Art Appreciation Finals Reviewer 3.

Dynamics – this means the force or

percussive effects, degree of loudness
CHAPTER 4: MUSIC
and softness, (forte means loud; messo
Music – is the art of combining sounds into a forte, very loud; piano, soft; pianissimo
coherent perceptual experience, typically in – very soft)
accordance with conventional modes and 4. Harmony – the simultaneous sounding
patterns and for aesthetic purpose; are sung by of two or more tones.
voices or played on musical instruments. a. Tempo – is the rate of speed of
Written or printed symbols showing how music a combination or section.
should be played or sung. b. Texture – refers to the number
of tone one is expected to
Purpose / Function of Music apprehend simultaneously.
1. It provides pleasure and relaxes the Types of Texture
senses.
2. It can imitate moral qualities. a. Monophonic – results when one
3. It expresses emotions (joy, love, melody is sung or played with no
melancholy, grief, agony, etc.) accompaniment whatsoever.
4. It can be a means of communication (in b. Polyphonic – result when two or more
opera, musicals, harana, etc.) melodies are played together
5. It can perform a purgative or (otherwise known as contrapuntal
therapeutic function by arousing or music)
releasing pent-up emotions of fear, c. Homophonic – result when one melody
anger, pity and enthusiasm. is supported with harmonies.

Properties of Music Principles of Music

1. Pitch – it refers to the relative highness 1. Theme – consist of melodic, rhythmic

or lowness of a tone. and harmonic elements, which combine
2. Duration – it refers to the length of the to give musical idea a distinct character
time, which a sound occupies. or individuality.
3. Timbre – it refers to the quality, which 2. Unity – is the underlying structure
enable us to distinguish one sound from principles when all constituent parts
another. and section of a composition combine
4. Intensity / Volume – it refers to the to produce the effect of oneness.
loudness or softness of a sound. 3. Variety – means modification or
alteration of essentially the same
Elements of Music media.
1. Melody – is the series of consecutive 4. Length – the loneness of shortness of a
tones, varying in pitch and duration, but composition.
forming a line of individual significance 5. Structure – it is either binary or ternary.
and expressive value.  Binary is a basic musical form
2. Rhythm – it refers to the time element consisting of two main sections
produced by accent and duration of which are usually repeated.
musical sounds. An accent is a stress or  And ternary from which a
emphasis on a note. common musical form
 consisting of three main c. Narrative – music intends to tell
sections. a story or represent a series of
1. The Vocal Media related events.
a. Soprano – high register female 2. Folk Music – the traditional and
voice spontaneous music of people, race,
b. Mezzo Soprano – medium register nation or region. It has passed down
female voice from one generation to another if and is
c. Alto or Contralto – low register generally not a composer’s work; it is
female voice traditional music often played by local
d. Tenor – high register male voice people.
e. Baritone – medium register male 3. Art Song – is usually composed with a
voice piano accompanied and is often
f. Base – low register male voice sophisticated. It is a work of a composer
a. The orchestra – composed of any group who is trained in music.
of instrumental performers and is 4. Jazz Music – having syncopation and
usually under the direction of a rhythmic background. It is a type of
conductor. western music/ usually accepted as
b. The Symphony Orchestra – this is a Negro in origin, basically made up of
large ensemble wherein all types of two components: African tribal music
principal instruments are included. and European folk music. Chief
c. Concerto – in this ensemble, one sole characteristic of jazz is its coercive and
instrument is given a dominant role in pulsating rhythm.
music.
Varieties of Jazz
d. Band – an instrumental ensemble, large
like an orchestra but is exclusively  Ragtime – much syncopation, more
composed of wind and percussion instrumental, faster tempo.
instrument.  Blue – much syncopation, slower vocal,
e. Rondalla – the most popular slower tempo (ex. Plantation songs and
instrumental group in the Philippines. spirituals)
f. Chamber Orchestra – applies to small  Hot Jazz – emphasizes spontaneity,
instrumental ensembles. There are only intensity uses percussion instruments.
a few performers for a certain musical  Cool Jazz – softer, suave, languid, uses
part. string instruments
Kinds of Music Jazz Playing has two basic forms:
1. Program Music – this kind of music is  Free-For-All – each instrument goes its
connected with elements of a story or a own way on competition with other
poem. instruments.
a. Imitative – music copies the  Take-Your-Turn – each instrument plays
actual sound of the subject a solo while the other instruments
b. Descriptive – music pictures on provide a subdued background.
event or scene
Classical Music – is any musical composition of
enduring excellence.
History of Music Brief Survey  20th Century – in this hundred-year
period, two movements appeared:
 Primitive Music – Clapping or swaying
Expressionism
of hands and pounding of feet and
Impressionism
breast chiefly characterize this early
type of music. It may be utilized in Post World War I – After the First World War,
religious rituals or war dances. many other movements appeared.
 Oriental Music – is more sophisticated
Russianism (Igor Stravinsky:
than primitive music because of the
“Petrouska” and “The Firebird”)
emergence of professionals and well-
ordered scientific fundamental musical Neo-Classicism (Villalobos: “Bachianas
elements. Brazilierasd”)
 Grecian Music – Greece added to what
was basically oriental, the choral song. Jazz (George Gershwin)
Rome was heir to Grecian music and The Human Voice – There are many styles of
passed the tradition to the Middle Ages. singing: a folk croons softly or a choir boy sings
 Middle Ages – sacred music was with a clear tones; an Islamic preacher or
produced during (14th – 15th century muezzin calls people to prayer in a mosque or
AD), with the help of the monks who from an Austrian who makes use of the yodel to
exclusively wrote them. project his music.
 11th Century – music emerged such as
the songs of the goliard which were Why Music Affect Us
satirical and obscene Latin song about Why and how music speaks to our emotions?
wine and women.
 12th Century – the troubadours were 1. The musical elements themselves and
first heard, the troubadours adopted the way that our brains process them.
folk materials in ballads about 2. Our emotional makeup and cultural
encounters between knights and backgrounds which influence our
damsels and other acts of chivalry. reaction to music.
 16th Century – music was expression of 3. Language can also affect our reactions.
life’s temperament, but in succeeding
The Musical Elements – these elements include
centuries, form was more important
the tone or timbre of an instrument.
catered to the aristocracy. (Musicians:
Beethoven, Bach and Mozart) Harmony, Discord and Melody – harmony
produces pleasing sound, while discord
Romanticism
produces harsh ones. But did you know that
 18th to 19th Century – a preoccupation these elements complements each other in
with subjective emotion was noticeable. some music. A piece of music that sounds
harmonious probably has more discord in it
Often linked with nationalistic than you would imagine.
feelings, it manifested itself in
two phases: Muscle and the Brain – some suggests that
language and logic are predominantly functions
Nationalism of the left side of the brain, while music is
Naturalism processed in the right side of the brain, which
deals largely with feelings and emotions; Music into a pattern and adopted to musical
has the power to create feelings and emotions accompaniment. It is the oldest form of arts
in a quick and effective manner. which mirrored man’s age-old need to
communicate his joy or grief by using the most
Music, Lyrics and You – on school of thought
immediate instrument at his disposal his body.
maintains that a given piece of music has a
similar effect on all listeners. However, another Purpose of Dance
says that reaction to a melody or song reflects
1. The dance employs no other instrument
an individual’s present state of mind or previous
but the human body itself, which is ever
experience. Example of this might be when
available as the most eloquent and
someone who has lost a loved one in death
responsive of all instruments at his
hears a certain song, perhaps at a place of
disposal. Thus the dance is the most
worship. The song may bring back memories
personal of all the media of art.
and cause sadness or even tears to well up in
2. The dance is dependent on the human
the bereaved person’s eye. Other who are not
body, its possibilities, limitation and
in that situation may sing that same song with a
malformations. The human body has
joyful heart.
technical attributes. Even when lying
The Powerful of Music – music alone with down, sitting and standing, jumping and
sudden charms can bind the wandering sense, twisting on air, all the while with
and calm the troubled mind. Example: The support from spine.
effects of music upon patients who have
Kind of Dance
neurological diseases causing movement
disorders are sometimes astonishing, according 1. Communal Dance – members of
to Anthony Storr in his book Music and Mind. primitive tribal societies made use of
Storr cites the examples of a female patient: the dance as a form of magic, or a
Frozen into immobility by Parkinson’s disease, method for in their struggle for
she would remain helplessly unable to move existence against the elements of
until she was able to recall tunes she had nature.
known in her youth. These would suddenly 2. Ritual Dance – unlike the primitive
release her ability to move again. dance, ritual dance is an organized
dance, with a definite design, purpose
A Cause for Concern – there are benefits that
and meaning used to celebrate nature
can be attributed to the power of music.
and mythology.
However, there is the danger that corrupt or
3. Folk Dance – it evolved from the
greedy people may use the power of music as a
traditional memories of older motifs in
deadly tool. Some studied have shown direct
communal dance. Folk dances reflected
links between antisocial behavior and certain
a people’s “unconscious paganism” in
types of music.
events such as the celebration of the
harvest and in some ordinary events.
Example: Rain Dance and Fertility Dance
CHAPTER 5: DANCE
4. Social Dance – this dance has a gay and
Dance – is a bodily expression hi-rhythmic lively character. Its nature reflected
movement of an intensified feeling of life; an related elements of the respective time
expressive body movement usually coordinated periods the elaborate and colorful
 designs in clothes, the spacious floor elements which are reflective of the
areas of court and places, and the customs, beliefs and environment of
elegance of the successive periods. the people.
7. Scenery – it refers to the setting of
Components Elements of Movements
background, the place of action and
1. Space – it is the area that surrounds the other props to make the dance more
dancer, it is the place where one can artistic and beautiful.
have such movements that create
CHAPTER 6: THEATRE
patterns and designs.
2. Time – dance utilizes time in ways that Theatre – according to the Dictionary it is a
determine the rhythm, tempo and building where plays, shows, etc., are
duration of movements. performed on a stage; plays in general or as a
3. Duration – it refers to the length of time form of entertainment.
expanded by a movement. It can be
Theatre or Theater – Is a collaborative form of
measured and regulated by drum beat
fine art that uses live performers, typically
or musical accompaniment.
actors or actresses, to present the experience of
4. Force – it is an energy which is always
a real or imagined event before a live audience
present when motion occurs.
in a specific place, often a stage. The performers
5. Dynamics – is the force of movement.
may communicate this experience to the
Elements of Dance audience through combinations of gesture,
speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of
1. Theme – an important element of
art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such
dance which refers to the message
as lighting are used to enhance the physicality,
conveyed by the dance. What does it
presence and immediacy of the experience. The
want to communicate?
specific place of the performance is also named
2. Design – refers to the plan or
by the word "theatre" as derived from the
organization of movement in time and
Ancient Greek (théatron, "a place for viewing"),
space. It immediately distinguishes one
itself from (theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to
dance from another.
observe").
3. Movement – it is the action or moves of
dancers and how they use their bodies Theatre Space (set)
to create or organize patterns.
a. The set must provide an environment
4. Techniques – it refers to skill in
for acting – the designer must study the
executing movements; a technically
script very carefully and be familiar with
proficient dancer has complete control
the stage in corroboration with what
over the muscles of his body.
the director has
5. Music – it motivates and synchronizes
b. The set must express the proper mood
the movement of the dancers. The
of the play.
rhythm, melody and harmony are used
c. The set may make a thematic statement
as accompaniment in dance. It also
about the play.
serves as a musical background that can
d. The set should help establish the time
further captivate the audience.
and place of the action.
6. Costume and Props – These enhance
e. The set should provide visual impact.
the visual effects of the dance. They are
Design Elements – includes costume, make up, 1. It provides necessary visibility for actors
properties, (commonly abbreviated as “props”) and audience alike.
lights and sounds. 2. It helps established mood.
3. It can draw and focus audience
Five General Classifications of Props:
attention, especially the spotlight.
a. Trim Props – these are any decorative 4. It can heighten realism in the setting
objectives, which hang upon, or are and performance.
attached to, the set but are not really
Sound – music is not only the concern of the
essential to the action. Example:
soundman, but also the various sound effects.
pictures or clothing hanging around
When a variety of sound effects are used, sound
b. Set Props – are object standing about
became vitality important in establishing the
the floor of the set but not large
mood and style of the play.
enough to be considered part of set. Ex:
Furniture in a living room. Text/Script – the final element essential to
c. Hand Props – are any objects picked theatre is the text that is performed. There are
and used by the performers whether good and bad scripts; they can make or unmake
already in place on the set when the performances in theatre production.
curtains go’s up or carried during the
Principle of Theatrical Balance – directors vary
scene. Example: Swords and umbrellas.
in the manner they handle their performers.
d. Props Visual Effects – are special effects
They apply two techniques in handling their
such as snowstorm, fire and smoke.
actors:
e. Props Sound Effects – are any off-stage
that are created by other electrical  Directors give their actors the entire
means. business – teaching them on how to act
every part of their roles, including the
Five Functions of Costumes
proper gestures and voices tones and
1. To clothe the performers closely regulating the entire production.
2. To help prepare the mood  Directors who let their actors alone –
3. To help project the theme this allows the actors free rein in the
4. To set the time, place and character interpretation of their roles.
relationships
Drama – it has one characteristic peculiar to
5. To magnify the visual impact Functions
itself – it is written primarily to be performed
of make-up
not to be read.
Functions of Props
Ways to get around the playwright limitation
1. It helps to make the physical,
1. Soliloquy – is a character speaking
particularly facial features visible.
directly to the audience.
2. It adds to the mood, theme and visual
2. Chorus – a group on stage commenting
impact of the production.
on characters and actions.
3. It helps in the portrayal of the
3. A performer commenting on another
character’s facial features.
character.
4. It helps beautify or disguise the actors.
Elements of Drama
Function of Stage Lighting
1. Plot – the sequence of events or permanent change. This
incidents of which the story is change must be
composed. a. Within the
a. Conflict is a clash of actions, possibilities of the
ideas, desires or wills. character
b. Protagonist and Antagonist – b. Sufficiently motivated
the protagonist is the central c. Allowed sufficient
who can be sympathetic or time changed.
unsympathetic. The forces 3. Theme – the controlling idea or central
working against her/him insight which can be
whether, persons, things, a. A revelation of human character
conventions of society, or traits b. May be started briefly or in great
of their own character, are the length
antagonists. c. A theme is not the “moral” of the
2. Character story
a. Direct Presentation – author 4. Points of View
tells us straight out, by a. Omniscient – a story told by the
exposition or analysis, or author, using the third person:
through another person. her/his knowledge, control, and
b. Indirect Presentation – author prerogatives are unlimited;
shows us the character in authorial subjectivity.
action; the reader infers what a b. Limited Omniscient – a story which
character is like from what the author associates with a major
she/he thinks, or says, or does. or minor character, this character
c. Character Types serves as the author’s spokesperson
 A flat character is or mouthpiece.
known by one or two c. First Person – the author identifies
traits with or disappears in a major or
 A round character is minor character, the story is told
complex and many- using the first person “I”.
sided; d. Objective or Dramatic – the
 A stock character is opposite of the omniscient; displays
stereotyped character authorial objectivity; compared a
(a mad scientist, the roving sound camera. Very little of
absent minded the past or the future is given; the
professor, the nagger of story is set in the present.
a mother in law.) 5. Symbols – a literary symbols means
 A static character more than what it is. It has layers of
remains the same from meanings. Whereas an image has one
the beginning of the meaning a symbol has many.
plot to the end. a. The story itself must furnish a clue
 A dynamic (developing) that details are to be taken
character undergoes symbolically symbols nearly always
 signal their existence by emphasis, 2. Though the tragic hero is pre-eminently
repetitions or positions. great, he/she is not perfect. Tragic flaw, hubris
b. The meaning of literary symbol (excessive pride or passion), and Havarti (some
must be established and supported error) lead to the hero's downfall.
by the entire context of the story. A
3 The hero's downfall, therefore, is partially
symbol has its meaning inside not
her/his own fault, the result of one's own free
outside the story.
choices, not the result of pure accident or
Dramatic Irony – the contrast between what the villainy, or some overriding malignant fate.
character says and what the reader knows to be
4. Nevertheless the hero's misfortune is not
true.
wholly deserved. The Punishment exceeds the
Irony of Situation – discrepancy between crime. The hero, remains admirable.
appearance and reality or between expectation
5. Yet the tragic fall is not pure loss – though it
and fulfillment, or between what is and would
may result in the hero's death, before it, there
seem appropriate.
is some increase in awareness, some gain in
KINDS OF DRAMA self-knowledge or, as Aristotle puts it, some
"discovery".
A. Tragedy - Aristotle definition of Tragedy:
Tragedy is the imitation in dramatic form of an HISTORY OF THEATRE
action that is serious and complete, with
Egypt – The Theatre history can be traced to
incidents arousing pity and fear where it affects
Egyptian religious drama, which was ritualistic
a catharsis of such emotions. The language used
(3200BC). The first known theatres held from
is pleasurable and throughout appropriate to
about 600 BC were the coral performance of
the situation which it is used. The chief
the early Greeks. The dithyramb. In the year
characters are noble personages (“better than
405 BC, the play Backhoe by Euripides was
ourselves,” says Aristotle) and the actions they
staged in Athens. This play required a
perform are noble actions.
considerable amount of dancing.
B. Melodrama - arouses pity and fear through
CLASSIFICATION OF DRAMA
cruder means, good and evil are clearly
depicted in white and black motifs. Plot is 1. Tragedy - Central to the study of Tragedy is
emphasized over character development. the analysis of the Tragic Hero.
C. Farce - aimed at arousing explosive laughter Classic Hero – He enjoys an exalted
using crude means. Conflicts are violent, social position and has a noble spirit.
practical jokes are common and the wit is But he must possess a flaw or a tragic
coarse. Psychologically, farce may boost the but fault from which tragedy springs;
reader's spirit and purge hostility and this fault should not be an error of
aggression. judgement, and not a vice or a
depravity. And because of the nobility
Central features of the Aristotelian Archetype:
of his character, he gets a punishment,
1. The tragic hero is a character of noble stature which is more than what he deserves.
and has greatness. If the hero's fall is to arouse
Modern Hero - He is an ordinary man
in us the emotions of pity and fear, it must be a
beset with some problems, which call
fall from a great height.
 for the full strength of his powers. In Carillo – a shadow play in which puppet-like
the end he may be defeated because of cardboard figures were handle and moved
a weakness of his character or by the before a lightened lamp behind a white sheet.
social pressures with which he is forced
Karagatan – Nanggaling sa alamat ng prinsesang
to contend.
naghulog ng singsing sa karagatan, tapos
Catharsis – An element of tragedy; is the nangakong papakasalan niya ang binatang
process of purging or revealing the spectator of makakakuha nito.
his burden of terrible memories, releasing from
MGA URI NG DUPLO
tension and leaving him as empty as changed
and as sad. Alo-divino – tungkol sa Diyos at banal na bagay
Types of Acting Historia-vino - mga kuwento tungkol sa buhay
ng Diyos, santo at anghel
1. Subjective School – the actor is able to move
the audience only if he himself is moved. In Alo-humano / alo-mano - tungkol sa relasyon ng
other words, there must be self-involvement in tao at Diyos (mga bayani, propeta, mitolohiya)
the role he is playing.
Historia-mano – kasaysayan ng tao o bansa
2. Objective School – The actor must approach
his role with a cool mind, and must not be Ley / lai – tungkol sa batas ng lipunan
carried away by his role. Talinghaga - parang bugtong ("riddles")
The Actor - As the chief medium of the director Binayabas – tungkol sa kahit anong bagay na
in the presentation of the play, the essential hindi kasama sa mga kategoryang binigay;
qualities required of a good actor are: madalas ginagamit ng mga bago pa lamang
- Imagination - imaginative or ever duplero ("freestyle", para sa mga "newbie”)
creative SPANISH AND EARLY AMERICAN PERIODS
- Fluent emotional Nature – able to shift Theatrical forms were strongly influenced by
from one emotion to another without the Cristian religion introduced by the Spanish
much difficulty. missionaries. These were in the forms of
- Mobility of Inner Constitution Knowing religious oriented dramas which up to present
what is illusion and reality, he is able to time are still performed in some parts of the
shift from his personality to another country.
without any psychological confusion on Panuluyan – enacts the lights of Mary and
his part. Joseph in their search for shelter during the
FILIPINO THEATRE-Brief Survey night they were in Bethlehem. The performers
go to different assigned houses, plead in song
Duplo and Karagatan – were describe by Eric for room, are rejected and finally end in a cave
David as "games of wit. Consisting of verbal (a designated residence, or the church) where
battle and riddles and usually played during they are made welcome. This is performed
wakes for deceased. before Christmas day.

Pangaluluwa – meaning for the soul, is a

tradition wherein a group of singers goes from
house on the night of November 1 st the eve of technological development such as
all soul’s day, begging for alms for the souls of photography, sound system, lighting system and
the departed. lately, computer imagery and digital techniques.

Tibag - which is performed during the months Elements of Cinema

of April and May, depicts the searched of Helen
Time - It is the most important elements; the
(Elena), mother of Constantine the Great,
images and actions in the film move in time.
Roman Emperor, for the true cross on which The movie director has a free rein in the
Christ was crucified. This is closely associated manipulation of time in a movie by contraction
with the Santacruzan which is a procession held of expansion breaks or leaps.
in May to commemorate the finding of the
ASPECT OF TIME
Cross by Queen Helen.
a. Physical Time - It is the time taken by a
AMERICAN PERIOD
movement or an action as it is being filmed and
During the first decades of the American as it is automatically projected on the screen. In
occupation, patriotic writers wrote seditious the projection of a movie, the audience may
anti-American literature, Many in the form of catch what is happening in real life.
Zarzuelas which hide their nationalistic
b. Psychological Time The emotional impression
messages through symbolism (talinghaga).
of the duration of the action that the viewer
Among these zarzuela writers Honorio Lopez,
experiences as he watches a movie.
Juan Abad, Patricio Mariano, Aurelio Tolentino,
Juan Cruz Matapang, Pascual Poblete, Pedro A. c. Dramatic Time - means the time taken up by
Paterno. the event which is suggested in the movie.
NATIONALISTIC PLAYS Space - The width, breath, and the depth of the
perceived reality in a movie which is made
Aurelio Tolentino's Kapahon, Ngayon at Bukas
possible through the following:
attacked the American occupation and ended it
with a scene depicting a revolutionary victory. a. Scale - refers to the size of the objects on the
He was arrested and ended it with a scene screen and their relation to the surrounding
depicting a revolutionary victory. He was area.
arrested for it. Other plays which showed
strong anti-American sentiments were "Hindi b. Shooting Angle - is a consideration given to a
Ako Patay" written by Juan Matapang Cruz; Pag- particular shot in relation to varied angles or
ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Pascual Poblete; vantage points.
Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes; and c. Lighting - is a means used to give illusion of
Tanikalang Guinto by Juan Abad. depth and breath in a film.
CHAPTER 7: CINEMA 1. Frontal Lighting – to eliminate
NATURE AND ASPECTS OF CINEMA shadow.
2. Side Light – (cross light) – to sculpt
Cinema or the art of moving picture the characters features.
photography is a relatively modern form of art. 3. Backlighting – tends to create
It barrows from other arts, like music, drama silhouettes. The light corners from
and literature, and it is entirely dependent on behind the subject. It can be
 positioned at many angles, this 2. Camera Movements – it helps viewers
technique can create unobtrusively experience the gradual growth of ideas or
illuminated contour. emotions. The camera may move forward,
4. Under Lighting – suggest an off backward, vertically, diagonally or
screen fire, it tend to distort horizontally.
features; it is often used to create 3. Framing – it brings about balance and
dramatic horror effects. unity and can provide highly dramatic
5. Top Lighting – the spot light shines effects that can capture and hold viewers
down from almost directly above attention.
the face of the subject for emphatic Denomination of Space – in viewing
purpose. film, space become dynamic, not static.
Spatial distance between the viewer
Cinematographic Techniques
and the movie varies. Since his eyes are
1. Cutting – or sometimes called editing linked and identified with the camera’s
consists of joining the shot to another lens, his focus shift in distance and
shot. It helps eliminate unwanted direction.
scenes, thereby lowering the cost of Specialization of Time – in viewing a
production. It also improves the quality movie, time is place in space. The
time of the film. passage of time (hour, day, season,
Transition Devices for Cutting: year, etc.) is recorded on films and thus,
a. Fade – does not only can be repeated.
indicate a change of time Close-up – When the face of a performer is
and place followed by a blown-up, the attention of the viewers is
brief period of automatically drawn to the face alone,
blankness/darkness which Therefore, the feelings and thoughts of the
comes to the screen before actor are vividly “ Dramatized" the result of the
the new scene gradually visual effect of the close-up (also camera
becomes visible. zooming) on his face.
b. Dissolve – involves the Significance – motion picture films shape and
superimposition of the last influence the opinion of more than 60% the
part of the previous shot world's population. Communicability is cinema's
over the adjacent portion of first requirements. As an art form the cinema
the next shot to show two can enlighten, strengthen the values of peoples,
events/scenes happening at raise the spiritual their consciousness, foster
the same time. love and brotherhood or can be a vehicles for
c. Iris in, Iris out – a device in the promotion of universal peace and harmony.
silent movies which
involves fades from the According to film critics, the main reasons for
edges of the screen to the lag of Philippine movie industries are the
center of the screen. following:
d. Turnover – shows the A. Limitation in the importance of good
whole screen turning over films from countries other than
and continuing to the other America.
side. B. The dominance of Hollywood films.
 C. The use of poor story materials from Can be cleaned simply by water
vernacular magazine serials and comic 5. Water Color
books. a. Transparent – comes in cakes, tube
Confronting the Pressing Issues in the Philippine or pans
Film Industry b. Opaque (also known as Gouache) –
A. Excessive Taxation usually obtained in tubes.
B. Piracy 8. Encaustic (wax)
C. Limited Budget, Time and Resources 9. Ink
10. Light
CHAPTER 8: PAINTING 11. Oil Pastel
12. Spray Paint
Painting – it is the application of colored
13. Water Miscible Oil Paints
pigments to a flat surface like canvas, paper,
wood or plaster. Elements of Painting
Painting Techniques and Medium 1. Subject – answer the questions what is
the painting about?
1. Fresco – Means fresh in Italian
2. Medium – refers to the materials used
a. Buon Fresco (True Fresco) – water
by the artist in his paintings.
color paints are applied to fresh
3. Line – the patter made by the
plaster so that the pigments and
outcomes of the painting.
plaster fuse chemically.
5. Texture – quality produced by the
b. Fresco Secco (Dry Fresco) – the
arrangement, treatment, or handling
paint is applied to dry plaster. It
of a medium or a material.
requires a binding medium like
6. Volume – the loudness of fullness of
gum.
the painting.
2. Tempera – involves the application of
7. Perspective – the art of representing
powdered pigments mixed with egg
three-dimentional objects on a flat
yolk to a panel, usually wood (often
surface.
covered with linen), on which several
8. Form – the relationship of parts of
coats of Gesco (Plaster of paris mixed
work of art in the organization of the
with glue) have been carefully rubbed
whole.
down to create a glassy-smooth
9. Style – the distinguishing way of the
surface.
painter in his paintings.
3. Oil – the invention of oil painting has
been attributed to the Flemish What makes a Painting a Masterpiece
brothers Hubert and Jan Van Eych,
Robert Gumming (1995) – discusses five factors
who applied oil paints to wooden
that make a painting a masterpiece.
panels, and even canvas made either
of linen or linen cotton blends. 1. Virtuosity
4. Acrylics – this are water based paint 2. Innovation
from acrylic resins. Advantage of using 3. Patronage
acrylic: 4. Artistic Vision
Quick Drying 5. Role of the Artist
Durability 1. Virtuosity – Technical ability is one of the
Adaptability prime considerations in judging any
 outstanding performance. A great artist The Aurignacian Period (60,000 BC to 40,000
must have complete mastery of physical BC) and the Magdalenian Period (30,000 BC to
skills, knowledge and imagination to push 10,000 BC)
art and its existing rules to new limits.
The Aurignacian art are seen in the thousands
Technical virtuosity makes physical skills
of animal paintings like horses, rhinoceros,
deceptively natural and simple.
lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often
2. Innovation – To be first in any endeavor is
hunting in caves and rock shelters in
to be remembered as a key figure in the
southwestern France and in the Cantabrian
history of art. Giotto was first in painting;
mountains in Northern Spain.
and so is Picasso first in many modern
painting movements. Both artist succeeded Painting in Egyptian Tombs
in changing the rules of art and coming out The Egyptian believed in the afterlife. This belief
with alternative visual language. is manifested in the paintings on the walls of
3. Patronage – Most motor works of art were tombs pyramids. The soul of the dead was
commissioned by a patron who would represented by a bird. Gods, kings and men and
specify conditions and or play an active role women from various stations in life were
in shaping the subject matter and the depicted in art.
appearance of the work. Among these
patrons were the Catholic Church and royal Greek Painting – the subject matter in the Greek
courts of Europe. art, as a whole was about young nude males
4. Artistic Vision – Although artist can never and draped females. In painting, slaves,
do without financial backing, the quality of wounded soldiers and everyday activities were
work is an important consideration. Giotto's included.
Arena Chapel and Michelangelo's Sistine Panel Painting – the most respected form of art,
Ceiling are great works of art because they were individual, mobile paintings on wooden
express the belief of the artist in the power boards, technically describes as a panel
of paintings to express the idea. Without painting. The technique used was encaustic and
these beliefs and commitments, art remains tempera which depicted figured scenes like
merely decorative and illustrative. portraits and still-life. They were collected and
5. Role of the Artist – There were artists who displayed in public spaces.
were hailed in their lifetime but quickly
Wall Painting – Wall painting were described in
forgotten after fifty years. There were a few
Pausanias which man were produced during the
artist who were not appreciated. The true
classical and Hellenistic periods. The most
worth of an artist becomes clear only when
notable examples was the 7th century BC scene
the quality of her artworks are tested by the
of hoplite combat from inside the temple of
greatest judge and critic of all time.
Kapalodi, elaborate frescoes of the 4 th century
Factors Influencing Paintings: "Grave of Phillip" and the "Tomb of Perephone"
1. Geography at vergina in Macedonia. These wall paintings
2. Religion reflected contemporary grave decorations I the
3. National Characteristics Greek colonies in Italy, such as the famous
4. Historical Events Tomb of the Dirier and Paestum.
5. Development of New Materials Greek Arts is divided into Four Periods
Painting 1. Pre Historic Greek Period
 2. First Greek Period
3. Golden Age
4. Hellenistic Period
1. Pre Historic Greek Period – or the Formative
Stage (20-110 Cent. BC) was when
subjects/motifs were taken from nature and
sea.
2. First Greek Period – (1000 BC – 5th Cent. BC)
the extensive trade between Greece and
Egypt during the 7th century, brought great
Egyptian influence on Greek Art.
3. Golden Age – also known as the Age of
Pericles (480 – 400 BC) Greek artists
achieved complete mastery of anatomical,
technical and aesthetic aspects of life which
were found in their art. During the 5th
century the ideal types of human body
evolved: poised, healthy and strong, with a
detached facial expression.
4. Hellenistic Period - (4th Cent - 1st Century
BC) during this period, portraiture and all
the "genres" of art rose as a new
development which had greatly influenced
western art. Tragic mood and contorted
faces took over serenity of spirit, and nude
female were depicted. Even great painters
produced art works through their drawings
and compositions on vases.
The Most Famous Filipino Artists and their
Masterworks
Fernando Amorsolo (1892 – 1972)
Jose Joya (1931 – 1995)
Pacita Abad (1946 – 2004)
Ang Kiukok (1935 – 2005)
Benedicto Cabrera (1942 – present)
Kidlat Tahimik (1942 – present)
Eduardo Masferre (1909 – 1995)
Agnes Arellano (1949 – present)