191IT622 CLOUD COMPUTING

QUESTION BANK

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Cloud Computing – Definition of Cloud – Evolution of Cloud Computing –

Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing – Cloud Characteristics –
Elasticity inCloud – On-demand Provisioning.

PART- A

1. ________ has many of the characteristics of what is now being called cloud computing.

A.Internet

B.Softwares

C.Web Service

D.All of the mentioned

2. Suppose a cloud contains software stack such as Operating systems, Application softwares, etc. This
model is referred as ____ model (UGCNETCSE ,2018)

A.SaaS

B.PaaS

C.IaaS

D.MaaS

3. ________________ is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers on-demand, utility

based computing service.

A.Remote Sensing

B.Remote Invocation

C.Cloud Computing

D. Private Computing

4. The use of the cloud provides a number of opportunities.

A. It enables services to be used without any understanding of their infrastructure.

B. Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from “anywhere”.

C. Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an ongoing

revenue stream.

D. . All the above

5. Network operating system runs on ___________

A. server

B. every system in the network

C. both server and every system in the network

D. none of the mentioned

6. Point out the wrong statement.

A.The massive scale of cloud computing systems was enabled by the popularization of the Internet

B. Soft computing represents a real paradigm

shift in the way in which systems are deployed

C.Cloud computing makes the long-held dream of utility computing possible with a pay-as-you-go,
infinitely scalable, universally available system

D.All of the mentioned

7. Most of the cloud architectures are built on this type of architecture.

A.skeleton

B. grid

C. linear

D. template

8. Cloud computing is all about

A. Renting computing services

B. cloud of cloud

C.Buying

D.None of the above

9. Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as

A. Storage

B. Networking
C. Software

D. All the above

10. These cloud services are of the form of utility computing i.e. the _________ uses these services pay-
as-you-go model.

A.Cloud providers

B. Clients

C.End users

D. Cloud users

11. _______ is a pay-as-you-go model matches resources to need onongoing basis

A. Elasticity

B. Utility

C.Security

D. All the above

12. Logical extension of computation migration is ___________

A. process migration

B. system migration

C. thread migration

D. data migration

13. Which of the following cloud storage is mainly meant for developers and to support applications built
using Web services?

A.Managed

B.Unmanaged

C.Disk

D.All of the mentioned

14. Cloud computing is an abstraction based on the notion of pooling physical resources and presenting
them as a ________ resource.

A.real

B. virtual
C. cloud

D. None of the mentioned

15. All cloud computing applications suffer from the inherent _______ that is intrinsic in their WAN
connectivity.

A.propagation

B. latency

C.noise

D. All of the mentioned

16. _________ as a Service is a cloud computing infrastructure that creates a development environment
upon which applications may be build.

A.Infrastructure

B.Platform

C. Service

D. All the above

17. Cloud computing is a _______ system and it is necessarily unidirectional in nature.

A.stateless

B.stateful

C.reliable

D.All of the mentioned

18. Which of the following is a system for creating block level storage devices that can be used for
Amazon Machine Instances in EC2?

A.CloudWatch

B.Amazon Elastic Block Store

C.AWS Import/Export

D.All of the mentioned

19. The service FreeDrive is storage that allows ________ users to view the content of others.

A. Facebook

B. Twitter
C. Whatsapp

D. None of the mentioned

20. Cloud creates a new world by leveraging the data collected from _________

A.Social media interaction

B.Work environment

C.Public spaces and mobiledevices

D.All the above

21. Distributed computing led to three more types of computing and they were

A. Mainframe computing,cluster computing, and grid computing.

B. Green computing,cluster computing, and grid computing.

C. Mainframe computing and grid computing.

D. None of the Above

22. Rapid Elasticity means

A. The cloud platform can add or remove the resources at a any time with flexible elasticity.

B. The cloud platform keeps track of all the users and its resources usage cloud charges the customer for
only it Utilized resources provide metered services.

C. The services of the cloud are provided to the cloud users can demand dynamically there by faciliting a
demand computing.

D. None of the above

23. Parallel computing occurs in

A. Single computer

B. Multiple computer

C.Own memory

D. All the above

24. Which of the following offers Storage size of 10GB free to 100 GB paid?

A.Adrive

B.4shared
C.Badongo

D.All of the mentioned

25. Point out the wrong statement.

A.Unmanaged storage is reliable

B.Managed storage is relatively cheap to use

C.Most of the user-based applications that work with cloud storage are of unmanaged type

D.None of the mentioned

26. The capability of a system to adapt the increased service load is called ___________

A.scalability

B.tolerance

C.capacity

D.none of the mentioned

27. Internet provides _______ for remote login.

A.telnet

B.http

C.ftp

D.rpc

28. The _____ is something that you can obtain under contract from your vendor.

A.PoS

B.QoS

C.SoS

D.All of the mentioned

29. You can’t count on a cloud provider maintaining your _____ in the face of government actions.

A.scalability

B.reliability

C.privacy
D.none of the mentioned

30. If one site fails in distributed system then ___________

A.the remaining sites can continue operating

B.all the sites will stop working

C.directly connected sites will stop working

D.none of the mentioned

PART –B

1. Investigate how a company benefits from cloud computing and explain its limits.

Ans:

• Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software.

• Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.

• Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to the business
requirements.

• Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort. We do not need to
apply patching, as well as no need to maintain hardware and software. So, in this way, the IT
team can be more productive and focus on achieving business goals.

• Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast for business continuity.

• Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls that
strengthen our data security.

2. Compile a table to compare public clouds and private clouds in each of the following four aspects. Also
identify their differences, advantages, and shortcomings in terms of design technologies and application
flexibility. Give several examples of platforms that you know of under each cloud class.

a. Technology leveraging and IT resource ownership

b. Provisioning methods of resources, including data and VMs, and their management

c. Workload distribution methods and loading policies

d. security precautions and data privacy enforcement

Ans:

PUBLIC CLOUD PRIVATE CLOUD

 Cloud Computing infrastructure is shared with Cloud Computing infrastructure is shared with
the public by service providers over the internet. private organizations by service providers over
It supports multiple customers i.e, enterprises. the internet. It supports one enterprise.
It is hosted at the Service Provider site. It is hosted at the Service Provider site or
enterprise
Scalability is very high, and reliability is Scalability is limited, and reliability is very high.
moderate.
Cloud service provider manages the cloud and Managed and used by a single enterprise.
customers use them.
Security matters and dependent on the service It gives a high class of security.
provider.
It is cheaper than the private cloud. It is costlier than the public cloud
Example: Amazon web service (AWS) and Example: Microsoft KVM, HP, Red Hat &
Google AppEngine etc. VMWare etc.

3. Point out the characteristics of cloud architecture that separate it from a traditional one.

Ans:

• On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user themselves are
able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.

• Broad network access:

The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and heterogeneous
devices.

• Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and in quickly and on
as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as
soon as its requirement gets over.

• Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) present are shared
across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are
provided service from a same physical resource.

4. Draw a layered diagram to relate the construction of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS clouds from bare machine
hardware to the users' applications. Briefly list the representative cloud service offerings at each cloud
layer from the major cloud providers that you know of.

Ans:
5. Interpret the cloud resource pooling.

Ans:

Resource pooling is when cloud providers offer provisional and scalable services to multiple clients or
customers. In other words, space and resources are pooled to serve multiple clients at one time.
Depending on a client’s resource consumption, usage can be set to provide more or less at any given time.

Benefits:
• High Availability
• Load Balancing
• High Performance Computing
• If one client is over using the space assigned from that host, that virtual client is moved to another
physical host.
• If a single host goes down, the other physical host will start the virtual guest’s machines that the
original virtual host was running.
6. Assume your needs change on a daily basis; is elasticity recommended? If so, justify your answer.

Ans:

Yes. Elasticity refers to the ability of a cloud to automatically expand or compress the infrastructural
resources on a sudden up and down in the requirement so that the workload can be managed efficiently.
It works such a way that when number of client access expands, applications are naturally provisioned
the extra figuring, stockpiling and organization assets like central processor, Memory, Stockpiling or
transfer speed what’s more, when fewer clients are there it will naturally diminish those as
per prerequisite.
7. Contrast the effects of overprovisioning and underprovisioning.

Ans:

Over-provisioning: allocating more resources than required.

Under-provisioning, i.e., allocating fewer resources than required

8. List four cloud service providers and your experience with them.

Ans:
Cloud service providers are companies that establish public clouds manage private clouds, or offer on-
demand cloud computing components (also known as cloud computing services) like Infrastructure-as-a-
Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service(SaaS). It can reduce business
process costs when compared to on-premise IT.

Some of them are,

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Microsoft Azure
Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
Alibaba Cloud
9. Playing PUBG game can be given as example of which computing, Justify your answer.

Ans:

PUBG game is an example of Distributed computing. It is a composition of multiple independent systems

but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share
resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems possess characteristics such as
scalability, concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the
main problem with this system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same
geographical location.

Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of computing and they were-
Mainframe computing,
cluster computing, and
grid computing.
10. "Distributed computing evolves to cloud computing", Justify it.

Ans:

11. Justify the answer. The cloud is formed by a cluster of servers, where all the servers must be built on
physical servers or virtual servers,or can be either physical or virtual servers. (MIT, 2021)
Ans:

• Yes, the cloud is formed by a cluster of servers,where all the servers must be built on physical
servers or virtual servers or can be either physical or virtual servers. Cloud computing enables
enterprises to use computing resources as utility rather than building and maintaining in-house
computing infrastructure. Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the
Cloud (Internet). The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes
handy for the user to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources.

12. Formulate the technologies on which cloud computing relies.

Ans:

• Virtualization
• Service Oriented Architecture(SOA)
• Grid Computing
• Utility Computing

PART-C

2.Elaborate types of clouds and services in cloud computing.

Types of clouds

• Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service
provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers computing resources such as servers, software,
and storage over the internet
• Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used inside a single business
or organization are termed as a private cloud. A private cloud may physically be located on the
company’s on-site datacentre or hosted by a third-party service provider.
• Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds, which is bounded together by
technology that allows data applications to be shared between them. Hybrid cloud provides
flexibility and more deployment options to the business.

Service of clouds

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers and
virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems from a cloud service vendor.
We can create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything we want on it. Using
IaaS, we don’t need to care about the hardware or virtualization software, but other than that,
 we do have to manage everything else. Using IaaS, we get maximum flexibility, but still, we
need to put more effort into maintenance.
• Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-demand environment for
developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. The developer is
responsible for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy and run it.
Using PaaS, the flexibility gets reduce, but the management of the environment is taken care
of by the cloud vendors.
• Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and managed software services
to the end-users. It delivers software over the internet, on-demand, and typically on a
subscription basis. E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Dropbox, WordPress, Office 365, and Amazon
Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost to the maximum extent.

3.It is said that "cloud computing can save money." What is your view? Can you name some of
the characteristics of cloud computing in detail?

Yes, cloud computing can save money

Cloud computing services save money by offering businesses access to more versatile and scalable IT
services. This allows clients to choose specific service levels according to their needs, rather than buying
or building out an IT architecture because of a temporary demand.

Save on Hardware Costs with Cloud Services

One of the biggest ways that cloud computing saves businesses money is by replacing the
traditional system of adding hardware to server rooms. Instead of actually purchasing expensive hardware
and installing it on-site, businesses can simply order up data use or storage services through the cloud and
pay temporary access fees. This revolutionary model has spawned terms like software as a service (SaaS)
and platform as a service (PaaS), where vendors tout the convenience and cost efficiency of these kinds of
arrangements.

On-Demand Cloud Services: Another big component of cost saving with cloud computing services
relates to what’s called "on-demand service," which is supported by cloud principles like rapid elasticity.
Because many cloud computing systems serve multiple tenants or clients, they can add or subtract
resources from a client account quickly and easily, without a lot of cost. That means that as soon as a
company doesn’t need part of its existing IP service, that company can drop that component of service
and stop paying for it right away. A detailed service-level agreement (SLA) can support these kinds of
options where service buyers can "turn on a dime" to save money and resources.

Characteristics of cloud

• On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user themselves
are able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as needed.
 • Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and heterogeneous
devices.

• Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and in quickly
and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him and it is
scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.

• Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) present are
shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients
are provided service from a same physical resource.

4.Identify and explain in detail the evolutionary trend of computer technology.

5.Explain in detail about Elasticity in Cloud and On-demand Provisioning.

Elasticity in cloud
 • Elasticity is defined as "the degree to which a system is able to adapt to workload changes by
provisioning and de-provisioning resources in an autonomic manner, such that at each point in
time the available resources match the current demand as closely as possible“.
• Elasticity is a defining characteristic that differentiates cloud computing from previously
proposed computing paradigms, such as grid computing. The dynamic adaptation of capacity,
e.g., by altering the use of computing resources, to meet a varying workload is called "elastic
computing".

Elasticity in cloud cont.

• Elasticity aims at matching the amount of resource allocated to a service with the amount
of resource

• it actually requires, avoiding over- or under-provisioning.

– Over-provisioning: allocating more resources than required.

– Under-provisioning, i.e., allocating fewer resources than required.

Elasticity in cloud cont Disadvantages

• Resources provisioning time: elasticity takes time. it may take up to several minutes for the
acquired resources to be ready to use.
• Monitoring elastic applications:
• Elasticity requirements
• Multiple levels of control

On- demand provisioning

• The on-demand model provides an enterprise with the ability to scale computing resources up or
down with the click of a button, an API call or a business rule.
• The on-demand model was developed to overcome the common challenge to an enterprise of
being able to meet fluctuating demands efficiently.
• Because an enterprise's demand on computing resources can vary drastically from one time to
another, maintaining sufficient resources to meet peak requirements can be costly
• The model is characterized by three attributes:
➢ scalability,
➢ pay-per-use and
➢ self-service.
• Many on-demand computing services in the cloud are so user-friendly that non-technical end
users can easily acquire computing resources without any help from the organization's
information technology (IT) department.
• This has advantages because it can improve business agility, but it also has disadvantages
because shadow IT can pose security risks. For this reason, many IT departments carry out
periodic cloud audits to identify grey net on-demand applications and other rogue IT.
• On demand provisioning is offered by Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2).
6.Describe with the help of examples, the various service models and deployment models of cloud
computing. (Give one real example of each type of service model and one example situation where each
type of deployment model could be used.) (IIT, KHARAGPUR,2016)

Development model

The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on ownership, scale,
and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose. The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who
controls them are defined by a cloud deployment model. It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will
look, what you can change, and whether you will be given services or will have to create everything
yourself. Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud deployment
types.

Different types of cloud computing deployment models are:

1. Public cloud

2. Private cloud

3. Hybrid cloud

4. Community cloud

5. Multi-cloud

Public Cloud

The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The public cloud may be
less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are
provided over the internet to the general people or major industry groups. The infrastructure in this cloud
model is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud
hosting that allows customers and users to easily access systems and services. This form of cloud
computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a
variety of customers. In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-user basis.

Example: Google App Engine etc.

Private Cloud

The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud deployment model. It’s a
one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no need to share your hardware with
anyone else. The distinction between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware.
It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and services within a given
border or organization. The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is
protected by powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The private
cloud. Gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid cloud computing
gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a safe environment while
taking advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings. Organizations can move data and applications
between different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud deployment methods, depending on
their needs.

Community Cloud

It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a distributed system

that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific needs of a
community, industry, or business. The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the
organization which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the
combination of one or more organizations in the community.
Multi-cloud

We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same time under this paradigm, as the
name implies. It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines public and private
cloud resources. Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public
clouds. Although public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve the reliability of their
services, mishaps still occur. It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident at the same
moment. As a result, multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability of your services even more.

Service model

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers and
virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems from a cloud service vendor.
We can create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything we want on it. Using
IaaS, we don’t need to care about the hardware or virtualization software, but other than that,
we do have to manage everything else. Using IaaS, we get maximum flexibility, but still, we
need to put more effort into maintenance.

E.g.: AWS Elastic Compute cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine .

• Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-demand environment for

developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. The developer is
responsible for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy and run it.
Using PaaS, the flexibility gets reduce, but the management of the environment is taken care
of by the cloud vendors.

E.g.: Heroku , AWS Elastic beanstalk, Google App Engine.

• Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and managed software services
to the end-users. It delivers software over the internet, on-demand, and typically on a
subscription basis. E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Dropbox, WordPress, Office 365, and Amazon
Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost to the maximum extent.

E.g.: Gmail, Trello, Salesforce CRM, Office 365, Google Docs.

7.Discuss the various dimensions of scalability and performance laws in distributed systems.

The Scalable System in Distributed System refers to the system in which there is a possibility of
extending the system as the number of users and resources grows with time.

• The system should be enough capable to handle the load that the system and application software
need not change when the scale of the system increases.

• To exemplify, with the increasing number of users and workstations the frequency of file access
is likely to increase in a distributed system. So, there must be some possibility to add more
servers to avoid any issue in file accessing handling.

• Scalability is generally considered concerning hardware and software. In hardware, scalability

refers to the ability to change workloads by altering hardware resources such as processors,
memory, and hard disc space. Software scalability refers to the capacity to adapt to changing
workloads by altering the scheduling mechanism and parallelism level.

Need for Scalability Framework:

The scalability framework is required for the applications as it refers to a software system’s ability to
scale up in some way when and where required because of the changing demands of the system like
increasing users or workload, etc.

Examples include Spring Framework, Java Server Faces(JSF), Struts, Play!, and Google Web Toolkit
(GWT).

Dimensions of Scalability:

• Size Scalability

• Geographical Scalability

• Administrative Scalability

1. Size Scalability: There will be an increase in the size of the system whenever users and resources grow
but it should not be carried out at the cost of performance and efficiency of the system. The system must
respond to the user in the same manner as it was responding before scaling the system.

2. Geographical Scalability: Geographical scalability refers to the addition of new nodes in a physical
space that should not affect the communication time between the nodes.

3. Administrative Scalability: In Administrative Scalability, significant management of the new nodes

which are being added to the system should not be required. To exemplify, if there are multiple
administrators in the system, the system is shared with others while in use by one of them

Types of Scalabilities:

1. Horizontal Scalability: Horizontal Scalability implies the addition of new servers to the existing set of
resources in the system. The major benefit lies in the scaling of the system dynamically. For example,
Cassandra and MongoDB. Horizontal scaling is done in them by adding more machines. Furthermore, the
load balancer is employed for distributing the load on the available servers which increases overall
performance.
2. Vertical Scalability: Vertical Scalability refers to the addition of more power to the existing pool of
resources like servers. For example, MySQL. Here, scaling is carried out by switching from smaller to
bigger machines.

8.Illustrate in detail the underlying principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing.

Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing

• The term parallel computing and distributed computing are often used interchangeably, even
though they mean slightly different things.
• The term parallel implies a tightly coupled system, whereas distributed systems refers to a wider
class of system, including those that are tightly coupled.
• More precisely, the term parallel computing refers to a model in which the computation is divided
among several processors sharing the same memory.
• The architecture of parallel computing system is often characterized by the homogeneity of
components: each processor is of the same type and it has the same capability as the others.
• The shared memory has a single address space, which is accessible to all the processors.
• Parallel programs are then broken down into several units of execution that can be allocated to
different processors and can communicate with each other by means of shared memory.
• Originally parallel systems are considered as those architectures that featured multiple processors
sharing the same physical memory and that were considered a single computer.
• Over time, these restrictions have been relaxed, and parallel systems now include all architectures
that are based on the concept of shared memory, whether this is physically present or created with
the support of libraries, specific hardware, and a highly efficient networking infrastructure.
• For example: a cluster of which of the nodes are connected through an InfiniBand network and
configured with distributed shared memory system can be considered as a parallel system.
• The term distributed computing encompasses any architecture or system that allows the
computation to be broken down into units and executed concurrently on different computing
elements, whether these are processors on different nodes, processors on the same computer, or
cores within the same processor.
• Distributed computing includes a wider range of systems and applications than parallel
computing and is often considered a more general term.
• Even though it is not a rule, the term distributed often implies that the locations of the computing
elements are not the same and such elements might be heterogeneous in terms of hardware and
software features.
• Classic examples of distributed computing systems are
– Computing Grids
– Internet Computing Systems