DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Analog Electronics and Linear Integrated Circuits Applications

Laboratory

AL LAB MANUAL
III Semester (21ECL35)
CAY:2023-24
Autonomous Course

HOD-Dr. T.C. Manjunath

Lab In-Charge/s: Srividya.L

Lab Instructors: Padma G. & Puttaraju M.S.

Name of the Student :

Semester /Section :

USN :

Batch :

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,
Banashankari, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka
Tel : +91 80 26662226 26661104 Extn : 2731 Fax : +90 80 2666 0789
Web - http://www.dayanandasagar.edu Email : [email protected]
( An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified )
( Accredited by NBA, National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with 'A' grade )
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Name of the laboratory-1: Analog Electronics and Linear

Integrated Circuits Applications

Name of the instructor -1: Padma G

Name of the Laboratory-2: Analog Electronics and Linear

Integrated Circuits Applications

Name of the instructor-2: Puttaraju M.S.

Lab In charge/s: Srividya.L

HOD: Dr. T.C. Manjunath, Ph.D.

(IITBombay)

Semester/Year : III/2021-NEP (Autonomous)

No. of Students/Batch: 20 for each lab

No. of equipment’s : 20 for each lab

Major Equipment’s for each Power supply, CRO’s, Signal

lab : Generator, Function Generator,
Digital Multi Meter, Rheostat,
Decade Resistance Box, Decade
Inductance Box, Storage
Oscilloscope, Voltage Stabilizer,
Analog Multimeter

Area in square meters : 104 Sq meters (lab-1)

72.9 Sq meters (lab-2)
Location: Level – 3 (17214 & 17215)

Total cost of lab: Rs. 15 Lakhs

 ABOUT THE COLLEGE & THE DEPARTMENT

The Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering was established in 1979, was founded by Sri R.
Dayananda Sagar and is run by the Mahatma Gandhi Vidya Peetha Trust (MGVP). The
college offers undergraduate, post-graduates and doctoral programmes under Visvesvaraya
Technological University & is currently autonomous institution. MGVP Trust is an
educational trust and was promoted by Late. Shri. R. Dayananda Sagar in 1960. The Trust
manages 28 educational institutions in the name of “Dayananda Sagar Institutions” (DSI) and
multi – Specialty hospitals in the name of Sagar Hospitals - Bangalore, India. Dayananda
Sagar College of Engineering is approved by All India Council for Technical Education
(AICTE), Govt. of India and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University. It has
widest choice of engineering branches having 16 Under Graduate courses & 17 Post
Graduate courses. In addition, it has 21 Research Centres in different branches of
Engineering catering to research scholars for obtaining Ph.D under VTU. Various courses are
accredited by NBA & the college has a NAAC with ISO certification. One of the vibrant &
oldest dept is the ECE dept. & is the biggest in the DSI group with 70 staffs & 1200+
students with 10 Ph.D.’s & 30+ staffs pursuing their research in various universities. At
present, the department runs a UG course (BE) with an intake of 240 & 2 PG courses
(M.Tech.), viz., VLSI Design Embedded Systems & Digital Electronics & Communications
with an intake of 18 students each. The department has got an excellent infrastructure of 10
sophisticated labs & dozen class room, R & D centre, etc…
 Vision & Mission of the Institute
Vision:

 To impart quality technical education with a focus on Research and Innovation

emphasizing on Development of Sustainable and Inclusive Technology for the benefit
of society.
Mission:

 To provide an environment that enhances creativity and Innovation in pursuit of

Excellence.
 To nurture teamwork in order to transform individuals as responsible leaders and
entrepreneurs.
 To train the students to the changing technical scenario and make them to understand
the importance of Sustainable and Inclusive technologies.

Vision & Mission of the Department

Vision:

 To achieve continuous improvement in quality technical education and training for

global competence with focus on industry, societal needs, research and professional
success.
Mission:

 Offering quality education in Electronics and Communication Engineering with

effective Teaching Learning Process in multidisciplinary environment.
 Training the students to take-up projects in emerging technologies and work with
team spirit.
 To imbibe professional ethics, development of skills and research culture for better
placement opportunities.

Program Education Objectives

After four years of graduation students will be

 PEO1: Successful in industry, academia, or entrepreneurship as a result of a strong

teaching learning process, with keen interest in pursuing higher studies in various
domains.
 PEO2: Capable of leading technological and managerial projects for serving industry
and society with knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
 PEO3: Competent professional capable of adapting to changing technological
scenarios and societal needs, with expertise in relevant domains.
 Program Specific Outcomes

 PSO-1: Design and develop embedded system (Microcontroller, DSP, FPGA based)
applications, related to industry, social and Environmental Problems.
 PSO-2: To design various types of electronic systems for applications in signal
processing and communication.

Course objectives
This AL laboratory course will enable the students to

1. Identify and interpret the electronic circuit diagram and its working. (L1,L2)
2. Develop and investigate diode circuits and its applications.(L3,L4)
3. Study the characteristics of BJT and FET amplifiers and its applications.(L4)
4. Construct the opamp circuits for the applications such as DAC, filters, timing and
shaping circuits.(L5)

5. Build an electronic circuit that addresses societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues by selecting and applying appropriate analog electronics and Op-amp
applications concept and modern engineering tools.(L6)

Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, student will be able to

Develop and evaluate diode applications such as clippers, clampers and

CO1
rectifiers.
CO2 Illustrate the transistor characteristics with AC Analysis.
CO3 Demonstrate oscillator circuits for desired frequencies.
CO4 Design linear op-amp filter circuits for desired bandwidth.
Use non-linear op-amp circuit applications for digital to analog conversion, timing
CO5 and shaping circuits.
Build electronic circuit based on analog electronics and Op-amp applications
CO6 using hardware and software tools.
 Mapping of Course Outcomes to Program Outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

CO1 3 3 - - 2 - - - 1 1 - 1 2 -

CO2 3 3 1 1 - 3 - 2 1 - 1 1 -

CO3 3 3 3 1 - 1 - - 1 1 - 2 2 -
CO4 - - 3 2 - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 2 -
CO5 3 3 - - - 1 1 - - 1 - 2 1 -

CO6 - - 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 1

ANALOG ELECTRONICs AND LINEAR INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS APPLICATION LAB
AUTONOMOUS
COURSE 2022
Course: Analog electronics and LIC Credits: 1
Application lab-AL Lab Duration: 2 hours per lab
CIE Marks: 50
Course code: 21ECL35 SEE Marks: 50
L: P: T: S: 0: 2: 0: 0
Exam Hours: 3
Note: Discrete components are to be used for the Part A experiments,
however Multisim can be used for Part B experiment.
CIE in Laboratory (50 Marks)
Conduction of Experiments
Performance of the
Experiment(On completion of
every experiment/program in
the laboratory, the students
shall be evaluated and marks
20
shall be awarded on the same 30 (G)
day. 20 marks are for
conducting the experiment and Total out of
Total= G+H=50
calculations/observations/outp 50 Marks
ut)
Record 05
Evaluation of outcome/Viva 05
Final test/Case Study/Open
Ended Experiment(if it is not
50 Reduced to 20 (H)
test then a five page report
stapled has to be submitted)
CIE Marks (Lab) = 50 Marks= Final CIE Marks of the student

SEE Lab will be conducted for 50 marks

EXPT Course Content Hours COs

Part-A
1 Performance evaluation of diode half wave rectifier, center tap 02 CO1
full wave rectifier and bridge rectifier with ‘C’ filter.

2 Design and illustration of Diode Clipping Circuits(single and 02 CO1

double ended) for peak clipping and peak detection

3 Design and illustration of Diode Clamping Circuits for positive 02 CO2

clamping /negative clamping.

4 Construction of RC coupled Single stage BJT amplifier and 02 CO2

determination of the gain-frequency response, input and output
impedances.
5 Construction of RC coupled Single stage FET amplifier and 02 CO3
determination of the gain-frequency response, input and output
impedances.
6 Design and Implementation of BJT RC Phase-shift Oscillator 02 CO3
for f0 ≤ 10 KHz
7 Design and Implementation of Colpitt’s Oscillator for RF range 02 CO4
f0 ≥100KHz, crystal oscillator
8 Implementation of second order active BPF using op-amp and 02 CO4
plot the frequency response
9 Implementation of second order active BRF using op-amp and 02 CO5
plot the frequency response
Illustration of R-2R DAC using op-amp. 02 CO5
10
Construction of monostable and astable multivibrator circuit for CO5
11 the given pulse width W using IC555 02
Design and testing of Schmitt trigger circuit for the given values 02 CO5
12
of UTP and LTP using op-amp.
Part-B
13 Development of an electronic circuit that addresses societal, 02 CO6
health, safety, legal and cultural issues by selecting and applying
appropriate analog electronics and Op-amp applications concept
and modern engineering tools.
 DO’s and DON’Ts of the AL Lab
DOs
 Students should follow the dress code of the laboratory compulsorily.
 Keep your belongings in the corner of the laboratory.
 Students have to enter their name, USN, time in/out and signature in the log register
maintained in the laboratory.
 Students are required to enter components in the components register related to the
experiment and handle the equipment’s smoothly.
 Check the components, range and polarities of the meters before connecting to the
circuit.
 Come prepare for the experiment and background theory.
 Before connecting to the circuit refer the designed circuit diagram properly. Debug
the circuit for proper output.
 Students should maintain discipline in the laboratory and keep the laboratory clean
and tidy.
 Observation book and Record book should be complete in all respects and get it
corrected by the staff members.
 Clarify the doubts with staff members and instructors.
 Experiment once conducted, in the next lab, the entire record should be complete in
all respects, else the student will lose the marks.
 For programming lab, show the output to the concerned faculty.
 All the students should come to LAB on time with proper dress code and identity
cards
 Keep your belongings in the corner of laboratory.
 Students have to enter their name, USN, time-in/out and signature in the log register
maintained in the laboratory.
 All the students should submit their records before the commencement of Laboratory
experiments.
 Students should come to the lab well prepared for the experiments which are to be
performed in that particular session.
 Students are asked to do the experiments on their own and should not waste their
precious time by talking, roaming and sitting idle in the labs.
 Observation book and record book should be complete in all respects and it should be
corrected by the staff member.
 Before leaving the laboratory students should arrange their chairs and leave in orderly
manner after completion of their scheduled time.
 Prior permission to be taken, if for some reasons, they cannot attend lab.
 Immediately report any sparks/ accidents/ injuries/ any other untoward incident to the
faculty /instructor.
 In case of an emergency or accident, follow the safety procedure.
 Switch OFF the power supply after completion of experiment.

DONT’s
 Do not switch on the power supply before verification of the connected circuits by
concerned staff.
 Do not feed higher voltages than rated to the device.
 Do not upload, delete or alter any software on the laboratory PC’s.
 Do not write or mark on the equipment’s.
 Usage of mobile phone is strictly prohibited.
 Ragging is punishable.
 If student damages the equipment or any of the component in the lab, then he / she is
solely responsible for replacing that entire amount of the equipment or else, replace
the equipment.
 The use of mobile/ any other personal electronic gadgets is prohibited in the
laboratory.
 Do not make noise in the Laboratory & do not sit on experiment table.
 Do not make loose connections and avoid overlapping of wires.
 Don’t switch on power supply without prior permission from the concerned staff.
 Never point/touch the CRO/Monitor screen with the tip of the open.
 CONTENTS
Page
Sl. No Title
No

CYCLE - 1

Diode Clipping Circuits

1 1

2 Diode Clamping Circuits 5

3 RC Coupled Single Stage BJT Amplifier 9

4 RC Coupled Single Stage FET Amplifier 16

BJT RC Phase-shift Oscillator

5 22

BJT Colpitt’s & Crystal Oscillator

6 26

7 Half-wave, Full-wave and Bridge Rectifier Circuits 32

CYCLE - 2

Implementation of second order active BPF using op-amp and plot the
8 frequency response 37

Implementation of second order active BRF using op-amp and plot the
9 frequency response 41

10 Illustration of R-2R DAC using op-amp. 45

Construction of monostable and astable multivibrator circuit for the given

11 pulse width W using IC555 49

Design and testing of Schmitt trigger circuit for the given values of UTP
12 and LTP using op-amp. 55

Analog Electronics application circuit based on above concepts.

13 59

Sample viva questions

60
 AL Lab Manual 2023

Experiment No. : 1 Date : / /

Clipping Circuits
Aim: To design and study the series and shunt clipping circuits for the desired transfer
characteristics using diodes.
Apparatus Required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Diode ( 1N4007 / BY 127 ) - 02
2. Resistor As per design -
3. Multimeter - 01
4. CRO Probes - 3 set
5. Spring Board and Connecting wires - -

Theory:
A clipper is a circuit that removes either positive or negative portion of a waveform.
This kind of processing is useful for signal shaping, circuit protection and communications.
The clippers are usually constructed by using diodes and resistors and some times to adjust
the clipping level DC power supplies are also used. There are two types of clippers namely
series clippers and shunt clippers. If the clipping element (diode) is in series with the source
then we call it as series clippers and if the clipping device is in parallel with the source then
we call such circuit as shunt clippers. Further based on the portion of a waveform clipped the
clippers can be classified as positive clippers, negative clippers and two level clippers
(combination clippers).

Procedure:
1. Components / Equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Apply a sine wave of amplitude greater than the designed clipping level with
frequency 500 Hz.
4. Observe the output wave form on the CRO
5. Observe the transfer characteristic curve on CRO by applying input waveform to
channel – X and output waveform to channel – Y.
6. Measure the clipped voltage and compare with the designed value.

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Circuit Diagram:
A. Series clipper
Ckt Circuit Input –output Transfer
No waveforms characteristics
1 To pass positive peak above V
level

2 To pass positive peak above

some reference level ( VR +V )

3 To pass negative peak above

some reference level (-VR - V )

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B. Shunt clippers

Circuit Input –output Transfer

Ckt waveforms characteristics
No
4 To remove positive peak above V
level

5 To remove positive peak above

some reference level (VR +V)

6 To remove negative peak above

some reference level (-VR-V)

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 AL Lab Manual 2023

C. Double ended clipper

To remove positive peak above some reference level

(VR1+V) and negative peak above some reference
level (-VR2-V)
Input-output waveforms

Circuit diagram

Transfer characteristics

Applications of clipper:
1. The clipper circuit offer overvoltage protection therefore, it is used in power supplies
for limiting the voltage.
2. They are used for filtering noise in transmitters.
3. They are used in transmitters and receivers of television.
4. They are used for modifying or generating new waveforms such as square, triangular,
etc.

Result: Clipping circuits were designed for various desired transfer characteristics by
determining VR value and output was verified.
Assignment: Design a clipper circuit for the given transfer characteristics.
(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 2 Date : / /

Clamping circuits

Aim: To design diode clamping circuits (positive clamping /negative clamping) for
desired DC level.

Apparatus Required :
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Diode ( 1N4007 / BY 127 ) - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. CRO Probes - 3 set
4. Spring board and connecting wires

Theory :
Clamper is a circuit which adds DC level to an AC waveform. There are two types of
clampers namely positive clampers and negative clampers. In positive clampers positive DC
level will be added to the AC waveform or the negative peak will be clamped to some other
level. In Negative peak clampers negative DC level will be added to the AC waveform or the
positive peak will be clamped to some other level.
Clampers are very much used in communication systems for example clampers are used in
analog television receivers for the purpose of restoring the dc component of the video signal
prior to its being fed to the picture tube.
Procedure :
1. Components / Equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Apply a square wave / triangular wave / sine wave input of amplitude 10 V peak to
peak and frequency of 1 kHz
4. Observe the input and output waveform keeping CRO in DC position
5. Measure the clamping level and compare with the designed value
Applications of clampers:
1. It is used as a voltage multiplier.
2. It is used for improving the reverse recovery time.
3. It is used for removing the distortion in the signal.
4. It is also used as test equipment.

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 AL Lab Manual 2023

Circuit Diagram:
Positive clampers
Circuit Input –output
CKT waveforms
No.
1 Negative peak clamped to -V level

2 Negative peak clamped to positive reference level

(VR-V)

3 Negative peak clamped to negative reference level

(-VR-V)

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 AL Lab Manual 2023

Negative clampers
Circuit Input –output
CKT waveforms
No.
1 Positive peak clamped to V level

2 Positive peak clamped to positive reference level

(VR+V)

3 Positive peak clamped to negative reference level

(-VR+V)

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 AL Lab Manual 2023

Result: Clamping circuits were designed for various desired DC levels by determining VR
value and output was verified.

Assignment: Design a clamper circuit for the given specifications.

(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 3 Date : / /

RC Coupled Single Stage BJT Amplifier

Aim: To conduct an experiment to plot the frequency response of an RC coupled amplifier

and to find the input impedance, output impedance and the voltage gain.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Transistor SL100 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. CRO Probes - 3 Set
4. Multi meter - 01
5. DRB - 01
6. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Theory:

An amplifier is a circuit which increases the voltage, current or power level of i/p
signal where the frequency is maintained constant from o/p to i/p signal. The common emitter
amplifier is basically a current amplifier ( IC =  IB ) where IB is input current and IC is
output current and  is a non unity value, in turn it provides voltage amplification. The ratio
of collector current to base current is noted as the current amplification factor and is denoted
as ‘’i.e.[ = IC/IB],  is very large.
In RC coupled CE amplifier R1, R2 and RC are selected in such a way that transistor
operates in active region and the operating point will be in the middle of active region. RE is
used for stabilization of operating point. Coupling capacitors CC1 and CC2 are used to block
dc current flow through load and the source. The emitter by-pass capacitor CE is connected to
avoid negative feedback. Input signal increases base current and the collector current
increases by a factor . [i.e. Ic = Ib]. Hence output voltage is large compared to input
voltage which is known as amplification
An amplifier in which resistance-capacitance coupling is employed between stages
and at the input and an output point of the circuit is known as RC coupled amplifier. A

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capacitor provides a path for signal currents between stages, with resistors connected from
each side of the capacitor to the power supply or to ground.

Design:

Given, VCE = 5 V and IC = 2 mA Assume  = 100

VCC = 2VCE = 2 X 5 = 10 V
Let VRE = 10% VCC = 1 V
RE = VRE / ( IC + IB )
IB = IC /  = 2mA / 100 = 20 A
RE = 1 / ( 2m + 20 ) = 495
Choose RE = 470 

Apply KVL to collector loop

VCC – IC RC – VCE – VE = 0
RC = ( VCC – VCE – VE ) / IC = ( 10 – 5 – 1 ) / 2 m
RC = 2 K Choose RC = 1.8 K

Let IR1 = 10 IB = 10 X 20 A = 200 A

VR2 = VBE + VE = 0.6 + 1 = 1.6 V ( Since transistor is silicon make VBE = 0.6 V )
R2 = VR2 / ( IR1 – IB ) = 1.6 / ( 200 A - 20 A )
R2 = 8.8 K Choose R2 = 8.2 K

R1 = ( VCC – VR2 ) / IR1 = ( 10 – 1.6 ) / 200 A

R1 = 42 K Choose R1 = 47 K
XCE<< RE
XCE = RE / 10

1 / ( 2  f CE ) = 470 / 10 Let f = 100 Hz

CE = 33 F Choose CE = 47 F
Choose CC1 = CC2 = 0.1 F

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Procedure:
1. Components / Equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. By keeping the voltage knobs in minimum position and current knob in maximum
position switch on the power supply.
4. By disconnecting the AC source measure the quiescent point (VCE and IC = VRC / RC)

Part A: To find frequency response:

1. Connect the AC source. Keeping the frequency of the AC source in mid band region
(say 10 kHz) adjust the amplitude to get the distortion less output. Note down the
amplitude of the input signal.
2. Keeping the input amplitude constant, Vary the frequency in suitable steps and note
down the corresponding output amplitude.
3. Calculate AV and gain in decibels. Plot a graph of frequency Vs gain in dB. From the
graph calculate f L, f H and band width.
4. Calculate figure of merit.

Circuit Diagram: 1. RC coupled Single stage BJT amplifier:

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 AL Lab Manual 2023

Tabular Column: Vi = ___________ V

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Gain Gain in dB
Vo in Volt AV = Vo / Vi = 20*log AV

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Part B: To find the input impedance ( Zi ) :

1. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.
2. Keeping the DRB in its minimum position, apply input signal at mid band frequency
(say 10kHz) and adjust the amplitude of the input signal to get distortion less output.
Note down the output amplitude.
3. Vary the DRB until the output amplitude becomes half of its previous value. The
corresponding DRB value gives the input impedance.

Circuit Diagram: 2. RC coupled Single stage BJT amplifier-Input impedance

Observation: Input impedance = ----------------------------Ω

Part C: To find the output impedance ( Zo ) :

1. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.

2. Keeping the DRB in its maximum position, apply input signal at mid band frequency
(say 10 kHz) and adjust the amplitude of the input signal to get distortion less output.
Note down the output amplitude.
3. Vary the DRB until the output amplitude becomes half of its previous value. The
corresponding DRB value gives the output impedance.

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Circuit Diagram: 3. RC coupled Single stage BJT amplifier-Output impedance

Observation: Output impedance = ----------------------------Ω

Ideal Graph:
Frequency Response of RC coupled BJT
amplifier

Applications:
1. Converters: BJTs converters can be of different types such as inverters, buck
converters, boost converters or any DC-DC, DC-AC, AC-DC or AC-AC
2. Temperature sensors: Where this can be found by two voltages at two different
levels in a known ratio are subtracted
3. High driving capability: For high voltage or current-handling capability, devices are
connected in series and in parallel correspondingly.
4. High-frequency operation: The frequency of the BJT for small signal is much
higher than its switching frequency, principally due to storage delay. The storage time
of 2N2222 is 310ns, thus the maximum switching frequency is about 3MHZ.

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5. Digital switch: The digital logic family has emitter-coupled logic used in BJTs as a
digital switch.
6. Oscillation circuit: These are preferred in oscillation circuits.
7. Clippers: BJTs can be used in clipping circuits for changing the shape of waves.
Demodulator and modulator: using Amplitude modulation.
8. Detection circuits: BJTs as new semiconductor sensor type for measuring ionization
radiation dose.
9. Amplifiers: BJT amplify small signals such as in audio amplifiers, these tiny
components amplify very low audio signal to audible range.
10. Electronic switches: BJTS are used in inverter for changing the direction of DC
current and become AC current.
11. Automatic switch: As BJT operates on low signals. Then these BJT switches can
run heavy loads including motors.
Result:
1. Quiescent point : VCE = ____ V, IC = _____ mA
2. Voltage Gain ( AV ) = __________ ( in mid band region )
3. Bandwidth (BW) = ___________ Hz
4. figure of merit ( FM = AV * BW ) = ____________ Hz
Input impedance (Zi) = ____________, Output Impedance (Zo) = __________

Assignment: Simulate the above circuit in MATLab or Multisim and bring printout of
frequency response curve.

Notes:

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 AL Lab Manual 2023

Experiment No. : 4 Date : / /

RC Coupled Single Stage FET Amplifier

Aim: To conduct an experiment to plot the frequency response of an RC coupled FET
amplifier and to find the input impedance, output impedance and the voltage gain.

Apparatus Required :
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. FET BFW 10 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. CRO Probes - 3 Set
4. Multi meter - 01
5. DRB - 01
6. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Theory :
An amplifier is a circuit which increases the voltage, current or power level of i/p
signal where the frequency is maintained constant from o/p to i/p signal. In FET amplifier the
output current ( ID ) is a function of input voltage VGS. That is as VGS varies the drain
current varies. VGS varies as input signal varies in turn the drain current varies hence
amplification takes place.
In RC coupled FET amplifier RD and RS are selected in such a way that FET
operates in active region and the operating point will be in the middle of active region.
Coupling capacitors CC1 and CC2 are used to block dc current flow through load and the
source. The source by-pass capacitor CS is connected to avoid negative feedback.
An amplifier in which resistance-capacitance coupling is employed between stages
and at the input and output point of the circuit is known as RC coupled amplifier. A capacitor
provides a path for signal currents between stages, with resistors connected from each side of
the capacitor to the power supply or to ground.

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Design :
Given VDD = 10V, VGS(off) = -4V IDSS (max) = 12mA RG = 2 M
Formulae
ID = IDSS.(1 – VGS / VGS (off))2 -------------------------------------(1)
When VG = 0, Then VS = -VGS
But VS = ID . RS
When VG = 0, ID = IDSS
VS = IDSS.RS
IDSS.RS = -VGS (off)
RS = -(-4) / 12mA = 333 
Choose RS = 330 
From (1)
ID = IDSS.(1 – ID.RS / VGS (off))2
ID = IDSS.(1 + ID2.RS2 / 16 - ID.RS /2)
ID = 12 x 10-3 x (1 + ID2.3302 / 16 - ID.330/2)
81.675ID2 - 2.98ID +12 x 10-3 = 0
ID = 4.6 mA or ID = 31.9 mA
Since ID cannot be greater than IDSS, Choose ID = 4.6 mA Assume VDS = 50 % VDD
VDS = 5V
Applying KVL to output circuit
VDD = ID . RD + VDS + ID .RS
RD = (10 – 5 – 4.6 x 10-3 x 330) / 4.6 x 10-3
RD = 756 
Choose RD = 820 
XCS<< RS
XCS = RS / 10
1 / ( 2  f CS ) = 470 / 10 Let f = 100 Hz
CS = 33 F Choose CS = 47 F
Choose CC1 = CC2 = 0.1 F

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Procedure :
1. Components / Equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. By keeping the voltage knobs in minimum position and current knob in maximum
position switch on the power supply.
4. By disconnecting the AC source measure the quiescent point (VDS and ID = VRD / RD)

Part A-To find frequency response :

1. Connect the AC source. Keeping the frequency of the AC source in mid band region
(say 10 kHz) adjust the amplitude to get the distortion less output. Note down the
amplitude of the input signal.
2. Keeping the input amplitude constant, Vary the frequency in suitable steps and note
down the corresponding output amplitude.
3. Calculate AV and gain in decibels. Plot a graph of frequency Vs gain in dB. From the
graph calculate f L, f H and band width.
4. Calculate figure of merit.

Circuit diagram: 1. RC coupled Single stage FET amplifier:

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Tabular Column: Vi = ___________ V

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Gain Gain in dB
Vo in Volt AV = Vo / Vi = 20*log AV

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Ideal graph:

Part B: To find the input impedance ( Zi ) :

1. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.
2. Keeping the DRB in its minimum position, apply input signal at mid band
frequency (say 10kHz) and adjust the amplitude of the input signal to get
distortion less output. Note down the output amplitude.
3. Vary the DRB until the output amplitude becomes half of its previous value. The
corresponding DRB value gives the input impedance.

Circuit Diagram: 2. RC coupled Single stage FET amplifier-Input impedance

Observation: Input impedance = ----------------------------Ω

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Part C: To find the output impedance ( Zo ) :

1. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.
2. Keeping the DRB in its maximum position, apply input signal at mid band
frequency (say 10 kHz) and adjust the amplitude of the input signal to get
distortion less output. Note down the output amplitude.
3. Vary the DRB until the output amplitude becomes half of its previous value. The
corresponding DRB value gives the output impedance
Circuit Diagram: 3. RC coupled Single stage FET amplifier-Output impedance

Observation: Output impedance = ----------------------------Ω

Applications:
• Analog Switches
• Small signal amplifier
• buffer amplifiers
• cascade amplifiers
• Phase shift amplifiers
• Chopper
• current limiters

Result:
1. Quiescent point : VDS = ____ V, ID = _____ mA, VGS = ____________ V
2. Voltage Gain ( AV ) = __________ ( in mid band region )
3. Bandwidth (BW) = ___________ Hz
4. figure of merit ( FM = AV * BW ) = ____________ Hz
5. Input impedance (Zi) = ____________, Output Impedance (Zo) = __________
Assignment: Simulate the above circuit in MATLab or Multisim and bring printout of
frequency response curve.

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 5 Date : / /

RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Aim : To design and test an RC phase shift oscillator for the given frequency of
oscillations.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Transistor SL 100 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. CRO Probes - 3 Set
4. Multi meter - 01
5. DRB - 01
6. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Theory:
An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine
wave or a square wave. RC-phase shift oscillator is used generally at low frequencies (Audio
frequency). It consists of a CE amplifier as basic amplifier circuit and three identical RC
networks for feedback, each section of RC network introduces a phase shift of 60 and the
total phase shift by feedback network is 180. The CE amplifier introduces 180 phase shift
hence the overall phase shift is 360. The feedback factor for an RC phase shift oscillator is
1/29, hence the gain of amplifier (A) should be  29 to satisfy Barkhausen criteria.

The Barkhausen criteria states that in a positive feedback amplifier to obtain sustained
oscillations, the overall loop gain must be unity ( 1 ) and the overall phase shift must be 0 or
360.

When the power supply is switched on, due to random motion of electrons in passive
components like resistor, capacitor a noise voltage of different frequencies will be developed
at the collector terminal of transistor, out of these the designed frequency signal is fed back to
the amplifier by the feedback network and the process repeats to give suitable oscillation at
output terminal

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Design :
Given, VCE = 5 V,IC = 2 mA and (Assume  = 100)
VCC = 2VCE = 2 X 5 = 10 V
Let VRE = 10% VCC = 1 V
RE = VRE / ( IC + IB )
fo = 1 / T Hz
IB = IC /  = 2mA / 100 = 20 A
RE = 1 / ( 2m + 20 ) = 495
Choose RE = 470 
Apply KVL to collector loop
VCC – IC RC – VCE – VE = 0
RC = ( VCC – VCE – VE ) / IC = ( 10 – 5 – 1 ) / 2 m
RC = 2 K Choose RC = 1.8 K
Let IR1 = 10 IB = 10 X 20 A = 200 A
VR2 = VBE + VE = 0.6 + 1 = 1.6 V ( Since transistor is silicon make VBE = 0.6 V )
R2 = VR1 / ( IR1 – IB ) = 1.6 / ( 200 A - 20 A )
R2 = 8.8 K Choose R2 = 8.2 K
R1 = ( VCC – VR2 ) / IR1 = ( 10 – 1.6 ) / 200 A
R1 = 42 K Choose R1 = 47 K
XCE<< RE
XCE = RE / 10
1 / ( 2  f CE ) = 470 / 10 Let f = 100 Hz
CE = 33 F Choose CE = 47 F
Choose CC1 = CC2 = 0.1 F
Tank Circuit: Assume fo = 1 kHz
fo = 1/[(2 x  x R x C (6+4k)0.5]
where k = Rc / R, and Ri = R1 || R2 || hie
4k+23+29/k ≤ hfe
Assume hfe = β = 100
Therefore 4k+23+29/k = 100
4k2+23k+29 = 100
4k2 – 77k + 29 = 0
k = 18.865 or 0.385

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if k = 18.865 , Rc / R = 18.865
R is very small. Therefore proper oscillations are not obtained
Choosing k = 0.385
Rc = 1.8 k 
R = 4.675 k 
Choose R = 4.7 k 
C =1/[2 x  x fo x R (6+4 x 0.385)0.5]
C = 0.012 µF
Choose C = 0.01 µF
Ri = 8.2K || 47K || 1.1K
Ri = 0.9 k 
R3 = R – Ri
R3 = 3.8 k 
Procedure:
1. Components / equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the diagram
3. The quiescent point of the amplifier is verified for the designed value.
4. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the frequency.
5. Verify the frequency with the designed value.
Circuit diagram:

E
SL100
or
CL100

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Output waveforms:

Q Point: VCE = _____ V,

Ic = ______ mA
fo Theoretical = _____________ Hz
fo Practical = _______________ Hz

Applications:

1. Low-frequency applications, such as devices which produce radio and audio frequencies.
2. Musical instruments, voice synthesis, and GPS units, or any other device that uses an
oscillator.

Result:
RC phase shift oscillator was designed for the given frequency and output frequency
was verified and phase shifts were observed.

Assignment: Design a RC oscillator for the given Fo=------------------Hz.

(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes

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Experiment No. : 6 Date : / /

Colpitt’s Oscillator and Crystal Oscillator

Aim:To design and Implement Colpitt’s Oscillator for RF range f0 ≥100KHz and to test a
crystal oscillator.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Transistor SL 100, - 01
2. Crystal 1MHz 01
3. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
4. CRO Probes - 3 Set
5. Multi meter - 01
6. DCB - 02
7. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Theory:

An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often

a sine wave or a square wave.
Part –A: Colpitt’s oscillator, named after its inventor Edwin H. Colpitt’s, is one of a
number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits using the combination of an inductance
(L) with a capacitor (C) for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator. One of
the key features of this type of oscillator is its simplicity (needs only a single inductor) and
robustness. A Colpitt’s oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. Fig. 1 shows the
basic Colpitt’s circuit, where two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of
oscillation. The feedback needed for oscillation is taken from a voltage divider made by the
two capacitors.
The basic CE amplifier provides 180 phase shift and the feedback network provides
the remaining 180 phase shift so that the overall phase shift is 360 to satisfy the Barkhausen

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criteria. The Barkhausen criteria states that in a positive feedback amplifier to obtain
sustained oscillations, the overall loop gain must be unity ( 1 ) and the overall phase shift
must be 0 or 360. When the power supply is switched on, due to random motion of
electrons in passive components like resistor, capacitor a noise voltage of different
frequencies will be developed at the collector terminal of transistor, out of these the designed
frequency signal is fed back to the circuit.

Part-B: Crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric
resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called
"crystal oscillators".

Design:
Given, VCE = 5 V and IC = 2 mA Assume  = 100
VCC = 2VCE = 2 X 5 = 10 V
Let VRE = 10% VCC = 1 V
RE = VRE / ( IC + IB )
IB = IC /  = 2mA / 100 = 20 A
RE = 1 / ( 2m + 20 ) = 495, Choose RE = 470 

Apply KVL to collector loop

VCC – IC RC – VCE – VE = 0
RC = ( VCC – VCE – VE ) / IC = ( 10 – 5 – 1 ) / 2 m
RC = 2 K Choose RC = 1.8 K
Let IR1 = 10 IB = 10 X 20 A = 200 A
VR2 = VBE + VE = 0.6 + 1 = 1.6 V ( Since transistor is silicon make VBE = 0.6 V )
R2 = VR1 / ( IR1 – IB ) = 1.6 / ( 200 A - 20 A ) = 8.8 K Choose R2 = 8.2 K
R1 = ( VCC – VR2 ) / IR1 = ( 10 – 1.6 ) / 200 A = 42 K Choose R1 = 47 K
XCE<< RE, XCE = RE / 10

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1 / ( 2  f CE ) = 470 / 10 Let f = 100 Hz

CE = 33 F Choose CE = 47 F
Choose CC1 = CC2 = 0.1 F
Colpitt’s oscillator: Design of tank circuit: Assume fo = 100 kHz
Formula f o = 1 / 2 (CT . L)
Where CT = C1 . C2 / (C1 + C2)
Barkhausen’s criterion is A.β = 1
Therefore β = 1/A = C2/ C1

Assume L = 358.8 µH , then C= 7.05nf ,Assume C2 = 0.01 µF , therefore C1 = 0.024

µF, then the amplifier by the feed back network and the process repeats to give suitable
oscillation at output terminal.
Part-A Colpitt’s oscillator

Circuit diagram: 1 Output waveform

V
o

fo = 1 / T
Hz

Colpitt’s Oscillator:
Q Point: VCE = _____ V, IC = ______ mA,
fo Theoretical = __________ Hz, fo Practical = ____________ Hz

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Procedure:
1. Components / equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the diagram
3. The quiescent point of the amplifier is verified for the designed value.
4. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the frequency.
5. Verify the frequency with the crystal frequency.

Part-B Crystal oscillator

Circuit diagram: 2 Output waveform

Vo

fo = 1 / T Hz

Crystal Oscillator:
Q Point: VCE = _____ V, Ic = ______ mA
fo Crystal = _____________ Hz
fo Practical = _______________ Hz

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Procedure:
1. Components / equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the diagram
3. The quiescent point of the amplifier is verified for the designed value.
4. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the frequency.
5. Verify the frequency with the crystal frequency.

Applications:

A. Colpitt’s oscillator

1. Colpitt’s oscillators are used for high frequency range and high frequency stability.
2. A surface acoustical wave (SAW) resonator.
3. Microwave applications.
4. Mobile and communication systems.
5. These are used in chaotic circuits which are capable to generate oscillations from audio
frequency range to the optical band. These application areas include broadband
communications, spectrum spreading, signal masking, etc.

B. Crystal oscillator

1. Military and Aerospace to establish an efficient communication system, for the navigation
purpose, electronic warfare, in the guidance systems
2. Research and Measurement for celestial navigation, space tracking purpose, in the
measuring instruments and medical devices
3. Industrial Applications of Crystal Oscillator such as in computers, digital systems,
instrumentation, phase locked loop systems, marine, modems, sensors,
telecommunications, disk drives, and so on.
4. Automotive: Crystal oscillator is used for engine controlling, stereo, clock and to trip
computer, and in GPS system.
5. Consumer Applications in many consumer goods such as cable television systems,
personal computers, video cameras, toys and video games, radio systems, cellular phones,
and so on.

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Result:
Colpitt’s oscillator was designed , constructed and output waveform was verified
successfully. Similarly crystal oscillator was constructed and output waveform
frequency was verified with the given crystal frequency.
Assignment: Design Hartleys oscillator for the given Fo=------------------Hz in
MATLab/Multisim and bring the printout of output.
(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 7 Date : / /

Rectifiers and Filters

Aim: To design and verify the performance of half wave rectifier, centre tap full wave
rectifier and bridge rectifier with ‘C’ filter

Apparatus/Components required:

Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Transformer As per design 01
2. Diode (BY 127 / 1N4007) - 04
3. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
4. Multimeter - 01
5. CRO Probes - 2 Set
6. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Theory:
Rectifier is a circuit which converts AC to pulsating DC. Rectifiers are used in
construction of DC power supplies. There are three types of rectifiers namely Half wave
rectifier, Center tap full wave rectifier and bridge rectifier.
In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is
passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches
the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer.
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of
the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. Fullwave rectification can
be obtained either by using center tap transformer or by using bridge rectifier.
The output of a rectifier is not a smooth DC it consistes of ac ripples there fore to
convert this pulsating DC in to smooth DC we use a circuit called filter. There are many types
of filters like C filter, L filter, LC filter, multiple LC filter,  filter etcc.. of all these C filter is
the most fundamental filter.

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Design:

A) Half Wave Rectifier with ‘C’ filter

 = 1 / ( 2 3 fCRL ) ( f = 50 Hz )
For the given value of VDC and IDC Calculate RL = VDC / IDC, PRL = VDC2 / RL
For the given  Calculate the value of capacitor ‘C’
For the given value of VDC and IDC Calculate Vm and Vrms = Vm / 2
Choose the transformer of rating, 0 – Vrms / ≥ IDC
Choose the capacitor of value C / ≥ Vm

B) Full Wave Rectifier / Bridge Rectifier with ‘C’ filter

 = 1 / ( 4 3 fCRL ) ( f = 50 Hz )
For the given value of VDC and IDC Calculate RL = VDC / IDC, PRL = VDC2 / RL
For the given  Calculate the value of capacitor ‘C’
For the given value of VDC and IDC Calculate Vm and Vrms = Vm /  2
Choose the transformer of rating,
Vrms – 0 – Vrms / ≥ IDC for Center tap full wave rectifier and 0 – Vrms / ≥ IDC for Bridge
rectifier Choose the capacitor of value C / ≥ Vm

Procedure:
1. Components / Equipment are tested for their good working condition
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Observe different waveforms on CRO
4. Measure VDC using multimeter in dc mode and Vm on CRO
5. Calculate Vrms from Vmusing formula Vrms = Vm / 2 for Half wave rectifier Vrms
= Vm / 2 for full wave rectifier
6. Calculate the efficiency, ripple factor and regulation. Compare the results with the
theoretic values.

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Circuit Diagram:
Part-A:Half wave rectifier with ‘c’ filter

Part-B:Full wave rectifier with ‘c’ filter

Input-Output Waveforms

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With filter:

VDC VDC %
Circuit Vrpp Vrrms  = Vrrms / VDC
full load Regulation
no load
Half wave
rectifier
Center tap full
wave rectifier
Bridge
rectifier

Note : Vrrms = Vrpp / 23

% Regulation = ( VDC no load – VDC full load ) / VDC full load

With filter:

Type of rectifier  theoretical  practical % Regulation

Half wave
0.012
rectifier
Center tap full
0.006
wave rectifier
Bridge
0.006
Rectifier

Applications:

1. Because of its property of rectification, it can be utilized as a part of the power supply
circuitry.
2. It can be utilized in power supply units with switching-mode technique.
3. During the detection of the amplitude for the modulated radio signals rectifiers are
used.
4. In order to supply the voltage in a polarized manner for the purpose of wielding
rectifiers are used.

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Results:
Half wave and full wave rectifier circuits are constructed and its efficiency is compared and
tabulated.
Assignment: Build rectifier in MATLab/Multisim and bring the printout of output.
(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 8 Date : / /

Active Band Pass Filter (2ndorder)

Aim: To design a 2nd order band pass filter and to draw the frequency response.

Apparatus/Components required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Op-amp IC741 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. Power supply - 01
4. Signal generator - 01
5. CRO - 01
Bread board, CRO Probes and
6. - -
connecting wires

Theory:
A filter is defined as wide band pass filter if its figure of merit or quality factor Q < 10 and
also Af < 2Q². A Band Pass Filter is a circuit which allows only particular band of frequencies
to pass through it. This Pass band is mainly between the cut-off frequencies and they are fL
and fH. Where fL is the lower cut-off frequency and fH is higher cut-off frequency. The center
frequency is denoted by ‘fC’ and it is also called as resonant frequency or peak frequency.
The fL value must always be less than the value of fH. The pass band of the filter is nothing
but the bandwidth. The gain of the filter is maximum at resonant or center frequency and this
is referred as total pass band gain. There are two types of band pass filters, namely wide band
and narrow band pass filter.

Design:
Let FC = 5 KHz & C1 = C2 = C = 0.001 µF, B.W. = 500 Hz & Af = 5
F
Q = C = 10
BW
Q Q
R1 = = 63.66KΩ R2 = = 1.6KΩ
2 π FC C Af 2 π FC C 2Q 2  Af  
Q
R3 = = 636.6KΩ
π FC C

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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input voltage (Vi) of amplitude 1V-2V is applied from the signal generator.
3. Input frequency is varied in steps from 10Hz to 100 KHz and corresponding output
voltage (V0) is noted.
4. Gain in dB is calculated by using equation 20 log10 (V0/Vi).
5. Graph of frequency versus gain in dB is plotted in semi log sheet.

Circuit Diagram:

Frequency Response:

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Tabular Column: Vi = ___________ V

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Gain Gain in dB
Vo in Volt AV = Vo / Vi = 20*log AV

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Applications:

1. It is used in optics like LIDARS, LASER, etc.

2. These filters are widely used in wireless transmitters and receivers.
3. In audio signal processing, these bandpass filters play a vital role by allowing the
particular frequencies and removing the unwanted.
4. These bandpass filters are also used in instruments and applications of medical and
seismology.
One of the best applications of bandpass filters is audio amplifier circuits. We can
observe simply as the speakers will play the desired range of frequencies and will
attenuate the remaining.
5. The bandpass filter is effectively used in optimizing Signal to Noise ratio, S/N ratio,
and even the sensitivity of the receiver.
6. As these bandpass filters are specially designed to allow a particular band of
frequencies, so it is widely used in communication systems.

Results: A band pass filter was implemented using op amp & the frequency
response is drawn. Bandwidth of BPF was ________.
Assignment: Simulate the above circuit in MATLab or Multisim and bring printout of
frequency response curve.

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 9 Date : / /

Active Band Reject Filter (2ndorder)

Aim: To design a 2nd order band reject filter and to draw the frequency response.
Apparatus/Components required:

Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Op-amp IC741 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. Power supply - 01
4. Signal generator - 01
5. CRO - 01
Bread board, CRO Probes and
6. - -
connecting wires

Theory:
The band stop filter is a type of frequency selective circuit, that works exactly opposite to
the band pass filter. The name itself shows that it stops or rejects the particular range of
frequencies of a signal. The band reject filter is also called Band elimination filter and in this
filter frequencies are attenuated in the stop band while they are passed outside this band. The
narrow band reject filter is also called notch filter.
The band stop filter allows frequency components below the cut-off frequency and above the
cut-off frequency. The cut-off frequency of the low pass filter is denoted as fL and the cut-off
frequency of the high pass filter is denoted as fH. As the band stop filter contains two cut-off
frequencies for low and high-frequency ranges, it depends on the components used in the
circuit. and it is mainly used in rejection of single frequency such as 60Hz power line
frequency used in power line.
Design:
Let FC = 5 KHz & C1 = C2 = C = 0.001 µF, B.W. = 500 Hz & Af = 5
F
Q = C = 10
BW
Q Q
R1 = = 63.66KΩ R2 = = 1.6KΩ
2 π FC C Af 2 π FC C 2Q 2  Af  

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Q
R3 = = 636.6KΩ
π FC C

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input voltage (Vi) of amplitude 1V-2V is applied from the signal generator.
3. Input frequency is varied in steps from 10Hz to 100 KHz and corresponding output
voltage (V0) is noted.
4. Gain in dB is calculated by using equation 20 log10 (V0/Vi).
5. Graph of frequency versus gain in dB is plotted in semi log sheet.

Circuit Diagram:

Frequency Response:

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Tabular Column: Vi = ___________ V

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Gain Gain in dB
Vo in Volt AV = Vo / Vi = 20*log AV

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Applications:
1. Used in telephone technology to reduce noise and provide DSL internet services
2. Used in amplifiers of the electric guitars to reduce hum and amplify the signal
3. Used in electronics and communication systems to reduce distortion in the signal
4. Used in audio and radio applications
5. Used in optical communications to eliminate the distortion due to the interference of
frequency signals.
6. Used in digital signal and image processing systems
7. Used in biomedical devices like ECG to reduce noise.

Results: A band reject filter was implemented using op amp & the
frequency response is drawn. Bandwidth of BPF was ________.
Assignment: Simulate the above circuit in MATLab or Multisim and bring printout of
frequency response curve.

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 10 Date : / /

Design and Test R-2R DAC Using Op-Amp

Aim:To study the operation of 4 bit DAC using R-2R ladder network and to generate
staircase wave using DAC circuit.

Apparatus/Components required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Op-amp IC741 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. Power supply - 01
4. Signal generator - 01
5. CRO - 01
Bread board, CRO Probes and
6. - -
connecting wires

Theory:
A ladder is a series/parallel resistor network. An R-2R ladder type DAC is Shown in the
figure. It needs only 2 values R and 2R.Here D0, D1, D2 and D3 are electronic switches, which
are digitally controlled. When 1 is present on the MSB line, switch D3 connects the resistor
2R to Vref, conversely when 0 is present on the MSB line, the resistor 2R is connected to
ground. Since the ladder is composed of linear resistors, it is a linear n/w and the principle of
superposition can be used. This means that the total output voltage due to a combination of
input digital levels can be found by simply taking the sum of the o/p that are caused by each
of the many digital input’s, all acting individually.

Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply and apply the DC reference voltage of +5V for logic 1 and 0 for
logic 0.
3. Vary them in stage from 0000 to 1111 as shown in the tabular column and measure the
corresponding voltage using multi meter.
4. Readings are tabulated and verified

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Design:
 Op-amp voltage follower acts as buffer stage.
 D0, D1, D2 and D3 are digital I/P may be low (0) or high(1).
 VR (0) = 0 Volts
 VR (1) = VR = reference voltage can be selected depending on maximum analog o/p
voltage required.
 If the digital i/p are obtained from a digital IC trainer then VR = +5 V fixed.
 The analog voltage V0 for a 4 bit DAC is given as

 V   2 R 
V0  2 3 D3  2 2 D2  21 D1  2 0 D0 . R4    
 2   3R 
 If VR = +5 volts, then

5
 
2
V0   4 . 23 D3  2 2 D2  21 D1  20 D0 . 
2  3
Circuit Diagram:

Waveform:

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Tabular Column:
Decimal Digital Theoretical Expt
no i/p value value
0 0000 0
1 0001 0.20883
2 0010 0.4166
3 0011 0.625
4 0100 0.833
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111

Applications: DAC
1. Audio Amplifier
2. Video Encoder
3. Display Electronics
4. Data Acquisition Systems
5. Calibration
6. Motor Control
7. Data Distribution System
8. Digital Potentiometer
9. Software Radio

Results:
R-2R DAC is designed and tested.
The theoretical and experimental values of O/P voltage are compared.

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Assignment: Simulate Weighted DAC MATLab or Multisim and bring printout of the
output.

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 11 Date : / /

Design and Testing Of Astable and Monostable

Multivibrator for the Given Frequency and Duty Cycle
Using IC 555

Aim: To design and test of Astable and Monostable Multivibrator for the Given Frequency
and Duty Cycle Using IC 555.
Apparatus/Components required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. IC555 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. Power supply - 01
4. Signal generator - 01
5. CRO - 01
Bread board, CRO Probes and
6. - -
connecting wires

Theory:
IC555, an astable multivibrator and in this mode of operation it generates rectangular pulses,
by suitably modifying the circuit, square wave can be generated. This circuit can be made to
work as square wave generator. This has 2 o/p states both of this states are quasi-stable states,
hence the name free running oscillator. The multivibrator keeps on switching b/w 2 states by
itself and it does not need any external triggering. The circuit diagram is as shown in the
figure. If the time taken by capacitor is equal to the time for discharge then the TON= TOFF, it
is called symmetrical astable multivibrator and if TON not equal to TOFF, i.e., time taken for
charging is not equal to the time taken for discharging then it’s an unsymmetrical astable
multivibrator.
Monostable multivibrator is a circuit, in which one of the states is stable, but the other is
not—the circuit will flip into the unstable state for a determined period, but will eventually
return to the stable state. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration
in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot. A common
application is in eliminating switch bounce.

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Part-A: Astable multivibrator

Design:
F= 1 KHz D=0.75 C=0.1 F
TON =0.693 (RA+RB) C
TOFF =0.693 (RB) C
T= TON + TOFF
T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB) C …………….. (1)
TON
D
TON  TOFF

RA  RB
D …………….. (2)
R A  2R B

1
F ….. using eqn. (1)
T
1.44
F
R A  2R B C 
RA + 2RB = 14.4 KΩ…………….. (3)
Substitute this in eqn (2) with D = 0.75
RA+RB = 10.8KΩ…………….. (4)
Solving eqns. (3) and (4), we get
RA = 7.2KΩ
RB = 3.6KΩ
Therefore, RA = 6.8KΩ and RB = 3.3KΩ is used.

Procedure:
1. Generate a signal of frequency 1 KHz.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in the figure with RA =6.8 K RB =3.3 K
3. Observe the out wave forms at PIN 3
4. Verify VTL =1/3 VCC and VTH=2/3 VCC at PIN 6.

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Circuit diagram:

Waveforms:

Observations and calculations:

VTH =
VTL =
TH =
TL =
D =

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Applications:
1. LED and lamp flashers
2. pulse generation
3. logic clocks
4. tone generation
5. security alarms
6. pulse-position modulation

Part-B: Monostable multivibrator

Design:
R = 10KΩ, C = 0.1µF
Voltage across capacitor VC  VCC 1  e  t / RC 

2
At t = T, VC  VCC
3
Equating the above 2 equations, we get
2
3
 
VCC  VCC 1  e  t / RC  1.1 RC

Substitute the values of R & C, we get

T = 1.1ms

Procedure:
1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure below in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply Negative pluses of 2kHz frequency at the trigger input(pin2)
[Note : usually the width of triggering pulse must be less than TON]
3. Observe the output (pin3) and measure pulse duration
4. Calculate pulse duration as TON =1.1 RC and compare it with the
Observed experiment value.
5. Choose RA=RB=10K and C =0.1 F and set up the circuit.
6. Observe the output waveforms and verify the operation of the
circuit.

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Circuit diagram:

Waveforms:

Observations and calculations:

TH =
TL =
D =

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Applications:
1. Timers
2. pulse generators
3. waveform generators
4. sweep generators for CRTs (cathode ray tubes)

Result:
Astable multivibrator and Monostable multivibrator was designed for given duty cycle and
constructed using 555 timer IC.
The output waveforms were verified for the designed value.
Assignment: Design a Monostable/Astable multivibrator for the given period T=-------S.
(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 12 Date : / /

Schmitt Trigger
Aim: To design and test a Schmitt trigger circuit for the given values of UTP and LTP
using op-amp.
Apparatus/Components required:
Sl.
Particulars Range Quantity
No.
1. Op amp IC 741 - 01
2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -
3. Power supply - 01
4. Signal generator - 01
5. CRO - 01
Bread board, CRO Probes and
6. - -
connecting wires

Theory:
A Schmitt trigger is an inverting comparator with a positive feedback. The applied voltage
Vin triggers (changes the state of the o/p) the o/p Vout every time the i/p voltage exceeds a
certain voltage level called the upper threshold voltage [UTP].The applied voltage V in also
changes the state of the o/p, i.e., triggering the o/p when the value of Vin falls below a certain
reference voltage called lower threshold voltage [LTP]. The values of the upper threshold
voltage [UTP] and the lower threshold voltage [LTP] are obtained by using the voltage
divider circuit R1& R2.When the i/p voltage is above the upper threshold, the o/p voltage is
constant at the lower saturation point (Vsat ) this stage the voltage across the resistor R2 is
VLt = lower threshold voltage. When Vin is less than the lower threshold, the o/p is constant at
the upper saturation point Vsat. At this stage, the voltage across the resistor R2 is Vut = upper
threshold voltage. The width of hysterics curve = Vutp – VLltp

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Design:
Design a Schmitt trigger for UTP = 2.5V and LTP=1.0V, Vsat = 12V

 R1 
UTP+LTP=2 Vref   ……………… (1)
 R 1  R 2 
 R2 
UTPLTP=2 Vsat   …………….. (2)

 1R  R 
2 

 R 2  1 .5
From eqn. (2) : 2   = 12
 R1  R 2 
 R2 
  = 0.0625

 1R  R 
2 

R1+R2 = 16R2
R1=15R2
Choose R2=1K, then R1 = 15K
15 R 2
Form eqn. (1) : 3.5 = 2 Vref
16 R 2
Therefore, Vref = 1.87V1.9V

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Use a sinusoidal signal of 500Hz as i/p and amplitude of 6V peak to peak.
3. Display o/p rectangular wave on CRO and measure UTP and LTP.
4. Use X and Y mode and display the hysteresis curve on CRO, measure UTP and LTP and
compare it with the designed values.

Waveforms: Transfer characteristics

Here, Vi is linear varying signal ; say a sinusoidal or triangular waveform, Working: say
initially Vi< 0 then V0 = + Vsat.
Let us find voltage at node X.
R2 R1
VX  Vsat  Vref
R1  R 2 R1  R 2
Until Vi reaches Vx , the o/p cannot change its state.
This value of i/p which changes the o/p form + Vsat to –Vsat is called upper trip point (UTP)
Therefore,

UTP 
R2
Vsat   R1 Vref 
R1  R 2 R1  R 2
To regain original state the Vi must decrease from value greater than UTP.
i.e., Vo = Vsat

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Then,

VX 
R2
 Vsat   R1 Vref 
R1  R 2 R1  R 2
Therefore,

LTP 
R2
 Vsat   R1 Vref 
R1  R 2 R1  R 2

when Vref = 0V
UTP = LTP

Applications:
1. Schmitt triggers are mainly used for changing a sine wave to square wave.
2. They must be utilized in the switch de-bouncer circuit for a noisy otherwise slow
input requirements like to be cleaned up or speed up
3. These are normally utilized in applications like signal conditioning for removing
signals noise in digital circuits.
4. These are used to implement relaxation oscillators for closed loop negative response
designs
5. These are used in switching power supplies as well as function generators

Result:
Schmitt trigger was degned and implemented using IC 741 . the output waveforms was
compared with the designed values.
Assignment: Design a SchimittsTrigger for the given period UTP=--------- and LTP=-----
(Values to be given by lab faculty)

Notes:

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Experiment No. : 13 Date : / /

Development of an electronic circuit that addresses societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues by selecting and
applying appropriate analog electronics and Op-amp
applications concept and modern engineering tools.

Aim: To design and develop Analog Electronics application circuit based on the concepts of
experiments (1-12).

Guidelines:
1. It must be based on the concepts of analog electronic circuits and linear integrated
circuits applications.
2. It must address societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues.
3. It may be designed and simulated in Multisim software.
4. Final model may be rigged up using hardware discrete electronic components.(not
mandatory)

Evaluation: It is evaluated like an any other experiment (1-12) as experiment 13 that is

observation 20 marks, record 5marks and viva 5 marks.

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Sample Viva Questions

Clipping circuits:
1. List the types of clipping circuits?
2. What are the uses of clipping circuits?
3. What is transfer function?
4. Why the shapes of the transfer function and dynamic characteristics of a diode circuit
same?
5. What is the piecewise linear diode model? What is its significance?
6. Explain the equivalent circuits of an ideal diode and practical diode.
7. What determines the slope in any part of the transfer function?

Clamping circuits:
1. What are clamping circuits? What are its uses?
2. What are the different types of clamping circuits?

Rectifiers and Filters:

1. Define rectifier.
2. Compare different type of rectifiers.
3. What is PIV of diode.
4. What are the different types of filters.

RC Coupled amplifier:
1. Define gain of the amplifier
2. What are the functions of the three resistances R1 , R2 , Re?
3. What are the functions of the capacitances CE and CC ?
4. Explain the Thevenin’s model of the voltage divider bias network
5. How can a transistor be operated as a switch?
6. Which configuration of a transistor is preferred when a transistor is used as a switch.
7. What is quiescent point?
8. What is load line?
9. Why is the Q – point always at the centre of the load line?

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10. Why are the coupling capacitors used?

11. Why are there 2 circuits namely the biasing circuit and amplifier circuit?
12. Explain why the frequency response is as it is shown?
13. Explain why only a 3dB bandwidth is chosen?
14. What is early effect?
15. Compare FET with BJT.

FET RC Coupled amplifier:

1. What is a FET?
2. How the FET is a voltage controlled device?
3. Why the FET is called so?
4. What is Gate - Source Cutoff voltage?
5. What are the types of FET?
6. Which type of FET is BFW 10?
7. What are the advantages of FET over BJT?
8. What is pinch off voltage?

RC phase shift oscillator:

1. Explain the function of the tank circuit.
2. What is the magnitude of the phase change due to the tank circuit?
3. What is Barkhausen’s criterion and how is it satisfied?
4. How can the frequency of oscillations be altered?

Hartley and Colpitt’s oscillator

1. Explain how oscillations are obtained by the tank circuit.
2. Explain how barkhausen’s criterion is satisfied.
3. Application of Tuned Circuits
4. Explain the working of tuned circuits.

Band pass filter and band reject filter

1. What is band pass filter? Which are the 2 types of BPF?

2. What is a notch filter?
3. Give some applications of filters as applied to communication.

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4. What is the difference between Butterworth and Chebyshev filter?

5. Draw the frequency response of a band elimination filter?
6. What is all pass filters? What is its application?

R-2R DAC
1. What is the difference between A/D and D/A converters?
2. Explain R/2R ladder technique of D/A conversion.
3. What are the different types of D/A conversion?
4. Why the switches used in weighted resistor DAC are of single pole double throw
(SPDT)type?
5. What is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC?

Astable multivibrator
1. Explain the functional block diagram of IC555.
2. State the working of IC555 as an astable multivibrator ?
3. Define duty cycle.
4. How astable mode of 555 can be modified to get a symmetrical square wav?
5. What is a multivibrator ?
6. Why is an astable multivibrator called so ?
7. Mention the applications of astable multivibrator ?

Monostable multivibrator
1. Explain the use of IC555 as a monostable multivibrator.
2. Why is an monostable multivibrator called so ?
3. What do you mean by timer ?
4. Mention applications of monostable multivibrator.
5. What type of input is given to a monostable multivibrator ?
Schmitts trigger
1. Explain op-amp as a Schmitt trigger.
2. What are the applications of Schmitt trigger.
3. Why is a Schmitt trigger called a regenerative comparator.
4. What type of feedback is used in Schmitt trigger.
5. Which circuit converts irregularly shaped waveform to regular shaped waveforms?
6. In which configuration a dead band condition occurs in Schmitt trigger ?

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REFERENCES

1. “Electronic Devices and Circuits” by David A. Bell, PHI India Publications,

New Delhi 4th edition 2004.

2. “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory” by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis

Nashelsky, PHI India Publications, New Delhi 8th edition 2009.

3. “Integrated Electronics” by Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias, Tata

McGraw Hill Publications,1991

4. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117107094/15

5. “Operational Amplifiers and Linear IC’s”, David A. Bell, 2ndedition, PHI/Pearson,

2004.

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