Designation: D4475 − 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Horizontal Shear Strength of Pultruded Reinforced
Plastic Rods By the Short-Beam Method1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the appar- 4.1 Apparent shear strength determined by this test method
ent horizontal shear strength of fiber reinforced plastic rods. is useful for quality control and specification purposes. It is
The specimen is a short beam in the form of lengths of also applicable to research and development programs con-
pultruded rods. This test method is applicable to all types of cerned with interlaminar-shear strength. The apparent shear
parallel-fiber-reinforced plastic rod samples. strength obtained by this test method cannot be used for design
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control purposes, but can be utilized for comparative testing of
and specification purposes (see 4.1). composite materials, if all failures are in horizontal shear.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 4.2 It is recommended that control samples be fabricated
standard. with each research test series and that care be used to compare
each set of controls with corresponding test series run at
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the different times.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Testing Machine—A properly calibrated testing machine
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
that can be operated at a constant rate of crosshead motion, and
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. in which the error in the load measuring system shall not
2. Referenced Documents exceed 61 % of the maximum load expected to be measured.
The load-indicating mechanism shall be essentially free of
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 inertia lag at the crosshead rate used. The accuracy of the
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing testing machine shall be verified in accordance with Practices
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines E4.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method 5.2 Loading Nose and Supports—Shown in Fig. 2 and Fig.
3. The loading nose shall be a suitable steel rod with a groove
3. Summary of Test Method in the diameter of the pultruded rod machined in its lower end.
3.1 The horizontal-shear test specimen is center-loaded as The groove diameter shall always have a plus tolerance and
shown in Fig. 1. The ends of the specimens rest on two zero negative tolerance. The bottom support shall be adjustable
supports that allow the specimen to bend, the load being to allow for testing at various span/diameter ratios. The surface
applied by means of a loading nose at midpoint along the of the groove shall be free of indentation and burrs, with all
support span, as shown in Fig. 2. sharp edges relieved.
3.2 The specimen is deflected until a shear failure occurs at 5.3 Micrometers—Suitable micrometers for measuring the
the midplane of the horizontally supported rod. diameter of the test specimen to an incremental discrimination
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of at least 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) shall be used.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
6. Test Specimen
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-
ting Plastics. 6.1 The specimen shall be cut from the pultruded rod to a
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originally
length of one diameter greater than the test span and to a
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4475 - 02. DOI:
10.1520/D4475-02R08. tolerance of plus or minus 0.1 times the diameter.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.2 Number of Specimens—The number of test specimens is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on optional. However, a minimum of five specimens is required to
the ASTM website. obtain a satisfactory average and standard deviation.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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D4475 − 02 (2008)
FIG. 3 Anvil Dimensions
FIG. 1 Test Assembly 7.3 Preconditioning in other environments to simulate
specified conditions and durations is permissible.
7.4 Testing in other environmental conditions is permis-
sible.
8. Speed of Testing
8.1 Test the specimen at a rate of crosshead motion of 1.3
mm (0.05 in.)/min.
NOTE 2—The test time should be recorded, and, if the test takes less
than 20 s, the rate of crosshead motion should be decreased. If the test
takes over 200 s, the crosshead rate should be increased gradually, or in
steps, until the time to complete the test is less than 200 s.
9. Procedure
9.1 Before conditioning or testing, measure the diameter of
each specimen to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) at midpoint.
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9.2 Place the rod test specimen in the test fixture, as shown
FIG. 2 Span Configuration for 3D Span. Span. May Also Be 4D,
5D, or 6D, as Required to Achieve Shear Mode of Failure
in Fig. 1. Align the specimen so that its midpoint is centered
and its long axis is perpendicular to the loading nose. Adjust
the side supports to the span previously determined. Suggested
span-to-diameter ratios are from 3 to 1 up to 6 to 1. The
7. Conditioning
obtainment of shear fractures during the test is a major
7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6 consideration in determining span length.
2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less
NOTE 3—Experimental data indicates that shear strength is a function of
than 40 h prior to test, in accordance with Procedure A of support span-to-specimen diameter ratio in most materials. When writing
Practice D618 for those tests where conditioning is required. In specifications, both the specimen diameter and the span-to-diameter ratio
cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) should be specified.
and 62 % relative humidity. These conditions are recom- 9.3 Apply the load to the specimen at the specified cross-
mended for research and development trials, but not necessar- head rate. Record the load to break for each specimen
ily for quality control. However, temperature control to 22.2 6 (maximum load on load-indicating mechanism). At times,
5.6°C (72 6 10°F) is recommended for quality control. when testing pultruded rods in various environments, speci-
7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora- mens do not consistently fail in shear, especially when the
tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % incorrect span-to-depth ratio is chosen. It is, therefore, very
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test meth- important to record the type of break (shear or tensile) that
ods. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C occurs. For research purposes, it is also useful to record the
(61.8°F) and 62 % relative humidity. position of the shear plane relative to the specimen center line.
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10. Retest 12. Report
10.1 Values for properties at break shall not be calculated 12.1 The report shall include the following:
for any specimen that breaks at some obvious, fortuitous flaw, 12.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-
unless such flaws constitute a variable being studied. Retests ing type, source, form, principle dimensions, and previous
shall be made for any specimen on which values are not history,
calculated. Should a specimen fail in a manner other than 12.1.2 Fabrication procedure,
horizontal shear, the value shall be discarded and a retest shall 12.1.3 Diameter of specimen,
be made. However, some of the specimens may not show a 12.1.4 Conditioning procedure used,
distinct failure mode, particularly after preconditioning. It is 12.1.5 Atmospheric conditions in the test room,
suggested that some form of chart movement, such as chart 12.1.6 Number of specimens tested,
speed or a deflectometer, be used to help determine the fracture 12.1.7 Rate of crosshead motion,
point. This is normally the first major load reduction or sudden 12.1.8 Span length,
change in slope of the load-deflection curve. 12.1.9 Length of specimens,
12.1.10 Type of failure,
12.1.11 Apparent horizontal shear strength of each
TABLE 1 Precision Statement specimen, average value, and standard deviation,
Shear Strength, 103 psi 12.1.12 Location of failure, or method of determining fail-
Room Temperature
Values in the units of psi
ure from curve,
Material
Rod
Mean SrA SRB IrC IRD
12.1.13 Average fiber content, percent by weight, and
Diameter 12.1.14 Date of test.
Vinyl ester 0.85 in. 10.2 0.236 0.519 0.665 1.47
Vinyl ester 1.00 in. 9.14 0.161 0.374 0.456 1.06
Polyester 1.20 in. 8.23 0.182 0.854 0.515 2.42 13. Precision and Bias3
150°F
Vinyl ester 0.85 in. 7.70 0.245 0.548 0.693 1.55 13.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin conducted in 1984 in
Vinyl ester 1.00 in. 7.14 0.165 0.415 0.467 1.17 accordance with Practice E691, involving three materials
Polyester 1.20 in. 6.83 0.111 0.412 0.314 1.17 tested by eleven laboratories. For each material, all the samples
A
Sr = within laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is obtained were prepared at one source, but the individual specimens were
by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results for all of the
participating laboratories:
prepared at the laboratories which tested them. Each test result
1
was the average of five individual determinations. Each labo-
S r 5 f f s S 1 d 2 1 s S 2 d 2 {.1 s S n d 2 g /n g 2 ratory obtained two test results for each material. Tests were
B
SR = between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation: conducted at room temperature and 150°F. (Warning—The
S R 5 f S r 2 1S L 2 g 2
1 explanation of “r” and “R” in 13.2.1 and 13.2.2 are only
intended to present a meaningful way of considering the
where SL = standard deviation of laboratory means.
C
r = within-laboratory critical interval between tow test results = 2.8 × Sr.
approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table 1
D
R = between-laboratories critical interval between tow test results = 2.8 × SR. should not be applied to acceptance or rejection of materials, as
these data apply only to the materials tested in the round robin
and are unlikely to be rigorously representative of other lots,
formulations, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of
11. Calculations this test method should apply the principles outlined in Practice
11.1 Calculate the apparent shear strength as follows: E691 to generate data specific to their materials and laboratory
S 5 0.849 P/d 2
(1)
(or between specific laboratories). The principles of 13.2 –
13.2.2 would then be valid for such data.)
where:
13.2 Concept of “r” and “R” in Table 1—If Sr and SR have
S = apparent shear strength, N/m2, (or psi), been calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test
P = breaking load, N, (or lbf), and results that were averages from testing two specimens for each
d = diameter of specimen, m, (or in.). test result, then:
11.2 Arithmetic Mean for Each Series of Tests—Calculate 13.2.1 Repeatability: Two results obtained within one labo-
the arithmetic mean of all values obtained to three significant ratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than
figures and report as the “average value”. the “r” value for that material. “r” is the interval representing
11.3 Standard Deviation—Calculate the standard deviation the critical difference between two test results for the same
(estimated) as follows and report to two significant figures: material, obtained by the same operator using the same
equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
s5 =~ ( X 2
2 n X̄ 2 ! / ~ n 2 1 ! (2) 13.2.2 Reproducibility: Two test results obtained by differ-
where: ent laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by
more than the “R” value for that material. “R” is the interval
s = estimated standard deviation, representing the critical difference between two test results for
X = value of a single observation,
n = number of observations, and
X̄ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations. 3
Supporting data are available at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1118.
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D4475 − 02 (2008)
the same material, obtained by different operators using differ- 13.4 There are no recognized standards by which to esti-
ent equipment in different laboratories. mate bias of this method.
13.3 Any judgement in accordance with 13.2.1 or 13.2.2
would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
correct.
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