45

3B 4.11 Find the impulse response of the LTI system H characterized by each of the equations below.
Z t+1
(a) Hx(t) = x(τ)dτ;
Z−∞
∞
(b) Hx(t) = x(τ + 5)eτ−t+1 u(t − τ − 2)dτ;
Z −∞
t
(c) Hx(t) = x(τ)v(t − τ)dτ; and
Z−∞
t
(d) Hx(t) = x(τ)dτ.
t−1

3B Answer (a).
Let h denote the impulse response of the system.
Z t+1
h(t) = δ (τ)dτ
−∞
(
1 t > −1
=
0 t < −1
= u(t + 1).

3B Answer (b).
Let h denote the impulse response of the system.
Z ∞
h(t) = δ (τ + 5)eτ−t+1 u(t − τ − 2)dτ
−∞
−5−t+1
=e u(t − [−5] − 2)
= e−t−4 u(t + 3).

3B Answer (c).
Let h denote the impulse response of the system. We have
Z t
h(t) = δ (τ)v(t − τ)dτ.
−∞

Now, we employ a change of variable. Let λ = τ − t so that τ = λ + t and dλ = dτ. Applying this change of
variable, we obtain
Z 0
h(t) = δ (λ + t)v(t − [λ + t])dλ
−∞
Z 0
= δ (λ + t)v(−λ )dλ .
−∞

From the equivalence property of the unit-impulse function, we can write

Z 0
h(t) = δ (λ + t)v(t)dλ
−∞
Z 0
= v(t) δ (λ + t)dλ
−∞
= v(t)u(t).

Edition 2023-08-27 Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams

 46 Continuous-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems (Chapter 4)

3B 4.12 Consider the system with input x and output y as shown in the figure below. Each system in the block diagram
is LTI and labelled with its impulse response.

x y
h1 h2 +

h3

(a) Find the impulse response h of the overall system in terms of h1 , h2 , and h3 .
(b) Determine the impulse response h in the specific case that

h1 (t) = δ (t + 1), h2 (t) = δ (t), and h3 (t) = δ (t).

3B Answer (a).
Let v denote the output of the system with impulse response h1 . From the block diagram, we have

v(t) = x ∗ h1 (t)
y(t) = v ∗ [h2 + h3 ](t) + x(t).

Combining these equations yields

y(t) = v ∗ [h2 + h3 ](t) + x(t)

= [x ∗ h1 ] ∗ [h2 + h3 ](t) + x(t)
= x ∗ [h1 ∗ [h2 + h3 ]](t) + x(t)
= x ∗ [h1 ∗ h2 + h1 ∗ h3 ](t) + x ∗ δ (t)
= x ∗ [h1 ∗ h2 + h1 ∗ h3 + δ ](t).

Therefore, we have

h(t) = h1 ∗ h2 (t) + h1 ∗ h3 (t) + δ (t).

3B Answer (b).
Substituting the given expressions for h1 , h2 , and h3 into the expression for h, we obtain

h(t) = δ (· + 1) ∗ δ (t) + δ (· + 1) ∗ δ (t) + δ (t)

= δ (t + 1) + δ (t + 1) + δ (t)
= 2δ (t + 1) + δ (t).

(Note that δ (· + 1) simply means the function v defined by the equation v(t) = δ (t + 1).)

Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams Edition 2023-08-27

 47

3B 4.13 Consider the system shown in the figure below with input x and output y. This system is formed by the series
interconnection of two LTI systems with the impulse responses h1 and h2 .
x y
h1 h2

For each pair of h1 and h2 given below, find the output y if the input x(t) = u(t).
(a) h1 (t) = δ (t) and h2 (t) = δ (t);
(b) h1 (t) = δ (t + 1) and h2 (t) = δ (t + 1); and
(c) h1 (t) = e−3t u(t) and h2 (t) = δ (t).
3B Answer (b).
First, we calculate the impulse response h of the overall system. We have
h(t) = h1 ∗ h2 (t)
= (δ (· + 1) ∗ δ (· + 1))(t)
Z ∞
= δ (τ + 1)δ (t − τ + 1)dτ
−∞
= δ (t + 2).
(Note that δ (· + 1) is simply an abbreviated notation for the function v(t) = δ (t + 1).) The output y is given by
y(t) = x ∗ h(t)
= u ∗ δ (t + 2)
= u(t + 2).

3B Answer (c).
First, we calculate the impulse response h of the overall system. We have that
h(t) = h1 ∗ h2 (t)
= [e−3t u(t)] ∗ δ (t)
= e−3t u(t).
Now, we compute the convolution y(t) = x ∗ h(t) = −∞ ∞
x(τ)h(t − τ)dτ. By drawing graphs of x(τ) and h(t − τ)
R

and applying the appropriate logic, we conclude that there are two cases to consider for the computation of y(t):
t < 0 and t ≥ 0. In the case that t < 0, we have that y(t) is trivially zero. So, we now consider the case that
t ≥ 0. For t ≥ 0, we have that y(t) is given by
y(t) = x ∗ h(t)
= h ∗ x(t)
Z ∞
= e−3τ u(τ)u(t − τ)dτ
−∞
Z t
= e−3τ dτ for t > 0
0
= [− 31 e−3τ ]|t0
= − 31 [e−3t − 1]
= − 31 e−3t + 13 .
Thus, we have that
− 13 e−3t + 13
(
t ≥0
y(t) =
0 t <0
= [− 13 e−3t + 13 ]u(t).

Edition 2023-08-27 Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams

 48 Continuous-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems (Chapter 4)

3B 4.14 Determine whether the LTI system with each impulse response h given below is causal and/or memoryless.
(a) h(t) = (t + 1)u(t − 1);
(b) h(t) = 2δ (t + 1);
(c) h(t) = ωπc sinc(ωct);
(d) h(t) = e−4t u(t − 1);
(e) h(t) = et u(−1 − t);
(f) h(t) = e−3|t| ; and
(g) h(t) = 3δ (t).

3B Answer (a–g).
A LTI system with impulse response h is memoryless if h(t) = 0 for all t 6= 0. Therefore, the systems in (a), (b),
(c), (d), (e), and (f) all have memory, while the system in (g) is memoryless.
A LTI system with impulse response h is causal if h(t) = 0 for all t < 0. Therefore, the systems in (a), (d), and
(g) are causal, while the systems in (b), (c), (e), and (f) are not causal.

Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams Edition 2023-08-27

 49

3B 4.15 Determine whether the LTI system with each impulse response h given below is BIBO stable.
(a) h(t) = eat u(−t) where a is a strictly positive real constant;
(b) h(t) = t −1 u(t − 1);
(c) h(t) = et u(t);
(d) h(t) = δ (t − 10);
(e) h(t) = rect(t); and
(f) h(t) = e−|t| .

3B Answer (a).
A LTI system with impulse response h is BIBO stable if and only if h is absolutely integrable. From the given
h, we have
Z ∞ Z ∞
|h(t)| dt = eat u(−t) dt
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
= eat u(−t)dt
−∞
Z 0
= eat dt
−∞
1 at 0
ae for a 6= 0

= −∞
1
 at  0
= a e −∞
1
= a [1 − 0]
1
= a
< ∞.

Therefore, the system is BIBO stable.

3B Answer (b).
A LTI system with impulse response h is BIBO stable if and only if h is absolutely integrable. From the given
h, can write
Z ∞ Z ∞
|h(t)| dt = t −1 u(t − 1) dt
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
= t −1 u(t − 1)dt
−∞
Z ∞
= t −1 dt
1
= [ln(t)]|∞
1
= ln(∞) − ln(1)
= ∞−0
= ∞.

Therefore, the system is not BIBO stable.

Edition 2023-08-27 Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams

 50 Continuous-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems (Chapter 4)

3B 4.16 Suppose that we have two LTI systems with impulse responses

h1 (t) = 12 δ (t − 1) and h2 (t) = 2δ (t + 1).

Determine whether these systems are inverses of one another.

3B Answer.
These systems are inverses if h1 ∗ h2 (t) = δ (t). We have
Z ∞
h1 ∗ h2 (t) = h1 (τ)h2 (t − τ)dτ
−∞
Z ∞
1
= 2 δ (τ − 1)2δ (t − τ + 1)dτ
−∞
Z ∞
= δ (τ − 1)δ (t − τ + 1)dτ
−∞
= δ (t).

Therefore, the systems are inverses of one another.

Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams Edition 2023-08-27

 51

3B 4.17 For each case below, find the response y of the LTI system with system function H to the input x.
1
(a) H(s) = for Re(s) > −1; and x(t) = 10 + 4 cos(3t) + 2 sin(5t); and
s+1
1
(b) H(s) = s for Re(s) > −1; and x(t) = 10 + 2e3t − et .
e (s + 1)

3B Answer (a).
Rewriting x in terms of eigenfunctions of LTI systems, we obtain
h  i
x(t) = 10 + 4 12 e j3t + e− j3t + 2 21j e j5t − e− j5t



= 10 + 2e j3t + 2e− j3t − je j5t + je− j5t .

Since the system is LTI, we have

y(t) = H(0)(10) + H( j3)(2e j3t ) + H(− j3)(2e− j3t ) + H( j5)(− je j5t ) + H(− j5)( je− j5t )
= 10H(0) + 2H( j3)e j3t + 2H(− j3)e− j3t − jH( j5)e j5t + jH(− j5)e− j5t .

Now, we compute the eigenvalues H(0), H( j3), H(− j3), H( j5), and H(− j5). We have

1
H(0) =
0+1
= 1,
q
1 1− j3 1− j3 1 3 1 j arctan(−3)
H( j3) = 1+ j3 = 1+9 = 10 = 10 − j 10 = 10 e

= √1 e− j arctan(3) ,
10
1 1+ j3 1+ j3
H(− j3) = 1− j3 = 1+9 = 10 = H( j3)∗
= √1 e j arctan(3) ,
10
q q
1 1− j5 1− j5 1 5 26 j arctan(−5) 1 − j arctan(5)
H( j5) = 1+ j5 = 1+25 = 26 = 26 − j 26 = 676 e = 26 e

= √1 e− j arctan(5) , and
26
1 1+ j5 1+ j5 ∗
H(− j5) = 1− j5 = 1+25 = 26 = H( j5)

= √1 e j arctan(5) .
26

Substituting the computed eigenvalues into the above formula for y(t), we have
       
y(t) = 10(1) + 2 √110 e− j arctan(3) e j3t + 2 √110 e j arctan(3) e− j3t − j √126 e− j arctan(5) e j5t + j √126 e j arctan(5) e− j5t
j − j arctan(5) j5t j
= 10 + √210 e− j arctan(3) e j3t + √210 e j arctan(3) e− j3t − √26 e e + √26 e j arctan(5) e− j5t
   
j
= 10 + √210 e j[3t−arctan(3)] + e− j[3t−arctan(3)] − √26 e j[5t−arctan(5)] − e− j[5t−arctan(5)]
j
= 10 + √210 [2 cos(3t − arctan(3))] − √26 [2 j sin(5t − arctan(5))]
= 10 + √410 cos(3t − arctan(3)) + √226 sin(5t − arctan(5)).

Edition 2023-08-27 Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams

 162 MATLAB (Appendix D)

3B D.8 In this exercise, we consider an algorithm for generating a sequence p of n points in the plane (i.e., p0 , p1 , . . . , pn−1 ).
The first point p0 is chosen as the origin (i.e., p0 = [ 0 0 ]T ), with the remaining points being given by the formula
i−1  
cos θ sin θ i

pi = pi−1 + .
− sin θ cos θ 0

(a) Using MATLAB, write a function called drawpattern that takes n and θ as input arguments (in that order)
with θ being specified in degrees, and then computes and plots the points p0 , p1 , . . . , pn−1 connected by straight
lines (i.e., draw a line from p0 to p1 , p1 to p2 , p2 to p3 , and so on). When performing the plotting, be sure to
use axis(’equal’) in order to maintain the correct aspect ratio for the plot. For illustrative purposes, the plots
produced for two sets of θ and n values are shown in Figures (a) and (b) below.
(b) Generate the plots obtained by invoking drawpattern with n = 100 and θ set to each of the following
values: 89◦ , 144◦ , and 154◦ . [Note: In MATLAB, the sin and cos functions take values in radians, not
degrees.]

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30

-40 -40

-50
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

(a) θ = 90◦ and n = 100 (b) θ = 166◦ and n = 100

3B Answer (a).
The drawpattern function can be implemented using the code below.

Listing D.6: drawpattern.m

function drawpattern (n , theta )
% drawpattern - Draw a pattern
% This function takes two arguments:
% the number of iterations
% the rotation angle

% Convert from degrees to radians.

t = theta * pi / 180;

% Generate the list of points.

p = [0 0] ’;
x = p ’;
for i = 1 : (n - 1)
p = p + [ cos (t) sin (t ); -sin (t) cos (t )] ˆ (i - 1) * [i 0] ’;
x = [x; p ’];
end

% Plot the list of points.

plot (x(: , 1) , x(: , 2));

Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams Edition 2023-08-27

 163

axis ( ’ equal ’);

% Print the plot to a file.

% eval(sprintf(’print -dps data/drawpattern_%d_%d.ps’, theta, n))
end

3B Answer (b).
The plots obtained with the drawpattern function are shown below.
50
50

40 40

30 30

20
20

10
10

0
0
-10
-10
-20

-20
-30

-40 -30

-50 -40

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

θ = 89◦ , n = 100 θ = 144◦ , n = 100

40

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

θ = 154◦ , n = 100

Edition 2023-08-27 Copyright © 2012–2023 Michael D. Adams