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For Sync Class - Module 1

The document provides an overview of key concepts in digital communications and modulation. It defines digital transmission as the transmittal of digital pulses between two points, and digital modulation as transmitting digitally modulated analog carriers. It discusses how information and data are defined, and examples of digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM. The document also covers basics of information theory, including definitions of channel capacity, bit rate, baud rate, bandwidth, and formulas relating these concepts. It provides examples of problems involving calculating channel capacity, data rates, and baud rates.

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16 views39 pages

For Sync Class - Module 1

The document provides an overview of key concepts in digital communications and modulation. It defines digital transmission as the transmittal of digital pulses between two points, and digital modulation as transmitting digitally modulated analog carriers. It discusses how information and data are defined, and examples of digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM. The document also covers basics of information theory, including definitions of channel capacity, bit rate, baud rate, bandwidth, and formulas relating these concepts. It provides examples of problems involving calculating channel capacity, data rates, and baud rates.

Uploaded by

teodoro kubaron
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS /

COMMUNICATIONS 2
Chapter 1
Introduction to Digital
Communications
■ Subtopics: 1) Overview of Digital Transmission and Modulation,
2) Basics of Information Theory

■ At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:


– Define basic concepts of Digital Transmission and Modulation
– Define and analyze bit rate, baud rate and bandwidth
– Solve problems involving theorems on Information Capacity
Overview of Digital Transmission
and Modulation
Subtopic #1
Information is defined as knowledge or intelligence
communicated or received.

Data:
Information, for example, numbers, text, images, and
sounds, in a form that is suitable for storage in or
processing by a computer.
• It includes systems:

• where relatively high-frequency analog carriers are


modulated by relatively low-frequency digital information
signals (digital modulation)

• Systems involving the transmission of digital pulses


(digital transmission).
Digital Transmission is the transmittal of digital
pulses between two or more points in a
communications system.

Digital Modulation is the transmittal of digitally


modulated analog carrier between two or more
points in a communications system.
• It transports information in digital form and,
therefore, require a physical facility between the
transmitter and receiver, such as:

• a metallic wire pair


• a coaxial cable
• an optical fiber cable.
Digital
Transmission Medium
Information Digital
Information

Transmitter Receiver
Wire, cable fiber optic, etc

Digital Digital
Information Information

DAC
ADC

ADC – Analog to Digital Converter Analog


Analog
Information
DAC – Digital to Analog Converter Information
• It is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog
signals (carriers) between two or more points in a
communication system.

• Sometimes called digital radio.


ASK FSK
PSK QAM
• Relatively low-speed voice-band data
communications modems (found in most PCs)
• High-speed data transmission systems
(broadband DSL)
• Digital microwave and satellite communications
systems
• Cellular telephone PCS
Basics of Information Theory
Subtopic #2
• It is a highly theoretical study of the efficient
use of bandwidth to propagate information
through electronic communications systems.

• Can be used to determine the information


capacity of a data communications system.
• It represents the number of independent symbols
that can be carried through a system in a given unit
of time.

• A function of bandwidth and transmission time.

• Usually expressed in bit rate.


• It is the number of bits transmitted during one
second.

• Rate of change of a digital information signal.

• Expressed in bits per second (bps).


𝑰∝𝑩∝𝒕
where:
𝑰 = information capacity (bits per second)
𝑩 = bandwidth (Hertz)
𝒕 = transmission time (sec)
𝑺
𝑰 = 𝑩 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏+
𝑵
where:
𝑰 = information capacity (bits per second)
𝑩 = bandwidth (Hertz)
𝑺/𝑵 = signal-to-noise power ratio (unitless)
𝑵 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑴
where:
𝑵 = number of bits necessary
𝑴 = number of conditions, levels, or combinations
possible with N bits
• It is the rate of change of a signal on a transmission
medium after encoding and modulation have
occurred.

• Expressed in baud or symbols per second.


𝟏
𝐟𝐍 =
𝒕𝒔
where:
𝒇𝑵 = symbol rate (baud or symbols per second)
𝒕𝒔 = time of one signaling element (seconds)
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑴
where:
𝒇𝒃 = bit rate (bps)
𝑩 = minimum Nyquist Bandwidth (Hz)
𝑴 = number of discrete signal or voltage levels
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐𝑩
where:
𝒇𝒃 = bit rate (bps)
𝑩 = minimum Nyquist Bandwidth (Hz)
𝒇𝒃
𝒇𝑵 =
𝒏
where:
• 𝒇𝒃 = bit rate (bps)
• 𝒇𝑵 =symbol rate (baud or symbols per second)
• 𝑵 = number of bits encoded into each signaling element
𝒇𝒃
𝑩=
𝒏
where:
𝒇𝒃 = bit rate (bps)
𝑩 = minimum Nyquist Bandwidth (Hz)
𝑛 = number of bits encoded into each signaling element
Additional Problems
What is the channel capacity for a signal power of 200
W, a noise power of 10 W and a bandwidth of 2kHz of a
digital system? Find also the spectrum efficiency.
A radio channel has a bandwidth of 20 kHz and a signal-
to-noise ratio of 25 dB.
a. What is the maximum data rate than can be
transmitted using any system?
b. With reference to the ultimate limit, what is the largest
number of bits that can be used by the radio channel?
A modulator transmits symbols, each of which has 256
different possible states, 16,000 times per second.
Calculate the baud rate and bit rate.
[1] Ampoloquio, J. M. (2005). Self-Sufficient Guide to Electronic Communications Engineering.
[2] Beasley, Jeffrey. (2014) Electronic Communications. Pearson.
[3] Frenzel, Louis. (2016) Principles of Electronic Communication Systems. Mc Graw Hill Higher
Education. 4th Edition
[4] Gupta. (2016) An Integrated Course in Electronics and Communication Engineering. S. K. Kataria
& Sons
[5] Ha, Tri. T. (2011) Theory and Design of Digital Communication Systems. Cambridge University
Press
[6] Meadows, Jennifer H. (2018) Communication Technology Update and Fundamentals. Routledge.
[7] Rice, Michael. (2018) Digital Communications: A Discrete-Time Approach
[8] Sharma, Sanjay. (2015) Digital Communications. S. K. Kataria & Sons
[9] Sklar, Bernard. (2009) Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications. Aitbs India. 2nd
Edition
[10] Tomasi, W. (2014). Advanced Electronic Communications Systems. Harlow: Pearson Education
Limited.
QUESTIONS?

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