Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA 2020)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20K58-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4167-1

Analysis of 5G Wireless Systems in FR1 and FR2

Frequency Bands
Dr. Ravilla Dilli
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Manipal Institute of Technology
Manipal, Karnataka, India
dilli.ravilla@manipal.edu

Abstract— According to 3GPP, the frequency bands of 5G part in 5G is characterized by a subcarrier spacing, several
technologies are occupied at various parts of the frequency resource blocks, and a starting resource. For the given
spectrum. E.g. mmWave frequencies are used for short-range
bandwidth, the number of resource blocks is less at higher
communications in 5G mobile communications which can provide
much higher bandwidth, supports greater data rates and also subcarrier spacings and vice versa. A bandwidth part is
overcome the effect of path loss using carrier aggregation feature. associated with the carrier that has the same subcarrier
However, the frequency bands for 5G wireless technology are spacing, but there are several bandwidth parts with the same
classified into FR1 and FR2 frequency ranges. FR1 (4.1 GHz to carrier spacing. Bandwidth parts can be seen as a way to
7.125 GHz) band of frequencies are used for carrying most of the
traditional cellular mobile communications traffic, while the FR2 address the available spectrum to a UE. Bandwidth parts
(24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz) band of frequencies are focused on short- address the issues like when UEs may not be able to receive
range, high data rate capabilities. A frequency selective wireless the full bandwidth, even when UE is capable of receiving a
channel is converted into a parallel collection of frequency flat large bandwidth, it will save power if it can be addressed with
sub-channels using “Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)” techniques that improve multipath fading issues and
smaller bandwidth. Situations when UEs doesn’t want high
bandwidth efficiency, also reduces the inter-sub carrier data rates then. One UE can be associated with up to four
interference. The recent wireless communication standards like bandwidth parts, however, one UE can only have a single
802.11x families combine the techniques of multiple-input- bandwidth part active at a time. These bandwidth parts are
multiple-output (MIMO) and OFDM to provide improved data preconfigured, and the UE can be instructed to switch between
rates. As MIMO uses an array of antennas, and it is possible to
achieve a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using “beamforming” these different parts over time. The resource element in 5G
which in turn reduces the bit error rate (BER). This research NR is the smallest time by frequency unit, which is one
paper is focused on the performance of hybrid beamforming for subcarrier by one OFDM symbol. A resource block is defined
single user and multi-user “massive MIMO-OFDM systems” and as a group of 12 subcarriers with no associated time duration.
facilitate to explore various system-level configurations for
different channel modellings in FR1 and FR2 bands. Beamforming is a method of concentrating radio frequency
(RF) energy in a particular direction and this technology
allows Access Point (AP) to see where the signal is getting
Keywords—5G, mmWave communication, massive MIMO,
dropped and adjust accordingly. MIMO wireless systems are
hybrid beamforming, OFDM. increasingly being used in recent communication systems for
higher gains in capacity by realizing them using multiple
I. INTRODUCTION antennas that use spatial dimension apart from time and
frequency dimensions, without varying bandwidth of the
Modern wireless communication systems are using “Spatial
wireless system. Table I shows the various possible operating
multiplexing” to enhance the throughput of transmitting data
within the wireless system in severe scattered channel frequencies in FR1 of 5G NR [11] [12].
conditions. To transmit multiple data streams through the As the carrier frequencies in 5G can be as high as 60 or 70
wireless channel, a channel matrix is used to derive a set of GHz, (whereas in LTE carrier frequencies are < 6GHz) there
precoding and combining weights both magnitude and phase has been significant consequences on the design of the
terms. At the receiver (Rx), each data stream is recovered physical layer, as beamforming becomes required to support
independently. 5G wireless systems have an advantage of those higher frequencies. At those higher frequencies, more
higher bandwidth at “millimeter wave” (mmWave) frequency. spectrum is available, and 5G NR is set to take advantage of
Also, 5G wireless systems minimize severe propagation loss in this spectrum with up to 400 MHz of bandwidth. At higher
the mmWave band by deploying large scale of antenna arrays carrier frequencies, signals need to be beamformed to
at the cost of unique technical challenges.
overcome propagation losses. As a result, it is both difficult
5G NR defines the cyclic prefix lengths for all subcarrier and not useful to provide cell-wide reference signals. The
spacings in such a way that OFDM symbols align regularly, signal strength would be too low and each channel is
irrespective of the subcarrier spacing. A carrier and bandwidth beamformed which means that the UE would need to be

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA 2020)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP20K58-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4167-1

informed of the precoding matrix separately. Instead, UEs in slots per subframe changes due to variable subcarrier spacing.
5G rely on reference signals that undergo the same As the subcarrier spacing doubles, the slot length is halved,
beamforming as the associated channel. The 5G standard because the OFDM symbol length is halved. For this reason,
distinguishes between two ranges for carrier frequencies called the number of slots per subframe doubles. The subcarrier
FR1 (< 6GHz with TDD & FDD), FR2 (23-53 GHz with spacing of 15, 30, 60 kHz is available in FR1.
TDD). These two ranges correspond to very different For FR2, which corresponds to mmWave frequencies, data
propagation conditions and some physical layer settings only transmission can only use subcarrier spacing 60 kHz or 120
apply to one of those modes [8] [13] [14]. kHz. But, 240 kHz subcarrier spacing is reserved for non-data
channels (synchronization signal block).
TABLE I. 5G NR OPERATING FREQUENCIES IN FR1
Range of frequencies in FR1 TABLE. II 5G NR SUPPLEMENTARY FREQUENCY BANDS IN FR1
Band Downlink Bandwidth Duplex Range of frequencies in FR1
Uplink [GHz]
[GHz] [MHz] Mode Band Downlink Bandwidth
n1 1.92- 1.989 2.11-2.17 60 FDD Uplink [GHz]
[GHz] [MHz]
n2 1.85-1.91 1.93-1.99 60 FDD n75 --- 1.432-1.517 85a
n3 1.171-1.785 1.805-1.88 75 FDD n76 --- 1.427-1.432 5a
n5 0.824-0.849 0.869-0.894 25 FDD n80 1.171-1.785 --- 75 b
n7 2.5-2.67 2.62-2.69 70 FDD n81 0.88-0.915 --- 35 b
n8 0.88-0.915 0.925-0.96 35 FDD n82 0.832-0.862 --- 30 b
n20 0.832-0.862 0.791-0.821 30 FDD n83 0.703-0.748 --- 45 b
n28 0.703-0.748 0.758-0.803 45 FDD n84 1.92-1.98 --- 60 b
n66 1.71-1.78 2.11-2.2 90 FDD a.
Supplementary Downlink band(SDL)

n70 1.695-1.71 1.995-2.02 15/25 FDD b.

Supplementary Uplink band (SUL)

n71 0.663-0.698 0.617-0.652 35 FDD

n74 1.427-1.47 1.475-1.518 43 FDD
TDD TABLE. III 5G NR OPERATING FREQUENCIES IN FR2 BANDS
n38 2.57-2.62 2.57-2.62 50
n41 2.469-2.69 2.469-2.69 194 TDD Range of frequencies in FR2
Band Uplink Downlink Bandwidth Duplex Mode
n50 1.431-1.517 1.431-1.517 85 TDD [GHz] [GHz] [MHz]
n51 1.427-1.432 1.427-1.432 5 TDD n257 26.5- 29.5 26.5- 29.5 50-400 TDD

n77 3.3-4.2 3.3-4.2 900 TDD n258 24.25- 27.5 24.25- 27.5 50-400 TDD

n78 3.3-3.8 3.3-3.8 500 TDD n259 39.5- 43.5 39.5- 43.5 50-400 TDD

n79 4.4-5 4.4-5 600 TDD n260 37.0- 40.0 37.0- 40.0 50-400 TDD

n261 27.5-28.35 27.5-28.35 50-400 TDD

5G NR defines the waveform to be OFDM [7] with a cyclic

prefix. It decreases the guard band for the waveform (5G
waveforms are not limited to 90% of the bandwidth unlike in II. LITERATURE SURVEY
LTE). The subcarrier spacing in 5G is variable and it is There are 3 types of beamforming (BF), static BF is performed
powers of two multiples of 15 kHz up to 240 kHz. As a result, by using many directional antennas grouped aiming away
the OFDM symbol duration is reciprocal of the subcarrier from a center point to provide a fixed radiation pattern.
spacing, and it shrinks by a factor 2, 4, 8, 0r 16 for the highest Dynamic BF can dynamically adjust the radiation pattern to
subcarrier spacing. The maximum supported bandwidth is provide the best signal for each device connecting. The
50MHz at 15 kHz subcarrier spacing and it doubles each time adaptive antenna array is used in this type to manoeuvres the
to reach 100, 200, 400MHz at 120 kHz spacing. For the beam in the direction of a targeted Rx and this technology is
highest subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz, the number of called “smart antenna technology” or “beam steering”. It can
supported subcarriers is halved, which means that the focus a beam in the direction of an individual user. Lastly,
bandwidth is still 400MHz. As subcarrier spacing increases, transmit beamforming (TxBF) performed by transmitting
supported bandwidth increases and duration of OFDM symbol multiple phase-shifted signals and all these signals hopefully
and latencies at physical layer decreases. 5G NR retains the will arrive in-phase at the receiver.
concept of 10msec frame divided into 10 subframes of 1msec [1] classifies the hybrid beamforming techniques based on
duration each however, the slot definition is different from (i) amount of required CSI for the analog beamformer portion
LTE. One slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols, which (ii) complexity (reduced/full complexity and switched), and
corresponds to one subframe in LTE. In 5G, the number of (iii) range of carrier frequencies (cm-wave versus mm-wave,

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA 2020)
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as the channel characteristics and RF impairments, are single-user channel. The performance gap between theoretical
different for these range of frequencies). [1] Shows that and practical increases for higher and higher values of SNR or
instantaneous CSI provides improved Signal-to-Noise ratio as many Tx antennas increases in the case of multiuser. This
(SNR) and Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and the average may lead to a higher cost of having CSI at the Tx more
CSI provides minimum overhead for CSI acquisition. justifiable [6].
[2] explored the hybrid beamforming designs for Massive The authors [9] defined a transmission scheme “a joint
MIMO FDD downlinks and functionalities various RF chains spatial and power-domain multiuser (JSPM)” and it gives
at the UE. [2] Proves that the optimal design decoupling of higher Power-domain multiplexing gain when it was
analog precoder & combiner using strongest eigenbeams of compared with traditional spatial multiplexing schemes. The
the receive covariance matrix with Kronecker model of the results were validated with 16 users/cell at system-level
channel and digital precoder to improve the conditional simulation and it was shown that JSPM gives 15% higher
average signal-to-leakage and noise ratio. [2] Also proposes a spectrum efficiency gain and it increases with the number of
weighted average mean square error minimization active users per cell. Another observation from the simulation
(WAMMSE) algorithm for improving a lower bound of the results is that antenna array with a larger number of horizontal
conditional average net sum rate. The simulated outputs show column antennas gives better performance, as the user
that the proposed algorithm gives better performance to distribution in the horizontal plane is more intensive compared
support Massive MIMO FDD downlink under various to the vertical plane in practical networks.
scenarios also tells the essentiality of using conditional 2nd
order channel statistics in designing a digital precoder to TABLE IV. 5G NR PHYSICAL LAYER SPECIFICATIONS IN FR1 AND FR2
BANDS
combat the inter-group interference [2].
[3] Chooses a single user transmit precoding & Rx Specification FR1 FR2
combining in mmWave communication systems where Bandwidth/Carrier 5,10,15,20,25,30,40, 50, 100, 200, 400
50,60,70,80,90,100 MHz
traditional MIMO has been made high dependence on RF MHz
precoding. By taking the advantage of mmWave channel Subcarrier Spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120,240 kHz
structures, [3] proposed a low cost and low complex hardware Max. no. of ---
precoding algorithms and formulated mmWave precoder 3300 (FFT 4096)
subcarriers
design as a sparsity-constrained signal recovery and proposed Up to 16 number of ---
Carrier aggregation
an algorithm that accurately approximates the optimal carriers
performance using orthogonal matching. The framework QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 ---
Modulation
proposed in [3] also applied in designing MMSE combiners QAM, 256 QAM
Length of Radio ---
for mmWave communication systems. The precoding 10msec
frame
algorithm is well-applicable to limited feedback systems and Length of Radio ----
quantized efficiently, also the output results in [3] match the 1msec
subframe
theoretical values of spectral efficiency. [3] Showed the Duplex Mode FDD, TDD TDD
directions of research towards mmWave precoding techniques Downlink: CP- ---
by relaxing the assumptions made like perfect CSI at Rx, Multiple Access OFDM
information about antenna array structure and lastly the Scheme Uplink: CP-OFDM,
limited to narrowband channels. DFT-s-OFDM
[4] Gives the guidelines for optimized pre-beamforming, for Max. of 2 ---
codewords mapped
spectral efficiency under max-min fairness and proportional MIMO Scheme
to Max. of 8 layers
fairness criteria which gives good results. Proposed [5] two [14]
in downlink and 4
suboptimal techniques in the multiuser channel for optimum layers in the uplink
information transfer. First, block diagonalization algorithm
asymptotically approaches capacity at high SNR, second is
successive optimization algorithm is well suited to minimizing III. METHODOLOGY
the output power for fixed transmission rates. For lower SNR This paper tells us the techniques of introducing “hybrid
channels, it can outperform the first technique. However, both beamforming” at the Tx end of a “massive MIMO” wireless
the techniques are straightforward, computationally efficient communications system for both single-user and multi-user
and allow a good tradeoff between computational complexity wireless systems. To find the “channel state information
and performance. For channels where both the techniques are (CSI)” at the Tx, full channel sounding technique is used. It
not applicable directly, the third technique called joint divides the required precoding into analog RF components and
transmitter and Receiver (Tx-Rx) processing can be used to digital baseband for single-user and multi-user wireless
minimize the problem dimensionality. Both the algorithms systems using various techniques. Simplified all-digital Rxs
proposed in [5] needs partial or complete Channel information recover the multiple transmitted data streams to highlight the
at the Tx. Such information is very less at higher SNR for the “error vector magnitude (EVM)” and BER which are common

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 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA 2020)
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figures of merit for a wireless communications system and a results.

static-flat MIMO channel is used for validating simulation

Fig. 1. Model for Data Transmission and Reception in MIMO-OFDM Systems

This paper uses two-channel types for validation purposes, of OFDM modulation and analog beamforming of RF sections
namely, static-flat MIMO channel and spatial MIMO channel. for all the Tx antennas.
While simulating the wireless system, single-bounce ray
tracing approximation scattering model was used with a 100 IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
parameterized number of scatterers. During the simulation, the
scatters are modelled and randomly placed around the Rx
within a spherical shape using “Scattering” option same as the
one-ring model shown in [6]. The path-loss modeling can be
performed for “line-of-sight (LOS)” as well as non-LOS
propagation conditions while modeling the wireless channel.
In our simulations, linear and rectangular array antennas are
considered with isotropic radiation pattern for non-LOS path
scenarios. Channel sounding and Data transmission were
performed with the same channel conditions. Data
transmission usually depends on the number of data symbols
that can be more duration. The preamble is appended to the
data symbols and it is used to evaluate the channel
transmission stage and channel sounding stage. For data
transmission stage validation, preamble improves the success
of channel to a valid state and it is refused from the output of
the channel. Multiple independent channels/user can be
modeled for a multi-user system, and the Rx is modeled for
each user that amplifies the signal for path loss compensation
Fig. 2. Equalized Symbol Constellation per Stream for MIMO Channel
and thermal noise is added. Rx of a MIMO-OFDM system
contains stages that include channel decoding, QAM
demapping, MIMO equalization and OFDM demodulation. The simulation was performed by considering 4 users with
The received constellation of the equalized symbols provides a multiple data symbols and the channel type was MIMO, the
quality of MIMO system model. The actual BER can provide modulation schemes were chosen was QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-
the quantitative analysis by comparing the received decoded QAM and 256-QAM. The analysis was performed at a carrier
bits/user with the transmitted bits. At the Tx, system frequency of 28 GHz in FR2 band and 6 GHz, 4 GHz in FR1
parameters are configured which includes channel coding, band with a channel sampling rate of 100 Mbps and the
mapping of bits to complex symbols, converting the individual precoding weights of baseband and RF analog are determined
data streams into more number of transmitted data streams, for single-user, multi-user systems using Orthogonal Matching
baseband precoding of the transmitting streams, pilot mapping Pursuit algorithm and Joint Spatial Multiplexing algorithms

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respectively. The analysis is performed by calculating the From the results shown in Table V, it is clear that the error
Error vector magnitude for different modulation schemes at vector magnitude is higher at lower frequencies and it
frequencies belongs to FR1 and FR2 bands with single and decreases with increasing frequencies. The figures from Fig. 2
multiple users as shown in Table V. to Fig. 7( except Fig. 3) represents the radiation patterns and
equalized symbol constellation diagrams of various
modulation schemes like QPSK, 16-QAM, 256-QAM and the
corresponding radiation patterns at different carrier
frequencies like 4 GHz, 6 GHz and 28 GHz. We have also
compared the performance characteristics of MIMO Channel
with Scattering channel and the corresponding radiation
pattern was shown in Fig. 3. From the results, it is clear that
the MIMO channel outperforms the Scattering channel in
terms of signal transmission and the errors.

Fig. 3. Radiation Pattern for 256-QAM Modulation Scheme for MIMO

Channel at a Carrier Frequency of 28 GHz

TABLE V PERFORMANCE OF MASSIVE MIMO BEAMFORMING OVER FR2

BANDS

Output Parameters
Number
Modulation RMS EVM RMS RMS
of
Type (%) EVM EVM (%)
Users
@ 28 GHz (%) @6 @4 GHz
Fig. 4. Radiation Pattern for 256-QAM Modulation Scheme for Scattering
1 0.0003772 0.48885 0.58714
Channel at Carrier Frequency of 6 GHz

2 0.0002321 1.3148 1.3114

QPSK
3 9.6198e-05 1.3807 1.5296

4 0.0002179 0.55241 1.1716

1 0.00038581 0.49017 0.59282

2 0.00023183 1.5244 1.2927

16 QAM
3 9.4397e-05 1.3876 1.5435

4 0.00021584 0.56225 1.1707

1 0.00037348 0.49095 0.59808

2 0.000233 1.1141 1.456

64 QAM
3 9.5877e-05 1.4276 1.544

4 0.00022087 0.55508 1.1663

1 0.00039011 0.49437 0.592

2 0.00022946 1.5608 1.372

256 QAM Fig. 5. Equalized Symbol Constellation of 16-QAM Modulation Scheme per
3 9.8535e-05 1.3833 1.5652 Stream for MIMO Channel at Carrier Frequency of 28 GHz

4 0.00022505 0.55373 1.1552

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single-user systems and multi-user systems. The future scope

would be by increasing the order of the modulation scheme
and the number of users to study the effects of EVM. The
future scope of this work is to analyze the performance of
MIMO systems with other channel coding techniques like
LDPC codes and Polar codes at frequencies [10] \above 100
GHz band which is D-band (110 GHz – 170 GHz).

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