to optimize the above noninvolute profile that the
models. circle arc is assumed.
Figure 20 shows the spur gear in which the number of This section sets an example as Figure 13, and it shows
teeth is 17, and Figure 21 shows the spur gear in which the that, the circle arc starts from the point A and ends at point
number of teeth is 23. Although the value of module is 0.5, B. The center and the radius of this arc are key parameters to
the value of the number of teeth is different. So, two different create this curve. Besides the value of Y-axis at point B
initial parameters are input in the program, but the program cannot be above the root circle; otherwise, there is no in-
outputs two different spur gears. tersection in the curve of this arc and root circle.
Figures 20 and 21 were manufactured by laser-cutting
machine, and Figure 22 shows the outcomes.
5.1. The Design Parameter. There are some mathematics
equations to describe the arc curve. In all parameters, there
4.2. Improvement of Spur Gears. When the gear is machined are three major parameters as the design parameter in this
with a rack-type tool, the reference line of the tool is no arc optimism, which include xc, yc, and rc. Furthermore,
longer tangent to the reference circle of the gear if it is not there is a relational expression according to the center of arc
installed in a standard, but the tool is moved away from or (xc, yc):
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9

Noninvolute curve

ry, ay A = %pi/(2 ∗ z) + tan (a) – a

xb, yb the slope k

xc, yc The negative

inverse slope – 1/k

c = –a · tan (–1/k)
b = [%pi-C:0.0001:5 ∗ %pi/4]

xp, yp rc = {1.25 ∗ m – m ∗ z ∗ [1 – cos (a)]/2}/{1 + sin (c)]

Figure 19: The noninvolute curve flow chart.

Gear tooth profile Gear tooth profile

25

15 20

15
10
10
5
5
y axis
y axis

0 0

–5
–5
–10

–10 –15

–20
–15
–25

–15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25

x axis x axis

Figure 20: The spur gear (z � 17). Figure 21: The spur gear (z � 23).

In this arc optimism, the design parameter is that

sin(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − z) T T
yc � − x + b, X � xc , yc , rc 􏼁 � X1 , X2 , X3 􏼁 . (27)
cos(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − a) c

sin(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − z) 5.2. The Objective Function. If the arc curve can get the
b � ya − 􏼠− 􏼡x , intersection point with the root circle, it can convert this
cos(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − a) a
problem to the difference of the Y coordinate values between
1 2π r r the arc segment in point B and the root circle in point B is the
xa � ra · sin 􏼠 + tan α − α − tan􏼠arccos b 􏼡 + arccos b 􏼡, minimum value. Figure 20 shows the optimization of the arc.
2 z ra ra
So, the objective function is
􏽱������
1 2π r r min F(x) � F x1 , x2 , x3 􏼁 � r2f − x2c − yc − rc 􏼁
ya � ra · cos 􏼠 + tan α − α − tan􏼠arccos b 􏼡 + arccos b 􏼡.
2 z ra ra 􏽱������ (28)
(26) � r2f − x21 − x2 + x3 .
10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

A rc C

rc

Root
B circle

Figure 23: The optimization of the arc.

The best advantage of the Powell law is that you do not

need to compute the gradient of the target function. It
Figure 22: The processed goods. processes the multidimensional problem into a series of
single-dimensional problems in the search. It also avoids the
possibility that the coordinates rotation method might not
5.3. The Constraint Conditions
show the ideal direction. It uses the common wheel direction
(1) The constraint of intersection: according to Fig- for the search direction, and the search efficiency is very
ure 13, it can be seen that if the arc curve can get the high.
intersection point with the root circle, the radius of
this arc should be equal or greater than tooth 5.5. The Analysis of the Optimization Outcome. The outcome
dedendum. So, of the optimization after the program debugged is that
rc ≥ hf , T
X � xc , yc , rc 􏼁 � [2.2764889, 11.805171, 0.9990810]T ,
hf � h∗a ∗
+ c 􏼁m, (29) min F(X) � 0.467285.
rc − hf ≥ 0. (31)

(2) The constraint of center of arc: first of all, the X In Figure 23, there is a little space between the arc in the
coordinate value of this arc center must be between noninvolute profile and the root circle at point B, which
two tooth profiles; furthermore, the center of this arc means there are two points of intersection in these two
must be in the linear line k1. So, curves. Furthermore, these two points of intersection, re-
spectively, are the end of the arc in the noninvolute profile
xa + xa1 away from point B and the start of the arc in the noninvolute
xa ≤ xc ≤ ,
2 profile away from point B. After the optimization, this spur
gear can be more precise.
xa + xa1
− xc ≥ 0,
2 6. Conclusion
xc − xa ≥ 0, Spur gear is one of transmission gears, with high trans-
mission efficiency, smooth transmission, and other advan-
sin(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − z) tages. Based on the knowledge of the gear theory, this article
yc � 􏼢− 􏼣x + ya
cos(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − a) c computed the program to characterize the gear character-
istics and used the SCILAB software to complete the spur
sin(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − z) gear graphic. The key to this subject is to design the involute
+ 􏼠− 􏼡x .
cos(1/2)((2π/z) + tan α − a) a part in the gear tooth profile precisely. A mathematical
model for the parametric tooth profile of spur gears is put
(30)
forward in this article, and it provides a new mean to model
the standard spur gears or modified spur gears. Besides, the
5.4. The Optimization Method Choice. In the design of spur optimization in the noninvolute curve is unique comparing
gear transmission, optimization methods are always chosen other modeling methods. This model improves efficiency
composite or penalty function. But they have their own and accuracy of spur gear modeling.
shortcomings, such as composite, because it is a direct The research direction focuses in the links of parametric
method of optimality, and it is not applicable to the modeling and practical engineering problems. Using Scilab,
equation, so it is not very generic; and the penalty function it will create simply spur gear parametric modeling, then
method, although it overcomes the shortcomings of com- improve the model of the modified gear, and optimize the
posite, has to increase the complexity of the optimization noninvolute part of the arc. Using the mathematics mod-
design. As a result, Powell is chosen as a more concise one. eling, if it provides any more on the spur gear parameters
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 11

input, the output of the spur gear model can be more [10] Z. M. Fan and G. H. Zhang, “Gear profile parameter opti-
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2019.
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respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of of planar and spherical logarithmic spirals: applications to the
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Acknowledgments tooth profile geometric analysis of circular arc tooth trace
This work was supported by the National Training Program of cylindrical gears,” Transactions of Famena, vol. 43, no. 1,
Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (Grant pp. 29–44, 2019.
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Abingdon, UK, 2010.
Talents in Beijing University (Grant no. 2019114132316), [16] W. Jabi, Parametric Design for Architecture, Laurence King,
National Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni- London, UK, 2013.
versities of China (Grant no. 2014YJ02), National Under- [17] C. M. Wen, H. Li, and K. Wen, “Helical gear modeling based
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