Fundamentals Physics

Twelfth Edition
Halliday

Chapter 6
Force and Motion–II

Copyright ©2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Goals for Chapter 6
• Use Newton’s 1st law for bodies in
equilibrium (statics)
• Use Newton’s 2nd law for accelerating
bodies (dynamics)
• Study types of friction (static vs kinetic)
• Study Drag Force & Terminal Speed
• Solve Uniform Circular motion problems
Section 6.1 Friction

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Friction Learning Objectives
• Distinguish between friction in a static situation and a
kinetic situation.
• Determine direction and magnitude of a frictional force.
• For objects on horizontal, vertical, or inclined planes in
situations involving friction, draw free-body diagrams and
apply Newton’s second law.

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Friction Applications
• Friction forces are essential:
o Picking things up
o Walking, biking, driving anywhere
o Writing with a pencil
o Building with nails, weaving cloth

• But overcoming friction forces is also important:

o Efficiency in engines
o (20% of the gasoline used in an automobile goes to counteract
friction in the drive train)
o Roller skates, fans
o Anything that we want to remain in motion
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Three Friction Experiments
o Experiment #1: Slide a book across a counter. The book slows
and stops, so there must be an acceleration parallel to the surface
and opposite the direction of motion.
o Experiment #2: Push a book at a constant speed across the
counter. There must be an equal and opposite force opposing you,
otherwise the book would accelerate. Again the force is parallel to
the surface and opposite the direction of motion.
o Experiment #3: Push a crate or other heavy object that does not
move. To keep the crate stationary, an equal and opposite force
must oppose you. If you push harder, the opposing force must also
increase to keep the crate stationary. Keep pushing harder.
Eventually the opposing force will reach a maximum, and the
crate will slide.

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Static vs. Kinetic Friction
• Two types of friction:
• The static frictional force:
o The opposing force that prevents an object from moving
o Can have any magnitude from 0 N up to a maximum
o Once the maximum is reached or exceeded, forces are no longer in
equilibrium and the object slides or begins to move.
• The kinetic frictional force:
o The opposing force that acts on an object in motion
o Has only one value
o Generally smaller than the maximum static frictional force.

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Role of Friction in Static Equilibrium

Figure 6.1.1
(a) - (d)

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Friction as part of Net Force on a
Body

Figure 6.1.1
(e) - (g)

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Chemical and Microstructural
Origins of Frictional Force
• Microscopic picture: surfaces are bumpy
• Friction occurs as contact points slide over each other
• Two specially prepared metal surfaces can cold-weld
together and become impossible to slide, because there is
so much contact between the surfaces
• Greater force normal to the contact plane increases the
friction because the surfaces are pressed together and make
more contact
• Sliding that is jerky, due to the ridges on the surface,
produces squeaking/squealing/sound

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Friction-producing Microscopic
Surface Asperities

Figure 6.1.2

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Friction Force: Stationary Conditions

The properties of friction:

1. If the body does not move, then the applied force and
frictional force balance along the direction parallel to the
surface: equal in magnitude, opposite in direction
2. If the applied force is equal in magnitude or less than the
frictional force, then the object will stay in a static position.
3. The magnitude of fs has a maximum fs, max given by:
f s , max = s FN , Equation (6.1.1)

where μs is the coefficient of static friction. If the applied force

increases past fs, max, sliding begins.

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Friction Force: Moving Conditions

The properties of friction (continued):

3. Once sliding begins, the frictional force decreases to fk given
by:

f k = k FN , Equation (6.1.2)

where μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

• Magnitude FN of the normal force measures how strongly the
surfaces are pushed together
• The values of the friction coefficients are unitless and must be
determined experimentally

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Friction Assumptions
• Assume that μk does not depend on velocity
• Note that equations 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 are not vector
equations

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Friction Checkpoint #1
A block lies on a floor, (a) What is the magnitude of the frictional
force on it from the floor? (b) If a horizontal force of 5 N is now
applied to the block, but the block does not move, what is the
magnitude of the frictional force on it? (c) If the maximum value fs, max
of the static frictional force on the block is 10 N, will the block move
if the magnitude of the horizontally applied force is 8 N? (d) If it is 12
N? (e) What is the magnitude of the frictional force in part (c)?

Answer:
(a) 0; (b) 5 N; (c) no; (d) yes; (e) 8 N

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Friction - Effect of Angled Applied
Force
Example: For a force applied at an
angle:
o Decompose the force into x and y
components
o Balance the vertical components
(FN, Fg, Fy)
o Balance the horizontal components
(f, Fx)
o Solve for your unknown,
noting that FN and f are related

Figure 6.1.3

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Section 6.2 Drag Force & Terminal Speed

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Drag Force and Terminal Speed
Learning Objectives
• Apply the relationship between the drag force on an object
moving through the air and the speed of the object.
• Determine the terminal speed of an object falling through
the air.

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Drag Force: Definition
• A fluid is anything that can flow (gas or liquid)
• When there is relative velocity between fluid and an solid object
there is a drag force:
o That opposes the relative motion
o And points along the direction of the flow, relative to the body
• Here we examine the drag force for
o Air
o With a body that is not streamlined
o For motion fast enough that the air becomes turbulent (breaks into
swirls)

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Drag Force as a Function of Fluid
Properties and Object Dimensions
• For this case, the drag force is:

1
D = C  Av 2 , Equation (6.2.1)
2
• Where:
o v is the relative velocity
o ρ is the air density (mass/volume)
o C is the experimentally determined drag coefficient
o A is the effective cross-sectional area of the body (the area taken
perpendicular to the relative velocity)
• In reality, C is not constant for all values of v
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Drag Force: Part of Net Force on an
Object

Figure 6.2.2

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Drag Force and Terminal Speed

• The drag force from the air opposes a falling object

D − Fg = ma, Equation (6.2.2)

• Once the drag force equals the gravitational force, the object
falls at a constant terminal speed:
2 Fg
vt = . Equation (6.2.3)
C A
• Terminal speed can be increased by reducing A
• Terminal speed can be decreased by increasing A
• Skydivers use this to control descent
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Drag Force Applied to Falling
Raindrop
Example: Determine downward terminal speed of a raindrop:
Spherical raindrop feels gravitational force F = mg:
o Express in terms of density of water

4
Fg = V  w g =  R 3  w g .
3

where:  = density, V = volume, g = acceleration from

gravity, R = drop radius

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Terminal Velocity of Falling Raindrop

Plug the expression for the gravitational force on the raindrop

into the magnitude of the terminal velocity equation using the
values provided in the textbook:
o Use A = πR2 for the cross-sectional area

2 Fg 8 R3  w g 8R  w g
vt = = =
C a A 3C  a R 2
3C  a

(8) (1.5 10−3 m )(1000 kg m3 )( 9.8 m s2 )

=
( )( ) (
3 0.60 1.2 kg m 3
)
= 7.4 m s  27 km h. ( Answer )
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Section 6.3 Uniform Circular Motion

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Uniform Circular Motion Learning
Objectives
• Sketch the path taken in uniform circular motion and
explain the velocity, acceleration, and force vectors
(magnitudes and directions) during the motion.
• Recognize that unless there is a radially inward net force (a
centripetal force), an object cannot move in circular
motion.
• For a particle in uniform circular motion, apply the
relationship between the radius of the path, the particle's
speed and mass, and the net force acting on the particle.

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Centripetal Acceleration

• Recall that circular motion requires a centripetal acceleration

v2 Equation (6.3.1)
a=
R

Where a = acceleration, v = velocity, and R = circular radius

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Examples of Uniform Circular Motion
Suppose you are a passenger:
o For a car, rounding a curve, the car accelerates toward the
center of the curve due to a centripetal force provided by the
inward friction on the tires. Your inertia makes you want to go
straight ahead so you may feel friction from your seat and may
also be pushed against the side of the car. These inward forces
keep you in uniform circular motion in the car.
o For a space shuttle, the shuttle is kept in orbit by the
gravitational pull of Earth acting as a centripetal force. This
force also acts on every atom in your body, and keeps you in
orbit around the Earth. You float with no sensation of force,
but are subject to a centripetal acceleration.

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Dynamics of circular motion

• If something is in uniform
circular motion, both its
acceleration and net force on
it are directed toward center
of circle.
• The net force on the particle
is:
•Fnet = marad = mv2/R, always
towards the center. We refer to it
as the centripetal force
Centripetal Force Affects Direction of
Motion
• Centripetal force is not a new kind of force, it is simply an
application of force
v2 Equation (6.3.2)
F =m
R

A centripetal force accelerates a body by changing the direction of

the body's velocity without changing the body's speed.

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Example: Centripetal Force Provided
by String Tension
For the puck on a string, the string tension supplies the
centripetal force necessary to maintain circular motion

Figure 6.3.1

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 What if the string breaks?

• If the string breaks, no net force

acts on the ball on the figure, so it
obeys Newton’s first law and
moves in a straight line.
Uniform Circular Motion Checkpoint
#2 Questions
As every amusement park fan knows, a Ferris wheel is a ride
consisting of seats mounted on a tall ring that rotates around a
horizontal axis. When you ride in a Ferris wheel at constant speed,
what are the directions of your acceleration a and the normal
force FN on you (from the always upright seat) as you pass
through (a) the highest point and (b) the lowest point of the ride?
(c) How does the magnitude of the acceleration at the highest
point compare with that at the lowest point? (d) How do the
magnitudes of the normal force compare at those two points?

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Uniform Circular Motion Checkpoint
#2 Answers
(a) accel downward, FN upward
(b) accel upward, FN upward
(c) the magnitudes must be equal for the motion to be
uniform
(d) FN is greater in (b) than in (a)

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Solve Example 6.3.2: Bicycle Going
Around Vertical Loop

Figure 6.3.2

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Force Balance for Bicycle on Vertical
Loop Example
• At the top of the loop we have:
 v2 
− FN − mg = m  −  . Equation (6.3.3)
 R

• Solve for v and plug in our known values, including FN = 0 for

the minimum answer:

v = gR = ( )
9.8 m s2 ( 2.7 m )
= 5.1 m s.

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Solve Example 6.3.2: Flat Circular
Turn
A race car is driving around a flat circular turn. The car is
designed to produce a downward force called negative lift.

Figure 6.3.3

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Force Balance for Horizontal Curve

o The Sum of components in the radial direction obey Newton’s 2nd Law:
 v2 
− f s = m  −  Equation (6.3.4)
 R
o The Sum of components in the vertical direction obey Newton’s 1st Law:

FN = mg + FL . Equation (6.3.6)

o Combine results to solve for negative lift force.

 v2 
FL = m  − g 
 s R 
FL = 663.7 N  660 N
 ( 28.6 m s )2 
= ( 600 kg )  2
− 9.8 m s 
 ( 0.75)(100 m ) 
 
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Chapter 6 Summary: Friction
Properties
Friction
• Opposes the direction of motion or attempted motion
• Static if the object does not slide
• Static friction can increase to a maximum
f s, max = s FN , Equation (6.1.1)

• Kinetic if it does slide

f k = k FN , Equation (6.1.2)

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Chapter 6 Summary: Drag Force
Drag Force
• Resistance between a fluid and an object
• Opposes relative motion
• Drag coefficient C experimentally determined
1
D = C  Av 2 , Equation (6.2.1)
2

• Use the effective cross-sectional area (area perpendicular to the

velocity)

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Chapter 6 Summary: Terminal Speed

Terminal Speed = The maximum speed of a falling

object due to drag:

2 Fg
vt = . Equation (6.2.3)
C A

Where Fg = force from gravity,  = object density, A = object cross-sectional area

perpendicular to the vertical direction, C = constant

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Chapter 6 Summary: Uniform
Circular Motion
• Centripetal acceleration required to maintain the motion

v2
a= Equation (6.3.1)
R
• Corresponds to a centripetal force

v2 Equation (6.3.2)
F =m
R

• Force points toward the center of curvature

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