11-19 PROGRESSION endorse for edexcel #3 Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics Core Pure Mathematics Book 1/AS RISeU Seve Clea m nila Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Lee Cope, Charles Garnet Cox, Daniel Goldberg, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Sera pescrs Cou WaCroapecregmsntl ML eCce tiie] om PCat i} PearsonContents ‘Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London WCZR ORL. ‘mu peaezonschooleandfecoleges cou opie of official specications forall Pearson qualifications may be found onthe webste: cqualfestonspearsonzom “ext © Pearson Education Limited 2017 Edited by Tec Set Lid, Gateshead “Typeset by TecrSet Ld, Gateshead (Ofna lustations © Pearson Eoucation Limite 2017 ver ustation Mareuselge ats “he sights of Greg Atwood, Jack Barraclough lan Betsor, Le Cope, Charles Garnet Cox, Daniel Goldberg. Altar Macpherson, Bronwen Mora, Su Nicholson, Laurence Pateman, Je Petra, ‘elt Pcie: Harty Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins tobe dented as autos ofthis work have ‘been asserted by them In acordance withthe Copyright, Designs and Patents ct 1888. ist published 2017 20191817 10987654321, ‘British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘eatalgue record fortis book avoabie om the Bish Library {Sen 9781 292 185336 Copyright notice Dlllhts reserve. No par of his pbleation maybe reprecice a any form or by any mean (including photocopying ox storing tin any mech by electronic mean and whether or not ‘wansientyorincdentally to seme other use ofthis publeaon)wlhout the written permission ofthe copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions ofthe Copy Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under te terms of cence sues by the Copyiant Licensing ACen), ‘Barnard 86 Fetter Lane, London ECAR TEN (nwevlacouh)Appliesons fr the copyright ‘nner witen permission should be addressed tothe publisher Printed in the UK by ell and Ban Lt, Glasgow ‘Acknowledgements ‘The authors and publisher woul ke to thank the follwing for hee Kind permission to ‘reproduce thelr photographs: (Key: bottom, ccenre; Het igh 0p) ‘Alamy Stock Photo: ric Rablson 155,209, Paul let 125, 209), Phatot2 94, 209 (8) Slance story Images 17, 89), Zoonar GmbH 43,89 (Getty Images: Henk Sorenson 1, 89 (John Fox 167, 20 (0); Paul Nylander: 5,69); Shuttersteckcom: Marc thin 71, 696) ‘lotr images © Pearson Education ‘Anote from the publisher Inorder to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support forthe associated Pearson ‘ualfcation, thes been though eve process bythe awarding body. his process confirms that hs resource uly covers the teaching a learang content of the specication 2 part balance betveen the development of subject sls, knowledge and understanding, in addion topreporation for assessment Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment actives or processes (eg practice questions or atvice on how to answer assessment questions), nuded inthe resource nor does Itvescibe any partie approach tothe teaching or delvety of a elated course, While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice onthe qualification and itsassesment f accurate, te oficial specication and associated assessment guidance ‘ater are the ony authoritative source of information and shouléalnays be refered to for definitive gutdance. Pearson examiners have not cntriouted to any sectonsin this resource relevant to ‘ramination paper for which they have rezponsbity, Examines wil not use endorsed resources as a souce of mate for any assessment se by asso, Endorsementof resource does not mean thatthe resource i required to achieve this Pearson qualification, noe does it mean that ts the only suitable material avalabeto suppor the {ualfeation, and any resource Isis produced by the awarding body shall include this and ther appropiate resources ‘Pearson has robust etal processes, including answer an fact checks, to ensure the accuracy of tha content in this publeation, and every for Is made to ensue tis publication {sfce of ears. We are, however, nly human and occasional errs do occu Pearson is not {ible for any misundestandings that aise asa result of errors in tis publication but tis ‘our paaiy to ensue that the contents ocutate you spot om ero please do contact sat ‘[email protected] so we can make suet covectede Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 Complex numbers 1.1 _ Imaginary and complex numbers 1.2 Multiplying complex numbers 1.3. Complex conjugation 1.4 Roots of quadratic equations 1.5 Solving cubic and quartic equations Mixed exercise 1 2 Argand diagrams 24 Argand diagrams 22 Modulus and argument 2.3. Modulus-argument form of complex numbers 2.4 Lociin the Argand diagram 2.5 Regions in the Argand diagram Mixed exercise 2 3 Series 3.1 Sums of natural numbers 3.2. Sums of squares and cubes Mixed exercise 3 4 Roots of polynomials 41 Roots of a quadratic equation 42 Roots of a cubic equation 43 Roots of a quartic equation 4.4 Expressions relating to the roots of a polynomial 45 Linear transformations of roots Mixed exercise 4 5 Volumes of revolution 5.1 Volumes of revolution around the x-axis, 5.2. Volumes of revolution around the y-axis 5.3 Adding and subtracting volumes 5.4 Modelling with volumes of revolution Mixed exercise 5 Review exercise 1 10 1“ a 18 20 23 28 36 39 43 4a 51 55. 57 59. 62 65 68 1 76 78 83 86 89 Contents 6 Matrices 9% 6.1 Introduction to matrices 95 6.2. Matrix multiplication 99 6.3 Determinants 104 6.4 inverting a 2 x 2 matrix 108 65° Inverting a3 x3 matrix ue 6.6 Solving systems of equations using matrices 16 Mixed exercise 6 121 7 Linear transformations 126 7.1 Linear transformations in two dimensions ier 7.2 Reflections and rotations 1 7.3 Enlargements and stretches 136 7.4 Successive transformations 140 7.5 Linear transformations in three dimensions 144 7.6 The inverse of alinear transformation 148 Mixed exercise 7 151 8 Proof by induction 155 8.1 Proof by mathematical induction 156 82 Proving divisibility results 160 8.3 Proving statements involving matrices 162 Mixed exercise 8 165 9 Vectors 167 9.1, Equation of a line in three dimensions 168 9.2 Equation of a plane in three dimensions 115 9.3. Scalar product 118 9.4 Calculating angles between lines and planes 186 9.5 Points of intersection 189 9.6 Finding perpendiculars 193 Mixed exercise 9 202 Review exercise 2 209 Exam-style practice: Paper 1 215 Answers 2u7 Index 249Overarching themes e Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel ‘AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof * Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem into the main exercises 1 + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results eis a + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence * Challenge boxes provide extra stretch t poms J repretent information 3. Mathematical modelling + Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model * Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechai mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in Finding your way around the book ‘Access an online digital edition using the code at the Complex numbers 1 front of the book. Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications Of the maths you are about toleam are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Step-by-step worked examples focus on the key types of questions you'll need Oramemen cet: to tackle oz ca Oe tne ne Problem-solving boxes @toreewnorweetummafrineans ae Se cpmempem ene provide hints, tips and strategies, and Watch ‘out boxes highlight areas where students, often lose marks in their exams Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Exam-style questions are flagged with ©) Exercises are Challenge boxes Each chapter Problem-solving, packed with exam- give youachance begins with ends with a Mixed questionsareflagged style questions. totacklesome ——explanationand —_exercise anda with @ to ensure you more difficult key learning ‘Summary of key are ready forthe questions. points points exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice Further Mathematics AS Lovet Paper 1 Core Pure Mathematics Afull AS level practice paper at the back of the book helps you a = prepare for the real thing.Extra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. CEID itvoiessouionsae SE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology Exeenperinreedtaivooke Ermer) problems and consolidate your understanding. praphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeeGebra GeoGebra-powered interactives a Interact with the maths you are learning J using GeoGebra’s easy-to-use tools Recor ML eRe Neon aa Comic www.pearsonschools.co.uk/cpimaths You can also access the extra online content by scanning this QR. viAfter completing this chapter you should be able to: @ Understand and use the definitions of imaginary and complex numbers ‘Add and subtract complex numbers Multiply complex numbers Divide complex numbers Complex numbers contain a real and an imaginary part. Engineers and physicists, often describe quantities with two components using a single complex number. This allows them to model complicated situations such as air flow over a cyclist. > page2 > pages 2-3 > pages 5-6 Understand the definition of a complex conjugate > pages 6-8 > pages 7-8 Solve quadratic equations that have complex roots -> pages 8-10 Solve cubic or quartic equations that have complex roots, = pages 10-16 § 1 Simplify each of the following: av50 bv108 c¢ V180 € Pure Year 1, chapter 1 In each case, determine the number of distinct real roots of the equation f(x) = 0. a f(x) =3x? + 8x +10 b f(x) =2x?-9x+7 cf) x24 12x49 ‘< Pure Year 1, Chapter 2 Find the solutions of x? - 8x +6 = giving your answers in the form a + vb where a and are integers. ‘Pure Year 1, Chapter 2 z ~ Write =" In the form p + q\3 where p and q are rational numbers ‘Pure Year 1, Chapter 1Chapter 1 @Q Imaginary and complex numbers The quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢= 0 has LLED For the equation ax? + bx +e=0, the solutions given by gD equation ax? + bx +¢ discriminant is b? — dae. aibEmhae + If 2 —4ae > 0, there are two distinct real roots. 2a + IF? —4ae = 0, there are two equal real roots. If the expression under the square root is negative, * Ifb?*~4ae<0, there are no real roots. there are no real solutions. € Pure Year 1, Section 2.5 You can find solutions to the equation in all cases by extending the number system to include Since there is no real number that squares to produce ~1, the number /=1 is called an imaginary number, and is represented using the letter i, Sums of real and imaginary numbers, for example 3 + 21, are known as complex numbers. i CEEEED the set oft complex numbers is = An imaginary number is a number of the written as C form hi, where b ¢ For the complex number z =a + bi 7 + Re(2) = ais the real part + Im(2) = bis the imaginary part = A complex number is written in the form a + bi, where a,b R. Write each of the following in terms of i. a y-36 b y-28 a V-36 = (36 x (-1) = V36V-1 au ‘An alternative way of writing (2/7) b yaa 2B VT is 2v7. Avoid writing 2v7i as this can easily be ANZ VAI = (2V7h confused with 2v7i. exeD Ina complex number, the real part and the imaginary part cannot be combined to form a single term. = Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting their real parts and adding or subtracting their imaginary parts. = You can muttiply a real number by a complex number by multiplying out the brackets in the usual way. Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi, where a, b € R. 10+ 6i 2 a (245) + (7 +3i) b (2-51) (5 ~ 11) = (2 - 5) +(-5 ~-11) -3+6i a (2+5i)+(743i) b (2-5i)-(S- Ili) © 2(5-8i) a© 6 Given that 3, =a+9i, Complex numbers ‘Do not use your calculator in this exercise. 1. Write each of the following in the form bi where b is a real number. a v9 b v=49 e V1 d_ v=10000 e V=225 £5 g v-12 h v5 i y=200 j v7 2 Simplify, giving your answers in the form a + bi, where a,b ER. a (S421) +(8 +9) b 4+ 101) +(1-8i) © (7+6i)+(-3-Si) d (+3) + (G+) € (20+ 12) - (11 +3i) f Q-i)-(-5+3i) & (-4- 6i) —(-8 - 8i) h Gv2 +i)-(W2-i) i (-2-Ti)+(143i)-(124i) jf 845i) - (15-2) -G +71) 3. Simplify, giving your answers in the form a + bi, where a, b € R a 2(742i) b 384i) © 234i)+32+4i) d 5(443i) -4(-1 +21) Sasi 2 oe Mi 3 © 4 Write in the form a + bi, where a and b are simplified surds. 4-21 2-61 ae es 5 Given that z = 7 - 61 and w=7 + 6i, find, aE in the form a + bi, where a, b € R: rapreserten Oye leuereOnene aera aco bw+e =74+2i,find a and bwherea,b€R. (2 marks) © 7 Given that 2) =4 + iand 22 = 7 ~3i, find, in the form a + bi, where a, bE R: ay-% b 42, © 25,452) © 8 Given that z = a+ bi and w=a-bi, a,b € R, show that: a 24 wis always real b 2 wis always imaginary You can use complex numbers to find solutions to any quadratic equation with real coefficients. = IF? - 4ac <0 then the quadratic equation ax? + bx + c= 0 has two distinct complex roots, neither of which are real.=p 8 — | Example @) Solve the equation 2° + 9 =0. 9 z= 4312 Method 1 (Completing the square) 2462425 =(64+3"-9+2! G43" =-16 243 a/H16 = 24) 324) Exercise (BD) ‘Do not use your calculator in this exercise. 1 Solve each of the following equations, Write your answers in the form +i. az4121=0 b 22440 © 2274 120=0 d 322+ 150 = 38-2? © 22430=-3:2- 66 f 62241 =22? 2 Solve each of the following equations. ‘Write your answers in the form a + bi. GBD Tre tetechand side ofeach equation is a (32-92-16 in completed square form already. Use inverse ‘operations to find the values of z b 2-77 +30=6 e 16+ 1%+11=2Complex numbers 3 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a + bi. a 24224520 b 2-22410=0 © 244242920 d 24102 +26=0 e 2452+25=0 £ 24324+5=0 4 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a + bi. a 2274+ 52+4=0 b 72-32+3=0 ¢ $?-243=0 5 The solutions to the quadratic equation =? — 82 + 21 =O are 2, and 25. Find 2; and z,, giving each in the form a £ivb. 6 The equation z? + bz + 11 = 0, where b € R, has distinct non-real complex roots. Find the range of possible values of . (3 marks) @® Multiplying complex numbers You can multiply complex numbers using the same technique that you use for mul algebra. You can use the fact that i = V1 to simplify powers of i. = P=-1 Express each of the following in the form a + bi, where a and 6 are real numbers. a (2+3i)(4+5i) b (7-4iP = (6 - 15) + (101 + 121) (7 — AiN(7 - Ai) AQ — 28 - 281 4 16° = (49 - 16) + (-26i - 261) Simplify; ai bit © Qi’ a (24304 +5) = 320) xi xi xix) 32 x (-1) x 1) xChapter 1 ea © Do not use your calculator in this exercise. 1 Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi. a (5+i)(3+4i) b (+ 3i)(7 +21) ¢ (5—2i)(1 + Si) d (13-312 -8i) © (3-144 7i) f (84 5iP g (2-91) b (1452 +13 +i) QURD bor part, begin by multiplying the i (3 -2i)(5 + (4 - 21) j 2+3ip first pair of brackets. ©® 2 a Simplify 4+ 5i)(4 — 5i), giving your answer in the form a+ bi, b Simplify (7 — 2i)(7 + 2i), giving your answer in the form a + bi. € Comment on your answers to parts a and b. d Prove that (a + bi(a — bi) is a real number for any real numbers a and b. ©® 3 Given that (a+ 3i)(1 + bi) 4. Write each of the following in its simplest form. '5 — 39i, find two possible pairs of values for a and b. a ié b Git ce B4i d (ip -43 ©® 5 Express (1 + i)®in the form a — bi, where a and b are integers to be found. ©® 6 Find the value of the real part of (3 - 2i)'. @® 7 )=28-248 You can use the binomial theorem to Find: a {(2i) b 3-61) ‘expand (a +6)". Pure Year 1, Section 8.3 @®) 8 (2) =2?-22417 Show that z= | — 4iis.a solution to (2 marks) 9 a Given that i! =i and i= -1, write i? and i in their simplest forms. b Write i$, i6, i? and i* in their simplest forms. ¢ Write down the value of: ii FPS i BO Aer CEEID he principal square root of a Expand (a+ bi)?, ‘a complex number, vz, has a positive real b Hence, or otherwise, find V0 = 421, giving your answerin part. the form a — i, where @ and b are positive integers. @® Complex conjugation « For any complex number z = a + bi, the SSS complex conjugate of the number is LEED ows: es defined as 2" =a - bi. Given that a write down 2* Ti, b find the value of z+ =* ¢ find the value of 22* 6Complex numbers 2-7)4(247i (2+ 2) 4-7 47h CED Notice that = + 27s real (2 + 71) - 7H + + 141 - 141 - 49% eT +49 =53 CED Notice that ets reat For any complex number z, the product of = and zis a real number. You can use this property to divide two complex numbers. To do this, you multiply both the numerator and the deno deno S44i 2-3 ‘The method used to divide complex numbers is similar to the method used to rationalise a denominator when simplifying surds. ator by the complex conjugate of the ena ei aenTe ator and then simplify the result. in the forma + bi. 544i 544i, 243i 2-31 2-31 243i 84 4il2 + 31) “2-32 + 31 sr 29-3123 wilde areal ume (5 + 42 + 3) = 5(2 + 3+ 2249) b STSILS0@-302+ 3) ibe a reat rumber +3i) = 10+ 151+ 81+ 12% -2 +231 2(2 + 3i) ~ 3i(2 + 31) =446i-Gi-9% =13 Write (2 - 32 + 3) Do not use your calculator in this exercise. 1 Write down the complex conjugate z* for: a c=842i be d 2=V5 +iVv10 2 Find z +2" and 22° fo a 7=6-3i b z=1045i ce z=teqi d z=V3-3iv5 3 Write each of the following in the form a + bi. 3=5i p 345i ae 6-81Chapter 1 in the form x + iy where x,y ER. + iand 25 =3 +i, write each of the following in the form a + bi. 2a +5: ¢ = find in the form a + bi. (2 marks) 7 Simplify S*81 4 S*® giving your answer in the form a+ Bi 8 wa—4— 8-iV2 Express w in the form a + biy2, where a and b are rational numbers. 9 w=1-9i Express ¢ in the form a + bi, where a and are rational numbers. 10 2=4-i2 ‘Use algebra to express 24 in the form p + givZ, where p and g are rational numbers. @®) 11 The complex number = satisfies the equation (4 + 2i)(2 — 2i) = 6 - di. Find , giving your answer in the form a+ bi where a and b are rational numbers. (4 marks) 12. The complex numbers 2; and =) are given by 2) = Fin ~Tiand 2 =2 4 5i where p is an integer. in the form a + bi where a and 6 are rational, and are given in terms of p. (4 marks) © 13 z=\5 +4i. 2*is the complex conjugate of z. Show that = = a + bivS, where a and b are rational numbers to be found. (marks) ®) 14 The complex number z is defined by z= eae peERp>o. Given that the real part of z is 5, 2 a find the value of p (4 marks) b write 2 in the form a + bi, where a and b are real. (1 mark) @ Roots of quadratic equations = For real numbers a, b and c, if the roots of the quadratic equation az* + hz + c= O are non-real complex numbers, then they occur as a conjugate Another way of stating this is that for a real-valued quadratic function f(2) then 2;* is also a root. You can use this fact to find one root if you know the other, or to find the original equation. « If the roots of a quadratic equation are cand @, then you can write the equation (QEELIEMD) Roots of complex-valued polynomials. as (z-a)(z- 8) =0 ‘are often written using Greek letters such as ee (teeas eae «a (alpha), 3 (beta) and 7 (gamma).Complex numbers Given that « = 7 + 2iis one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients, a state the value of the other root, 3 b find the quadratic equation © find the values of «+ J and af and interpret the results. a B=7-2 27 ~ 21) - 217 + 2) + (7 + 27 - 21) acta 14.4 141-4 214244944 2- 142453 = © a4 B=(7 +2) 4(7 ~ 2) 7 +7) + (2+ -2yi=14 The coefficient of z in the above equation is {a + 9). af = (7 + 27 ~ 2) = 49 - 141+ 141 - 4? =4944=53 Tne constant term in the above equation is af. GEzX) 1 The roots of the quadratic equation 2° + 2: + 26=0are a and 9. You can use these to find the quadratic equation quickly. Find: a aandg bats © ag 2 The roots of the quadratic equation ? - 82 + 25=0 are a and 9. Find: a aand bats © 08 © 3 Given that 2 + 31 is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients, a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark) find the quadratic equation, giving your answer in the form 2 + bz + ¢=0 where b and c are real constants. (3 marks) © 4 Given that 5 - iis a root of the equation 2? + pz + q = 0, where p and q are real constants, a write down the other root of the equation, (1 mark) b find the value of p and the value of g. (marks) Given that z, = -5 + 4i is one of the roots of the quadratic equation 27+ bz+¢=0, where b and c are real constants, find the values of b and c. (4 marks) Given that | + 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients, find the equation giving your answer in the form =? + b: + ¢= 0 where band ¢ are integers to be found. (4marks)Chapter 1 @®) 7 Given that 3 — Sis one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients, find the equation giving your answer in the form =? + bz + c= 0 where b and c are real constants. (4 marks) 5 a Find = in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants. (1 mark) Given that z is a complex root of the quadratic equation x? + px + q=0, where p and q are real integers, b find the value of p and the value of g. (4 marks) 9 Given that 2 = 5 + qi isa root of the equation 2 — 4p: + 34 = 0, where p and q are positive real constants, find the value of p and the value of g. (4 marks) @® Solving cubic and quartic equations You can generalise the rule for the roots of quadratic equations to any polynomial with real coefficients. = If f(z) isa polynomial with real 0, CEB iris cat then 2 coefficients, and z, is a root of f(:) then z," is also a root of f(z) =0. You can use this property to find roots of cubic and quartic equations with real coefficients = An equation of the form az? + bz? + ez + d= Ois called a cubic equation, and has three roots. = For a cubic equation with real coefficients, either: Taos ll three roots are real, or 5 r " ‘equation might have two, or three, + one root is real and the other two roots form a eecrae complex conjugate pair. re Given that 1 isa root of the equation 2° - 2 +32 +k =0, a find the value of k b find the other two roots of the equation. Be a Itt is a root, CP - (9 +3 +k -1-1-3+k k b -1 15 a root of the equation, soz + lisa Se factor of =? Use the factor theorem to help: if f(a) =0, then ‘is a root of the polynomial and 2 ~ a isa factor of the polynomial. 10Complex numbers Ga -1 G-1P-145 14420 c-1R=-4 So the other two roots of the equation are 1+ 2iand 1 ~ 21 = An equation of the form az! + bz? + cz? + dz + e = Ois called a quartic equation, and has four roots. ™ Fora quartic equation with real coefficients, either: eee all four roots are real, or Quartic equation might have + two roots are real and the other two roots forma repeated real roots or repeated complex conjugate pair, or complex roots. + two roots form a complex conjugate pair and the other two roots also form a complex conjugate pair. Given that 3 + iis a root of the quartic equation 2x4 ~ 3:* - 392? + 1202 - 50 = 0, solve the equation completely. Another root is 3 — So (e-(3 + Me of 2x4 — 392? + 1202 e-(3+Ne-3 - 23-1) -23 ++ 403-0 = 62410 ~ 62 + 10 is a factor of 1Oy(az? + bz + ¢) Consider The only 24 term in the expansion is 2? x az? 50 a = 2. (2 ~ Gr + 10/222 + bz += = 392? + 1202-50 eee Consider ~323: The 2? terms in the expansion are 22 x bz and ~Gz x 222, Its possible to factorise a polynomial without using a formal algebraic method. Here, the polynomial i factorised by 50 (22 ~ Gz + 10)(222 + 9: + ¢) = 2x4 ~ 329 ~ 3922 + 1202 ~ 50 ‘inspection’. By considering each term of the quartic separately, It is possible to work out the missing coefficients. 1Chapter 1 Consider -50: The only constant term in the expansion is 10 x ¢, s0¢ = 3922 #1202 - 50 = (22 ~ Gz + 10)(222 + Solving 2:2 + 9: - 5 =O: (22-45) = So the roots of 2:4 - 325 - 39z* + 1202 - 50 =O are 4-5, 3-41and 3 - Show that 2? + 4 is a factor of 24 — 2c) + 212? - 82 + 68. Hence solve the equation 4 - 225 + 21? - 8: + 68 = 0. Using long divisiox So zt ~ 223 + 2122 - =0 Either 2? +4 =O or z?-22+17=0 Solving =? + 4 =O: zo 25 #2i Solving =? — 2: +17 = 0: - 1 +16=0 G-1P =-16 224i 1 4i CEE 01 conte use your So the roots of x4 — 22° + 212" — 8: + 6B =O are calculator to solve 21,14 4i and 1 41 2-22 +17 =0. However, you should still write down the equation you are solving, and both roots. 12ex) ®1 ®2 f 622 + 212-26 a. Show that f(2) = 0. b Hence solve f( M2) = 223 + 52+ 92-6 a Show that f{} b Hence write f(2) in the form (22 ~ 1)(2? + bz + ¢), where 6 and c are real constants to be found. € Use algebra to solve f(2) = 0 completely. O completely. Given that z = 3 is a root of the equation g(2) = 0, solve g(z) = 0 completely. 34 do? — 152-68 Given that z = ~4 + iis a solution to the equation p(z) = 0, ‘a show that 2? + 82 + 17 isa factor of p(z). b Hence solve p(z) = 0 completely. Ne) = 29 + 92? + 332 +25 Given that f() 1)(2? + az +b), where a and b are real constants, a find the value of a and the value of b find the three roots of f(<) = 0 € find the sum of the three roots of f(2) = 0. g(2) = 23 - 122? 4 ez +d =0, where cde R. Given that 6 and 3 + i are roots of the equation g(<) = 0, a write down the other complex root of the equation D find the value of c and the value of d. h(e) = 2254 32243241 Given that 2: + 1 is a factor of h(), find the three roots of by Ne) = 29 ~ 622 + 282+ ke Given that £(2) = 0, a find the value of & b find the other two roots of the equation. Find the four roots of the equation 24-16 = 0. f= 1223 + 312? + 1082 - 360 a. Write f(z) in the form (2? ~ 9)(2? + bz + ¢), where b and e are real constants to be found. b_ Hence find all the solutions to f(z) = 0. Complex numbers (1 mark) (3 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks) (2 marks) (4marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks) (1 mark) (1 mark) (4marks) (4 marks) (1 mark) (4 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) 13Chapter 1 @® 1 eG)=244 223-27 + 382 + 130 Given that g(2 + 3i) = 0, find all the roots of g(z) = 0. 12 fiz) 1023 + 712? + Qz + 442, where Qs a real constant. Given that z = 2 — 31 is a root of the equation f(z) = 0, a show that =? ~ 6: + 34 isa factor of fiz) b find the value of @ ¢ solve completely the equation f(=) Three of the roots of the equation 2° + be! + e=? + d2+e=+f=0, where b, od. fe R, are =?, ?i and 1 4i Find the values afb, od. and Mixed exercise @) 1 Given that 2; = 8 ~ 3i and 2, =—2 + 4i, find, in the form a + bi, where a, b € R: a2tz b 3x © 62-2 GB) 2 The equation 2 + bz + 14 = 0, where b € RR has no real roots. Find the range of possible values of b. 3 The solutions to the quadratic equation 2? ~ 62 + 12 = 0 are 2, and zy. Find z, and 2», giving each answer in the form a + iv. By using the binomial expansion, or otherwise, show that (1 + 2i)° = 41 — 381. (2) = 27-62 +10 Show that z 3 + iis solution to f(z) = 0. 442i2.=-34i Express, in the form a + bi, where a, b € R: az bz e (7-217 2 in the form x + iy where x, y ER. = 3+, find z in the form a + bi, where a, bE R. 4 (4 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks)Complex numbers Given that z =a + bi, show that (4 marks) The complex number = is defined Given that the real part of zis 7s, a find the possible values of q (4marks) b write the possible values of = in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants. (1 mark) + iy, find the value of x and the value of y such that 2 + 4iz* =-3 + 18i where <* is the complex conjugate of 2. (S marks) in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants. +3i ©) 14 The complex number zis given by = = i i Nore gis an integer Express = in the form a + bi where a and 6 are rational and are given in terms of g._ (4marks) © 15 Given that 6 — 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients, a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark) b find the quadratic equation, giving your answer in the form 2° + bz + ¢= 0 where b and c are real constants. (2 marks) Given that z = 4 ~ ki isa root of the equation 2? ~ 2mz + $2 = 0, where k and m are positive real constants, find the value of & and the value of mn. (4marks) h(z)= 23 112420 Given that 2 + i is a root of the equation 0, solve h(2) = 0 completely. (4 marks) fe) = 23 + 62420 Given that {(1 + 3i) = 0, solve f(z) = 0 completely. (4marks) fas 4 32+ ke +48 KER Given that [(4i) = 0, a find the value of & (2 marks) b find the other two roots of the equation. (Bmarks) © 20 fie) = 24-23-1627 - 742-60 a Write f(2) in the form (2? ~ 5z~ 6)(2? + bz + c), where b and ¢ are real constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence find all the solutions to (3 marks) (2) = 24 ~ 625 + 192 — 362 + 78 Given that g(3 ~ 2i) = 0, find all the roots of g(z) = 0. (4marks) 2) 223 —Se2 + po +24 Given that (4) = 0, a find the value of p (1 mark) b solve completely the equation fz) = 0. (S marks) 15Chapter 1 Cars ‘a Explain why a cubic equation with real coefficients cannot have 2 repeated non-real root b By means of an example, show that a quartic equation with real coefficients can have a repeated non-real root. Penne 1 i=/-T and? 2 An imaginary number a number of the form Bi, where b € R. 3 Acomplex number is written in the form a+ bi, where a, bE R. 4 Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting their real parts and adding or subtracting their imaginary parts. 5 You can multiply a real number by a complex number by multiplying out the brackets in the usual way. 6 IF? — 4ac <0 then the quadratic equation ax? + bx + c= 0 has two distinct complex roots, neither of which is real. 7 For any complex number 2 = ztsanbi. + bi, the complex conjugate of the number is defined as 8 For real numbers a, b and c, if the roots of the quadratic equation az? + bz + c= 0 are non-real ‘complex numbers, then they occur as a conjugate pair. 9 If the roots of a quadratic equation are a and 9, then you can write the equation as (z-a)(z- 9) =O0r?-(a+ Az +af=0. 10 If f(2) is a polynomial with real coefficients, and z; is a root of f(z) = 0, then z:*is also a root of fe) =0. 11 An equation of the form az? + bz? + cz + d= (is called a cubic equation, and has three roots. For a cubic equation with real coefficients, either: + all three roots are real, or * one root is real and the other two roots form a complex conjugate pair. 12. An equation of the form az! + bz? + cz? + dz + e = Ois called a quartic equation, and has four roots. For a quartic equation with real coefficients, either: + all four roots are real, or + two roots are real and the other two roots form a complex conjugate pair, or + two roots form a complex conjugate pair and the other two roots also form a complex conjugate pair. 16‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: @ Show complex numbers on an Argand diagram > pages 18-19 @ Find the modulus and argument of a complex number, > pages 20-23 Write a complex number in modulus-argument form ~ pages 23-28 Represent loci on an Argand diagram > pages 28-36 Represent regions on an Argand diagram > pages 36-38 1 Write down an equation of a circle with centre (~3, 6) and radius 5. + Pure Year 1, Chapter 6 3—i, find in the Given 2, = 6 + 3iand form a+ bi: aq be. «Section 1.2 For the triangle shown, find the values of: ax bo reem| x Complex numbers can be used to model electromagnetic waves. Rosalind Franklin helped discover DNA by using complex numbers to analyse the diffraction patterns of Xcrays passing through crystals of DNA. © GCSE Mathematics ( 4 Find the solutions of the quadratic equation =? 82424=0. «Section 1.4 ZChapter 2 @ Argand diagrams m= You can represent complex numbers on an Argand diagram. The x-axis on an Argand diagram is called the real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis. The complex number z = x + iy is represented on the diagram by the point P(x, y), where x and y are Cartesian coordinates. Example (1) Show the complex numbers —44i,22= 24 3iand 25 2-3ion an Argand diagram. The real part of each number describes its horizontal position, and the imaginary part describes its vertical position. For example, 4 +i has real part ~4 and imaginary part 1 Note that =, and 2s are complex conjugates. On ‘an Argand diagram, complex conjugate pairs are symmetrical about the real axis. € Section 1.3, Complex numbers can also be represented as vectors on the Argend diagram. = The complex number z =x can be represented as the vector (3) on an Argand diagram. You can add or subtract complex numbers on an Argand diagram by adding or subtracting their corresponding vectors. Gx) +iand 2,=3+ 31, Show 2, 2 and 2, + 2) on an Argand diagram. +4i ‘The vector representing =; + =; is the diagonal of the parallelogram with vertices at O, z, and =. You can use vector addition to find 2, + z.: ()+G)-() o Re 24 Siand 2» =4 +2i, Show z), zx and 2; ~ 2» on an Argand diagram. 18Argand diagrams (2-4) +(6 - 2) =-24 31 The vector corresponding to =, is (3). sothe vector corresponding to —=is (el The vector representing = ~ =, s the diagonal of. the parallelogram with vertices at O, = and —=, ELDD rire ating and sttscing Co? ‘complex numbers on an Argand diagram using GeoGebra. Bees 1 Show these numbers on an Argand diagram. a 742i b 5-4 © -6- d -2+5i e 3i £ \2+2i g h-4 2.2,=11 4 2iand z,=2+4i. Show =,, =, and z; +z, onan Argand diagram -3 + Gi and z) =8 -i, Show 2, zy and 2 + 2, on an Argand diagram. =84diand z,= 647i. Show find the values of a and b =p + qi, 22=9 ~ Siand 2,=~8 + Si where p, q € Z. Given that find the values of p and g b show =1, 2» and z; on an Argand diagram, ®7 2— 62+ 10=0are z, and © 8 The solutions to the quadratic equatio: a Find 2; and =, giving your answers in the form p + gi, where p and q are integers. (3 marks) b Show, on an Argand diagram, the points representing the complex numbers =; and 2». (2 marks) 9 fz) = 224 - 192 + 642 - 60 a Show that f)3) (1 mark) b Use algebra to solve f(z) = 0 completely. (4 marks) ¢ Show all three solutions on an Argand diagram. (2 marks) Ce DB) there willbe 6 cistinct roots in total. a Find all the solutions to the equation 2° = 1. Write 2¢= 1 as (2? — 1)(c? + 1) = 0, then find three b Show each solution on an Argand diagram. distinct roots of =? — 1 = 0 and three distinct ‘€ Show that each solution lies on a circle with ea centre (0,0) and radius 1 19Chapter 2 @ Modulus and argument The modulus or absolute value of a complex number is the magnitude of its corresponding vector. = The modulus of a complex number, |z|, the distance from the origin to that CED The modulus of the complex number number on an Argand diagram. For a is written as r, [el or jx + iy complex number z = x + iy, the modulus is given by |< The argument of a complex number is the angle its corresponding vector makes with the positive real axis. = The argument of a complex number, argz. QUEL EED the argument of the complex is the angle between the positive real axis umber = is written as arg =, Its usually given in and the line joining that number to the radians, where origin on an Argand diagram, measured in + 2m radians = 360° an anticlockwise direction. For a complex +m radians = 180° ‘ Pure Year 2, Section 5.1. number z = x + iy, the argument, 6, satisfies tan =” x4ly The argument @ of any complex number is usually given in the range ~ < 0 < x. This is sometimes referred to as the principal argument. Re a the modulus of 2 b the argument of 2, giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. ‘Sketch the Argand diagram, showing the position of the number. Modulus: |2| = |2 + 7i| = (22+ 53 b Argument: tana=% a= 1.2924... radians ang = = 129 radians (2 dp) 20Argand diagrams If z does not lie in the first quadrant, you can use the Argand diagram to help you find its argument. = Let ax be the positive acute angle made with the real axis by the line joining the origin and z. ‘+ Ifz lies in the first quadrant then arg <= + Ifzlies in the second quadrant then arg z =x - a. + Ifzlies in the third quadrant then arg ¢ = —(7 - a). + If zlies in the fourth quadrant then arg z a the modulus of 2 b the argument of 2, giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. ‘Sketch the Argand diagram, showing the position of the number. Modulus: |2| = |-4 1] = Cae CHF M7 b Argument: tana =i a= O2A49.. rats oegz= tn 02449) nie mde BF. 7290 radia Here = isin the third quadrant, so the required argument is ~(« ~ a). (24g) ees 1 For cach of the following complex numbers, i find the modulus, writing your answer in surd form if QED in parte tne necessary complex number is in the ii find the argument, writing your answer in radians to peer eee 2 decimal places. argument will be x— a. aca 12+5i In part d, the complex i number isin the fourth quadrant, so the argument g will be ~a. 2 For each of the following complex numbers, i find the modulus, writing your answer in surd form ii find the argument, writing your answer in terms of =. a 242i b 545i © 646i d -a-ai,aeR 21Chapter 2 40 — 91 a Show z onan Argand diagram, (1 mark) b Calculate argz, giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) © 4 2=344i a Show that =? = -7 + 24i (2 marks) Find, showing your working: bk (2marks) € arg (2%), giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) Show z and 2? on an Argand diagram. (1 mark) © § The complex numbers =, and =, are given hy +, =4-+ 6i and Find, showing your working: (3 marks) (2 marks) giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) 6 The complex numbers 2, and z) are such that z) = 3 + 2pi and —i where p is a real constant. a Find 2p in the form a + bi, giving the real numbers a and b in terms of p. (3 marks) Given that arg 2, = tan”! 5, b find the value of p (2 marks) © find the value of |=3] (2 marks) na single Argand diagram. (2 marks) a zinthe forma +ib wherea, bE R (2 marks) in the form a + ib where a,b ER (2 marks) (2 marks) arg (2), giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) =a+ biwhere a, bER. (2 marks) (4 marks) © the values of a and b (3 marks) 4d argw, giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) 22Argand diagrams 9 The complex number w is given by w = 6 + 3i. Find: a [wl (1 mark) b argw, giving your answer in radians to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) Given that arg(2 + i+w) == where 2is a real constant, find the value of 2 (@ marks) (1 mark) (4. marks) ¢ arg, arg (2*) and arg, giving your answers in terms of 7. (marks) where k is a real 11. The complex mnmbers wand *are given hy w=k+iand == 445 find the exact value of k. (6 marks) 12. The complex numbers w and 2 are defined such that argw = 75, w|=5 and ar Given that arg(w + 2) =, find the value of [z|. (4 marks) @® Modulus-argument form of complex numbers You can write any complex number in terms of its modulus and argument. = Fora complex number z with |z| = 1 and arg: = 0, the modulus-argument form of zis (cos + isin 0) By sip From the right-angled triangle, x = rcos@ and y=rsin8. {C088 + isind) cos f+ irsin! xtiy This formula works for a complex number in any quadrant of the Argand diagram. ‘The argument, 6, is usually given in the range — <0 = z, although the formula Re works for any value of # measured anticlockwise from the positive real axis. Expres: V3 +i in the form r(cos@ + isin@), where —7 < 0 = 7. ‘Sketch the Argand diagram, showing the position of the number. Here z is in the second quadrant, so the required pargienterno. mB x Ore & LL end rand 4, (Beet =va=2 arte) Thevtre = 2{cos E+ O=arg Apply = =(cos0 + isind). 23Chapter 2 Express 2 in the form r(cos@ + isin®), where -7 <6 = 7. Sketch the Argand diagram, showing the position of the number. Here = isin the third quadrant, so the required ‘argument is ~(« ~ a) rae Find » and 0. =a, Therefore, it )) —— Apply z= r(cos0 + ising). 1 Express the following in the form r(cos@ + i sind), where —z < 0 = =. Give the exact values of r and 6 where possible, or values to 2 decimal places otherwise. a 242i b 3i ce 344i d 1-V3i e -2-5i f -20 g 7-241 h -5+5i 2. Express these in the form r(cos@ + i sind), giving exact values of rand @ where possible, or values to two decimal places otherwise. 3 Lsi a eit 14h3 1 3. Express the following in the form x + iy, where x, y ER maak 1k ca Sm. Sm a 5(cos5 + isin5) b 3(cos§ + ising) c 6e0s Gt ising 2n Bleos( x Trg Te 4 3(cos(-% © 2/2(c0s(—F) +isin(—Z)) ~a{cos 7 + isin) 2m) inf 22 ; © 4 a Express the complex number (cos =) + isin(?2)) in the form x +iy, where x,y € R. (2 marks) b Show the complex number z on an Argand diagram, (mark) © 5 The complex number z is such that [z| = 7 and argz = in. Find z in the form p + qi, where p and q are exact real numbers to be found. (3 marks) © 6 The complex number = is such that [2| = 5 and arg= a Find z in the form a + bi, Where a and b are exact real numbers to be found. (3 marks) 24Argand diagrams You can use the following rules to multiply complex numbers quickly when they are given in modulus-argument form, = For any two complex numbers z, and za, @ You multiply the moduli and + keazel= allel add the arguments + arg(z,7z,) =arg z, + arg Zz, To prove these results, consider =, and in modulus-argument form: (C050; + isind,) and z= re(cos0; + isind;) Multiplying these numbers together, you get (C050, + isind,) x r(cos 0, + isin.) (e080, + isin0;)(cos0, + ising) The last step of this working ‘makes use of the trigonometric addition formulae: 1rs(e0s 0,080, + icos0, sind, +isin0,cos0;— sind sind) __sin(4 B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB = ryr{(c0s,c0s8, — sinB, sind.) + isind,cos0, +.cos6,sing) COSA + B) = cos cosB + sinAsin © Pure Year?2, Section 7:1 17050, COS, + icos8, sind, + isinA, cosé, + sind, sind) = ryr{cos(O, + 0.) + isin(®, + 8) This complex number is in modulus-argument form, with modulus ry’, and argument 0, +6, as required You can derive similar results for dividing two complex numbers given in modulus-argument form. = For any two complex numbers z, and z, 5 ee EBD sow civide the modu and zal = [zal subtract the arguments. a eS!) = arg zs - are ze To prove these results, again consider 2, and z, in modulus-argument form: 17(C080, + isin&,) and ze = re(cos6, + isind.) EETEED Explore multiplying and dividing C? . ‘complex numbers on an Argand diagram Dividing =, by =, you get using GeoGebra, 21 _ri(coss + ra(cosO, + i _ ry(c0s 0, + sind) 72(C0S 8, + isin 82) in, cos, — sind, sin) CELL The last step of this 1(C0S0;COS0> — icosd sind; + 7(C080,c050, — 1c050,5ind; + 1sind,cos0, —sind,sind,) working makes use of the trigonometric addition formulae 7((€050, cos@, + sind, sind) + i(Gin®, cos, —cos®,siN®.)) together with the identity r,(C05°0, + Sin®0,) sin?0+ cos 0=1 ‘Pure Year 1, Section 10.3 "cos( = 0) +isin(@, 6) This complex number is in modulus-argument form, with modulus and argument 6, - 6,, as required. 25Chapter 2 sx inthe form: i (cos + isind) 2 leon +isin6) ii cos 5 270 pee! 21 = (cos 7g + isin Band n= seos = ~isin 2) > in the form x + iy. Express 2 2 = r1c0s6 + \sind): CES =» is not initially given in ‘modulus-argument form. Rewrite zz in the form z = cos 2 and sin( -2* = cos 2 ands -2 (coo(-) +9(-) (cos + isin) wsleol5- -<+(4) 26Argand diagrams ¥2| cos 5 + ising 12 in the form x +iy. Both numbers are in modulus argument form, so you can divide the moduli and subtract the arguments. + sn -%)) — Simpy a) aan Apply cos( 2) =5and ay aces 1 For each given z, and i bead w fcoe3E + sin b 2,=12(c0s5 +isin§), 3 3 iven =, = Scns + isin =} anc an 2 Given >) = (eos =) and A argument of: a 71% e2 3. Express the following in the form x + iy: A a 3m | sein 3 Vong 8 « icin 8 2 3m isin3™\(cos8® 4 isin 8%) a (cos20 + isin 20)(c0830 + isin30) b (cos f+ isin gt) (cos $F + isin $F) © 3(cos z+ ising) x2(costy+isinyy) — d 6(cos 5 — isin) x /3(cos5 + isin) 3 Sm) Moe S® icin 5 e 4cos% — isin 3) x H{eos 55 — isin " GED Fist make sure both © mye m if. an numbers are in modulus~ £ 6fcos fh + isin) x 5(cos} + isin) x 5(cos% + isinZ) argument form, ‘si «i ® ian mam g (cos40 + isin40)(cos@ — isin?) h 3(cos 5 + ising x2 (cos sin) 27Chapter 2 4. Express the following in the form x + iy ¥2(cos® + isin) 3(cos5 + isin$) cos 50 + isin 58 b AS 2 2. @ 3 3 cos 20 — isin20 cos20 + isin20 ( Sr gig St) | oor +iin30 4 cos? + isin 6 6 © 5 2=-94 3d a Express = in the form r(cos0 + ising), 7 <0 <= (@ marks) D_Given that jw] = v3 and argw & expres in the form r(cos@ + isin), iw ii cw i 2 (4 marks) Cmts By writing == 1 + \/7 in modulus-argument form, show that a =k b =p: ‘where k and p are real constants to be found. Show 2,27 and on an Argand diagram and describe the geometrical relationship between them, @ Loci in the Argand diagram ‘Complex numbers can be used to represent a locus of points on an Argand diagram. = For two complex numbers z1 = x; + iy; and zp=12+ip2 [e2-al represents the distance between the points z, and <2 on an Argand diagram. Using the above result, you can replace =, with the general point = The locus of points described by |2 (xy, 34) and radius r Re @ risa circle with centre Locus of points. Every point z, on the circumference of the circle, is a distance of r from the centre of the circle. Re © Given z, =.x, + iy, the locus of point z on an Argand diagram such that orfz= (x, + iyy))=0 is a circle with centre (x,, y,) and radius r. ale" You can derive a Cartesian form of the equation of a circle from this form by squaring both sides: circle with centre (a, 6) and radius r Since |p + gil = yp? + q? is (Qx- a? +(y- bP =r? Pure Year 1, Section 6.2 I-23) +i0- yd] (=m)? + yi) 28Argand diagrams The locus of points that are an equal distance from two different points =, and z is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the two points. Im Locus of points. Every point = on the line is an equal distance from points =, and =, ELD cviocticioasatanen CP i |, using GeoGebra. = Given z, = x, +iy, and z, = x, + iy. the locus of points z on an Argand diagram such that Iz - <4] = [s~ ze is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining z, and zz. Given that = satisfies |: - 4] = 5, a. sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram. by Find the values of = that satisfy: a = 41=5 a ciel with conte (4, ¢) —-— k= (+1) =r is epresented by acl with and radius 5. centre (xy, ¥3) and radius 1 ‘Sketch a circle with centre (4,0) and radius § on [| an Argand diagram. bi ime) O represents the real avis, Centre of circle is (4,0) and radius is 5. The points where the circle cuts the ———— So consider 4 +5=9 and 4~5=-1 real axis are (-1, 0) and (9, O). The vals of 2 at these points are CREED ive your answers as complex ctand z= 9. numbers, not as coordinates. 29Chapter 2 fb -4|=5 > &- 4 + y? = 5? (0-4 +)? = 5% ——5 1643? =25 wees yess The points where the circle cuts the real axis are (O, 3) and (0, -3). Bi and 2 = 31 The values of z are eeu A complex number = is represented by the point P in the Argand diagram. Given that |e - 5 -3i]=3, a sketch the locus of P b find the Cartesian equation of this locus ¢ find the maximum value of argz in the interval (—z, 7). b The Cartesian equation of the locus is (-5F+y- 3? =9 Geieueen ‘When solving geometrical problems like this, ‘one, it is helpful to draw an Argand diagram. The ‘maximum value of arg(=) occurs when the line between the origin and Pisa tangent to the circle. ircle properti tri CArgand diagrams Given that the complex number = = x + iy satisfies the equation |: ~ 12 — Sil = 3, find the minimum value of |z| and maximum value of |e). =13+3=16 | Is 10 and the maximum value of | Given that Iz - 3] +il, a sketch the locus of 2 and find the Cartesian equation of this locus b find the least possible value of [2 lly? = 3] = Iz 4 il is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points (3, O) and (0, =). The gradient of the line joining (0, ~1) and B.O)i5 5 So, the gradient of the perpendicular bisector is ~3. The midpoint of the line joining (0, -1) and Sees You could also square both sides of Ixtiy-3]=[x+iv +i] I(x-3) +i =[x +i + 0] (eS + y2ax2t (yt 2 -Ox494 Patsy ays “Bxth 31Chapter 2 Geieuen The minimum distance is the perpendicular distance from O to the perpendicular bisector. ____ The line is parallel to the line joining (0,1) and 6.0. b The qradiont of the fine labelled dn i$ r The line paces threngh the origin The equation of this line is y = bx oP 3 Find the point where this line intersects the perpendicular bisector. Solve to find.x and substitute into y = 4.x to find y: Use Pythagoras’ theorem. Locus questions can also make use of the geometric property of the argument. m Given z, =x, + iy, the locus of points z ane Se = ate “ Boe e a ae sianE extending from a point infinitely in one direction -a= z m, but only. including, the fixed point z, making an angle with a line from the fixed point z, parallel to the real axis. EHUD svrirettetoasorsyvien CP arge— 2) =0, using GeoGebra. You can find the Cartesian equation of the hali-line corresponding to argc — how the argument is calculated: arg(e- 2) =0 arg ((x-x4) +i (y- yy) =0 i dis fixed angle so tan 0 is a constant. = tang ——_____] ‘This is the equation of a straight line with gradient xj) tan passing through the point (x,y Oby considering yoy, = tandlx 32Argand diagrams Given that arg(= +3 + 2i) = %, a sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram b find the Cartesian equation of the locus © find the complex number = that satisfies both [z + 3 + 2il = 10 and arg(z +3 +21) b argc + 3 + 29 angi +iy +3 +29 arqllx + 3) + iy + 2) . ms ns _ = Hence the Cartesian eqpation ofthe lous 25,4 <-3 “The locus isthe half-line so you need to give a suitable range of values for x. (3, -2) and radius 10. sate ino GC ED An alternative algebraic cones ‘approach would be to substitute the equation for 3-5 V2) 4-2 + 5y2) the hatfline, y into the equation of the ad Circle, (e+ 3)2+ (y+ 2)2= 102 and then solve for x and y. You would need to choose the solution which lies on the correct ha line. 33Chapter 2 aes © 1 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of = when: You may choose a a k{=6 b El=10 ‘geometric oran algebraic 2 i= —4il= approach to answer these aes eA questions. g e-1-iJ=5 hs+3+dij=4 i [s-S+6i]=5 2 Given that = satisfies |z - 5 - 4i] = 8, a sketch the locus of = on an Argand diagram D find the exact values of = that satisfy: i both |z 5-41] =8 and Re(z) ii both [z — 9 — 41] =¥ and Im(z) = 0 ® 3 Acomplex number 2 is represented by the point P on the Argand diagrgyn. Given that |r - 5 + Ti] = 5, oP we a sketch the locus of P wtp, |e, b find the Cartesian equation of this locus mm ie hw ¢ find the maximum value of argz in the interval (~ v 4 Onan Argand diagram the point P represents the complex number =. Given that |: - 4 = 3i| = 8, a find the Cartesian equation for the locus of P| (2 marks) b sketch the locus of P (2 marks) © find the maximum and minimum values of |2| for points on this locus. (2 marks) 5 The point P represents a complex number z on an Argand diagram. Given that |z +2 - 2V3i] =2 a sketch the locus of Pon an Argand diagram (2 marks) b write down the minimum value of arg= (2 marks) ¢ find the maximum value of argz. (2 marks) 6 Sketch the locus of = and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of = when: bit a [43il f [e+4+il= h p+4-2i] 34Argand diagrams 7 @® 8 10 @®u @&® 2 @& 3 Given that |= — 3] sketch the locus of = (3 marks) b find the exact least possible value of |. (4 marks) Given that |z +3 + 3i] =|z- 9 - Sif, a sketch the locus o| (3 marks) b find the Cartesian equation of this locus (3 marks) ¢ find the exact least possible value of |. (3 marks) ‘Sketch the locus of 2 and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of 2 when: al b |si-|=4 © B=2i Sketch the locus of z when: a argz=5 es) d@ arg(: +2 +21 g arg(z— 143i Given that z satisfies a. sketch the locus of b find |z| that satisfies both |e + 2i] = 3 and arg z= Given that the complex number - satisfies the equation |2 + 6 + 6i| = 4. a find the exact maximum and minimum value of [2] (3 marks) b find the range of values for 0, 7 < 0 2 e+ e-1] dd +6l>[2+2+8i e2<[:<3 flekedje4 g 3<[z-345i]<5 2 The region R in an Argand diagram is satisfied by the inequalities |z| < 5 and |z| < |: - 6il. ‘Draw an Argand diagram and shade in the region R. (6 marks) 3 The complex number - is represented by a point P on an Argand diagram. Given that |z + 1 - i] < 1 and 0 < arg < %, shade the locus of P. (6 marks) @®) 4 Shade on an Argand diagram the region satisfied by {cec b=3) of ec F sare +3) <7} (6 marks) Sa Sketch on the same Argand diagram: the locus of points representing (2 marks) the locus of points representing argt (2 marks) iii the locus of points representing arg(= ~ 4 — 2i) (2 marks) b Shade on an Argand diagram the set of points {2eC: 2-2) <- 6-81} n{zeC:0 0, -7 <0 x, giving r and 6 as exact values. 40 (4 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (i mark) (2 marks) (i mark) (2 marks) (3 marks)Argand diagrams @ w @ wv G®) 18 &® 19 @ 2 The point P represents a complex number z in an Argand diagram. Given that |e +1 -iJ=1, a find a Cartesian equation for the locus of P (2 marks) b sketch the locus of P on an Argand diagram (2 marks) € find the greatest and least possible values of |z| (2:marks) d find the greatest and least possible values of (2marks) Given that arg(= =7 a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which represents z on an Argand diagram b find the minimum value of [:| for points on this locus. ‘The complex number z satisfies |z + 3 — 6i] = 3. Show that the exact maximum value of arg. in the interval (~, 7) is = +2 aresin( 5) (4 marks) ‘A complex number is represented by the point P on the Argand diagram. Given that |z - 5|= 4, a sketch the locus of P. (2 marks) b Find the complex numbers that satisfy both |z ~ 5|=4 and arg(e + 31 giving your answers in radians to 2 decimal places. (marks) ¢ Given that arg(z + 5) = # and | have no common solutions, find the range of possible values of 8, - <0 |e - 1 ~ i] and |z - 2] < 2/2. ¢ Show the region R on an Argand diagram. (4 marks) The complex number = satisfies arg(= — 3 + 3i The complex number wis such that wr ~ 2] =3. a b ‘Sketch the focus of State the exact minimum value of jw 4aChapter 2 Summary of key points 1. You can represent complex numbers on an Argand diagram. The x-axis on an Argand diagram is called the real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis. The complex number z = x + ip is represented on the diagram by the point P(x, »), where x and y are Cartesian coordinates. 2 The complex number = x + iy can be represented as the vector (;,) on an Argand diagram. 3 The modulus of a complex number, [zis the distance from the origin to that number on an Argand diagram. For a complex number 2 = x + iy, the modulus is given by z| = yx? 4 The argument of a complex number, arg =, is the angle between the positive real axis and the line joining that number to the origin on an Argand diagram. For a complex number + iy, the argument, 4, satisfies tand =~ Bi 5 Let a be the positive acute angle made with the real axis by the line joining the origin and z. + IFzliesin the first quadrant then arg: + IF zliesin the second quadrant then argz + IFzliesin the third quadrant then argz + IF lies in the fourth quadrant then arg, na. 6 Fora complex number z with [x (cos0 + isin®) rand argz = 0, the modulus-argument form of zis 7 For any two complex numbers z, and z,, arg z,— arg zp 8 Fortwo complex numbers =; =x; + iy and z, = x» + iy, [zp — =| represents the distance between the points 2, and z, on an Argand diagram, 9 Given =; = x; + ips, the locus of points z on an Argand diagram such that |= = le= (x1 + iy) =2, isa circle with centre (x, yy) and radius r 10 Given 2; = x; + iyy and 22 = x2 + iva, the locus of points z on an Argand diagram such that is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining =, and =>. x; + iy, the locus of points = on an Argand diagram such that arg half-line from, but not including, the fixed point =, making an angle @ with a line from the fixed point z, parallel to the real axis. 42Series c= ‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Use standard results for > 1 and > r > pages 44-47 © Use standard results for 02 and 0? > pages 47-51 a Eas ‘© Evaluate and simplify series of the form )- f(r), where f(r) is linear, quadratic or cubic > pages 4-51 a > = ee a Factorise: The Greek letter ¥ is used in mathematics een) berares to represent a sum. For example, the 1 © axteIx4$6 ‘Pure Year 1, Chapter 1 infinite series 3+ J, canbe Simplify each expression by writing it as the written as product of two factors: th ae is notation was first introduced by the ope kagp ni Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, who b dk+ 1)? +k (k +1) also proved that this infinite sum is © K22k=1) + 10k-5 Pure Year 1, Chapter 1 A equal to 43Chapter 3 -\ @ Sums of natural numbers You can use sigma notation to write series clearly and concisely. For example: «Dp A series is the sum of the 3s . ‘terms in a sequence. YMor=1) = (10x 1-1) + (10x2-1) + (10x3- 1) Re vae reer stsections =9+19+29=57 e243 ene cE ‘The numbers below and above the ¥ tell you which value of r to begin at, and which, = To find the sum of a series of constant value to end at. You go up in increments of 1 each terms you can use the formula ya time. Tee ten = The formula for the sum of the first 1 natural numbers is Sor=3n(n+ 1). Mos AF hanes z ne 4 ~ Evaluate: a }°(2r-1) byr 5 7 ee re — ieee +2@x3-)+@x4-1) S1HB4547 =16 Site son fired, ecu 6 Sones 1275 -1% 20% 21 Lera21422+23 +... +49+50 ~ = 1275 - 210 = 1065 Find the sum of the natural numbers up to 50, then subtract the sum of the natural numbers up 1020. To find the sum of a series that does not You need to subtract the sum up to start at r=1, use Efe Safty — She. ka not A 442w. Show that 3° r=2N?-N-10,N>3. = 3x (2N-W@N-1)+1)-3% 4x5 x (2N ~ )]2N) — 10 = 4x (4N? - 2N)-10 2N?- N-10 You can rearrange expressions involving sigma notation. This allows you to evaluate the sums of more complicated series. = AFG) =k SH = Sf) + gt) = SoA + at Evaluate © @r+ 1) ms a. a a] LGren=3br+ Lt x bx 25 x 26 +25 = 975 + 25 = 1000 -1). i Fincsendonde SEA, 0 nn ~ 1) 32 (7-4) - or — 4) aad — eer = 6725 ~ 1254 45Chapter 3 13 1 Evaluat 3 a o» a SQr+l) bdr © d Sr a AA At a 2 tw e Dr ter g Dr hb }or+ YS r,02. (3 marks) © 5 Show that x }(n+ 2030 - 1),n = 1 (S marks) 6 a Show that > n(n? = 1). a b Hence evaluate )> ap Use your result from part a. 7 Calculate the sum of each series: 3 0, 6 a DGr-1) b YQ-7 © LO+2" 8 Show that: * an a )Gr+2)=5nGn+7) b Y(5r—4)=n(10n- 3) ra ma © Sars d= 4210+) 4 S4r+5)=Cn+ 1-2) a co) G®) 9 a Show that der = 5) = 2k? - 3k. ( marks) b Find the sales value of k for which Sar 5) > 4850. (4 marks) Ai @w Given that f(r) = ar + b and $0) = Sa(7i + 1), find the constants « and b, (5 marks) a el © 11 a Show that © Gr + 1) =24n?-2n- In = 1. (marks) iy b Hence calculate }> (3r + 1). (2 marks) fi ee © 12 a Show that Y (4-51) =k + (Sk + 1), k > 0. (S marks) fe 35 b Hence evaluate)” (4 ~ 5). (2 marks) rhs © Find the value of > (Sr 4). (mark) mi 46® (8)civen that }>f(r) =n? + 4n, deduce an expression for f(r) in terms of r. fa (is) r) = ar + b, where a and b are rational constants. A “ Given that 3° fr) = 36 and >> f(v) = 78, it a find an expression for °f(r) (6 marks) Fi 0 b hence calculate >” f(r), (2 marks) mi Cars Given that 5” (12 2r) =0, hind the value of n. (3.2) ‘Sums of squares and cubes The expression for 1 is linear, and the expression for > r is quadratic. Similarly, you can find a mi fi cubic expression for the sum of the squares of the first 1 natural numbers, and a quartic expression for the sum of the eubes of the first natural numbers. = The formula for the sum of the squares of the first ED ion can prove both of natural numbers is )) r?=2.(n + 1)(2a +1). these results using mathematical oe induction. Section 8.1 = The formula for the sum of the cubes of the first natural numbers is Sr? = 112 (n+ 1)2. x 40140 + 1160 + 1) x 1919 + 1138 + 1) = 22 140 ~ 2470 = 19670 _ a Show that )° 72= {nQn+ 1)7n+ 1). rent b Verify that the result is true for m= I and n= 2. aTChapter 3 Gy ete Enl2n + )@4n +1) - (n+ 1) Look for common factors in each part of =tn(2n + 107 +1) the expression. Here you can take out a factor of {n(én +1). b When n=: ae Ses drsee4 enn + Nn 4 N=ExSxB=4d CEST When you have heen asked When n= 2: tofind a general result fora sum its good ot ga practice to testit for small values of nt will eh = PHP ea 25 not prove that you are correct, but if one value of n does not work, you know that your =2x5xt5= (n+ Mn+ Y= Bx 5x15 = 250 eae eae a Show that de +r-2)=4nln44yn- 1). b Hence find the sum of the series 4+ 10 + 18 +28 +40 +... +418, Emn + Wn + 1) + ann + 1) = 2n Emr + 112n #1) + 30-41) ~ 12) = bmn? + 3n +14 3n+ 3-12) n(2n® + Gn 8) (n? + 3n- 4) nin + 4)(n ~ 1) b 0444104164 26+404...4418 Pas = Dt ar— 2) The question says ‘hence’ so use your answer toparta. When r=1,?+r-2=0,and when r=20,2+r-2= 418,50 you can =} x 20(20 + 420 - 1) write the sum as 7+ r—2). 48Series Grad a Show that S7(r-+ 3)Qr— 1) =4n(n + 1)@n2-+ an +b), where a and b are integers to be found. fot # b Hence calculate }> r(r + 3)(2r - 1). = (2r8 + 5r2 - 3) =2br+she-3hr = En? (n+ 1)? + Zant + 1)(2n + 1) - Sal + 1) gin + 13nin + 1) + 5(2n + 1) - 9) Eni + 1)(8n? + 130 ~ 4) b Yrs 3@r-1) = 3 rtr + 3k@r~ 1) — Sore + Ber 1) = U(40 x 41 x 5316) — 210 x 11 x 426) = 1453040 - 7610 aa br ra Py tyr at 1 Fib0 me ©® 3 Show that, for anykEN, Yr =}n+hPnek+ 1? x» © 4a Showthat > + x b Hence evaluate > 13. (2 marks) n(n + 1Sn+2) (3 marks) 49Chapter 3 ®5 @®ux 50 2 a Show that So r= 4n2(n + 150 + 1). (3 marks) o b Hence evaluate > 1°. (2 marks) 0) Evaluate: x a © as a Lo (-1) b Yor 4) © Sire +3) d Ywe-2) a Show that S°(r + 2)r# 5) = Sno? + 12 +41) (4 marks) mt <0 b Hence calculate } (r+ 2r +5). (3 marks) io a Show that (r+ 3r + 1) = 4u(a + a)(n + 6), where a and b are integers to be found. (4 marks) mt <0 b Hence evaluate }> (r?+ 3r+ 1). (3 marks) % a Show that )>7°("= 1) ay aad b Hence show that > r2(r= 1) =4n(2n = 1)(6n2 = 7m + 1) (4 marks) a ygn(n + 1(3n? =n = 2). (4 marks) -n(2n? + an + b), where a and b are integers to be found. (4 marks) a Show that (r+ I(r +3 fi 2» b Hence find an expression, only in terms of n, for D> (r+ 1)(r+3). (marks) rea a Show that 3° (r+ 3)(r-+ 4) =4n(n? + an + b), where a and b are integers to be found. m (4 marks) a b Hence find an expression, only in terms of n, for Y (r+ 3)(r +4). (G marks) Sv a Show that >r(r-+3)?= n(n + 1)(n2 + an +b), where a and b are integers to be found. ii (S marks) au b Hence evaluate 5° r(r + 3)°. (3 marks) Sth) i a Show that, for any k EN, /Q2r— 1) = k2n?, Ea * b Hence find a value of m such that 3°(2r - 1) = 3. a 7B®) 14 a Show that D(r3 = 13) = jpnln + I= Gn + 2). (4marks) a b Hence find the value of m that satisfies 7-3 — (S marks) a ‘a Find polynomials f(x), (2), F(x) such that for every n € Ni: a a a GBD Tre polynomial Dhto=m, Dh =m, Dhan f(s) =1 satisfies b Hence show that for any linear, quadratic, or cubic polynomial h(x) yh=n there exists a polynomial g(x) such that )>g(7) = nlh(n)). ‘Throughout this exercise you may assume the standard results for), }}r2 and )) 13. rae rot rt 1 Evaluate: 0 50 10 10 adr b Yr © ayer 4 At a A si ag ow e kr f yn g dreds Se a a 2. Write each of the following as an expression in terms of n. a DGr-5) b Len © YGr+7) at ft at 4 Ler +6) 2 Yew f S239 ca ra mt g D?-5) h YQr+3r24+r4+4) at at x © 3 Evahuate }1(3r- 1). (S marks) a @® 42 Showthat 3re-3) al 4n(n + 1)(n? + an + b), where a and b are integers to be found. (4 marks) 2» b Hence evaluate )°r2(r - 3). (2 marks) At © 5 a Show that Yer 1)2 = $n(an + b)(an — ), where a and b are integers to be found. (5 marks) A 2 b Hence find }° (2r = 1). (2 marks) i 51_ ee © 6 a Show that $>r(r+2)=tnon-+ 1am +b), where a and b are integers to be found. (4 marks) a b Hence evaluate 3° rr+2). marks) Ais 7 a Showthat > gn(2n + 1){am + 6), where a and bare integers to be found. (4 marks) 20 b Hence evaluate 3° r?. (2 marks) 56 @®) 8a Show that 37(r?-r=1 (n? = 4). (4marks) at b Hence evaluate) (r?-r—1). (3 marks) At © Find the value of much that 3o(r? = r= 1)= > (S marks) mt @®) 9a Show that 3° rQr? + 1)=4n(n# 10? ++ 1) (4marks) faa b Hence show that there are no values of n that satisfy > r(2r? + 1 (100r? =r). (6 marks) at Show that > r(r+ 1)? = jhn(n + (in + 2)(an + 5), where a and b are integers to be found. rt (5 marks) b Hence find the value of n that satisfies 3° r(r + 1)? = 3°70r. (6 marks) a a . 1 @®) 11 Find the value of 1 that satisfies ye =¥ r+). (7 marks) Show that: 521 To find the sum of a series of constant terms you can use the formula })1= 1. 2 rat The formula for the sum of the first m natural numbers is )3r= 4m(n+ 4). E S fe To find the sum of a series that does not start at r= 1, use 3) f(r) = 9 Fr) — 35 Fr) mA rk You can rearrange expressions involving sigma notation. + SMO =K fe + DU lfe) + et) = fe) + Set) The formula for the sum of the squares of the first. natural numbers is. SP =fntn eyen+0) The formula for the sum of the cubes of the first natural numbers is Die =1n2(n+1)? 53‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: You can plot the roots of complex-valued Derive and use the relationships between the roots of a quadratic equation > pages 55-57 Derive and use the relationships between the roots of a cubic equation > pages 57-59 Derive and use the relationships between the roots of a quartic equation > pages 59-61 Evaluate expressions relating to the roots of polynomials ~ pages 62-64 Find the equation of a polynomial whose roots are a linear transformation of the roots of a given polynomial ~ pages 65-67 1. Solve the following quadratic equations. a 2+4x45=0 b 2e-71x+8 © Section 1.4 Given that z = 1 - iis a root of the equation x? — 2x + 4 =0, find the other two roots. « Section 1.5 x? — 2x ~3. Find the roots of: polynomials on an Argand diagram. The fractal-like pattern shown here is created by plotting the roots of all possible polynomials with degree 18 and coefficients 1 or -1. TORoots of polynomials @ Roots of a quadratic equation A quadratic equation of the form ax? + bx + x €C, where a, band c are real constants, can have two real roots, one repeated (real) root or two complex roots. % IF the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients are complex, then they occurasa conjugate pair. Section 1.4 IF the roots of this equation are a and 8, you can determine the relationship between the coefficients of the terms in the quadratic equation and the values of a and ax? + bx +e =alx—a)(x—) =alx? - ax - Bx +08) |__Write the quadratic expression in factorised form, then rearrange into the form ax? + bx + ¢. =ax—ala+ Ax + aos Sob =-a(a + A) and ¢ = anf. = If cand fare roots of the equation @ b ax?+ bx + ¢=0, then: ‘The sum of the roots is ~% and the product ofthe rots is & Note that these values are real ‘even ifthe roots are complex, because the sum or product of a conjugate pairs real + asa=—4 The roots of the quadratic equation 2x? ~ 5x ~ 4 = 0 are « and 8. Without solving the equation, find the values of: aats bas eds d b+ PF aats bag= da? +f? =(a+ A)? - 208 Gees 8)° - 2-2) ‘Write each expression in terms of a + and af: 2) (a+ APmak+ P4208 02+ P= (a+ AP—2a3 ‘The roots of a quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢= Dare a= Find integer values for a, b and c. 55