EARTHQUAKE
CIV 415
Introduction to Structural
Dynamics
Dr. Amin Kotb 3/2021
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• Understanding of the basics principles of structure dynamics.
• Study behavior SDOF Structures under dynamic loads.
• Study the effect of ground motions on structure dynamic response of SDOF.
• Study behavior MDOF Structures under dynamic loads.
• Understanding of the basics principles of Earthquakes.
• Understanding of the structure parameters effecting its response under
earthquake effect.
• Determination of seismic loads on building.
GRADING
• Assignments: 10 Marks
• Quiz one: 7 Marks
• Mid-term exam: 15 Marks
• Quiz Two: 7 Marks
• Final exam: 60 Marks
• Total Grade: 100 Marks
Structural Dynamics
Types of Loads on buildings
Static Loads
Static load are loads that does not change
in magnitude or position with time.
Displacement (∆) =
Structural Dynamics
Types of Loads on buildings
Dynamic Loads
Dynamic load is any load of which its
magnitude, direction, and/or position varies
with time.
Displacement (∆) =
Dynamic amplification factor (DMF) >1
Static Loads
Dynamic Loads
• Earthquake loads.
• Wind loads
• Bomb Blasts
• Rotating Machines
• Hammering loads due to
construction operations.
• Water and wave loads
Wind load
Earthquake load
Types of Dynamic Loads
Periodic Non-Periodic
Bomb blast pressure on building
Machines vibrations Earthquake loads
Types of Dynamic Loads
Deterministic Random
Its characteristic is known Its characteristic is unknown
• Rotating Machines • Wind loads
• Record Earthquake • Next earthquake
Degree of freedom
The number of degree of freedoms required for dynamic analysis is
the number of independent displacements required to define the
displaced position of all masses relative to the original position
1-DOF 2-DOF
Mathematical Models
Continuous Model Discrete (Lumped Mass) Model
• Mass is concentrated into a number of points.
• Realistic representation of the actual situation. • In this procedure, the mass of the system is assumed to
• Difficult to analyze be concentrated at discrete locations.
• Mathematical formulation results in a system • This is suitable for systems in which a large portion of
of partial deferential equations. the total mass actually is concentrated at a few
discrete locations.
Dynamic Analysis Techniques
(for Lumped masses)
Single Degree of Freedom Multi Degree of Freedom Finite Element Analysis
(SDOF) (MDOF) (FE)
The entire structure mass is A system where the mass od structure is
concentrated at single point with lumped across several points with
only one motion direction several motion direction included.
considered .
Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) Systems
• A system for which only one spatial coordinate is required to define the
configuration is termed a Single-Degree-of-Freedom system.
• Information obtained from a SDOF system often allows adequate
preliminary analysis of complicated structures to be carried out with
sufficient accuracy.
External force, which represent the
blast load –as an example- applied on
the SDOF system.
Equation of Motion
Elastic stiffness (spring) forces stem from the stiffness of the structure. In a
lumped mass model the restoring forces have the same meaning as in static and
can be expressed by means of stiffness constant.
Equation of Motion
Inertia forces are defined as a product of mass and acceleration.
It acts against structure motion.
Damping forces oppose the motion through
energy dissipation.
Damping is divided in to two types:
• Internal damping:
-Friction between elements of structure,
cracks, …etc
• External damping:
-Resistance of a fluid surrounding the
structure such as wind
Equation of Motion
For a linear SDOF system, the equation of motion is:
f I t f D t f S t f t
Inertia Damping Stiffness External Force
mx cx kx f t
D'Alembert's principle
D'Alembert's principle states that a system may be set in a state
of dynamic equilibrium by adding to the external forces a
fictitious ( )وهميةforce that is commonly known as the inertia
Jean d'Alembert
force. (1717–1783)
Analysis of SDOF Systems
Un-damped
Free
Vibration
Damped
Analysis of
SDOF system
Un-damped
Forced
Vibration
Damped
