os GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Subject Name : Electrical Machines-IT Subject Code : 3150910 Teaching and Examination Scheme : Teaching Scheme [Credits Examination Marks ‘Theory Marks Practical Marks ‘Total Marks L{t|Pr|c [rs@ T rao | esew [ AO a[olf2ls 70 30 30 20 150 Content : x Content a 1. [INDUCTION MACHINES : 16 Revision of the concept of rotating magnetic field. Construction, working and types of induction motor (squirrel cage and slip-ring), Torque Slip Characteristics, Starting and Maximum Torque. No-load & blocked rotor test, Equivalent circuit, Phasor Diagram, Losses and Efficiency. Effect of parameter variation on torque speed characteristics (variation of rotor and stator resistances, stator voltage, frequency). Methods of starting, braking and speed control for induction motors. Induction generator operation, Self excitation of induction generator. Double cage induction motor. Circle diagram of induction motor. Effect of harmonics, Cogging & Crawling, Effect of unbalanced voltages on performance of motor. 2 | SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS : 08 Constructional features double revolving field theory, equivalent circuit, Determination of parameters. Split-phase starting methods and applications. Universal motor. Repulsion motor. Shaded _pole single phase motor. 3 | SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Constructional features, cylindrical rotor synchronous machine generated EMF, equivalent circuit and phasor diagram, armature reaction, synchronous impedance, voltage regulation. Methods to find voltage regulation: Synchronous impedance method, MMF method, ZPF method. Operating characteristics of synchronous machines, Salient pole machine ~ two reaction theory, power angle characteristics. Parallel operation of alternators — synchronization and load division. 4 | SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS : 08 Methods of starting of synchronous motors, Different torques in Synchronous motor, Stability, Synchronous condenser, Synchronous phase modifiers, V-curves of Synchronous motors. AUTO SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR : Construction, principle of operation, equivalent excitation current for various rotor connections, circle diagram. 5 | SPECIAL MACHINES : 08 Magnetic levitation principle, advantages and applications of linear induction motor. Introduction to axial flux machines. Construction, working and applications of Permanent magnet brushless DC motor, Stepper motor and Switched reluctance motor. 16ee Index ... ‘THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS LL Introduction 1.2 Rotating Magnetic Field .. 1.3 Rotating Magnetic Field Due to Three-Phase Supply ae 1.4 Synchronous Speed... a 1.5. Construction of Induction Motor. Be 1.6 Stator of Three-Phase Induction Motor... 6 1.7 Rotor of Three-phase Induction Motor a7 1.7.1 Squirrel Cage Three-phase Induction Motor 7 *1.7.2 Slip Ring or Wound Rotor Three-phase Induction Motor... 8 18 Difference between Slip Ring and Squirrel Cage Induction Motor... 9 1.9. Principle of Operation 9 110. Slip. 10 LIL Frequency of Rotor Current.. 10 1.12 Speed of Rotor Field (or MMF) 10 1.13. Rotor EMF LB 16 1.14 ‘Torque Developed in an Induction Motor . 1.15. Condition for Maximum Starting Torque... 1,16 Effect of Change of Supply Voltage 1.17, ‘Torque Under Running Condition... 1.18 Condition for Maximum ‘Torque .... 1.19 Full Load Torque and Maximum Torque: 1.20 Starting Torque and Maximum ‘Torque 2» 1.21. Starting Torque of 3-Phase Induction Moto sins een 1.22. Torque-Slip Characteristics of Thee-phase Induction Motor... : 2 1.23 Torque ~ Speed Characteristic 24 25 1.24 Power Losses in Induction Motor and Power Stages .Ta 1.25. Power Stages. 26 1.26 Necessity of Starter. 2g 1.27 ‘Types of Starter. 2 1.28 What is DOL Starter 7... a 1.29 What is Star Delta Starter ? 2 1.30 Auto transformer Starter. cad 131 a 1.32 Stator Resistance Starter » 1.33 Soft Starter oe 1.34 Variable Frequency Drive 2 1.35 Relation Between ‘T,, and Ty when Starter is used “) 1,36 When DOL Starter is Used ... “ 1.37 When Auto Transformer Starter is Used cS 1.38 When Star Delta Starter Used 1.39 Comparison of Different ‘Iypes of Starters. 35 1.40 Speed Control of Induction Motors 35 1.40.1 By Controlling the Voltage Applied to the Motor 36 1.40.2. By Controlling the Frequency... 1.40.3 By Changing Poles 36 1.404 By Connecting the Resistance in the Rotor Circuit. 0 1405 Cascading conto. 3 LAL By Injecting Slip Frequency EMF in Rotor .. * L411 Kramer Method. ES 1.41.2. Scherbius Method 29 1.42 Double Cage Induction Mot0F us: . 0 1.43 Construction and Working of Double Cage Induction Motor ral 1.44 Comparison between Single Cage and Double Cage Motors 2 1.45. Equivalent Circuit of Induction motor. a 1.45.1 Step by step Procedure to Obtain Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor csnu B—— —— 1.47 Maximum Power Cire 45 1.47.1 Condition for Maximum Power Transferred. . oe 45 148 Circle Diagram of Induction Motor, : : “7 1.49 Effect of Space Harmonies on the Performance of Induction Motor... = 56 1.50 Crawling . 56 LST Cogging . si 1.52. Effect of Unbalanced Supply Voltage on Induction Motor 1 1.83. Induction Generator. os ee 1.54 Isolated Induction Generator aa 58 1.5 Applications of Induction Motors =) Summary Cy Short Questions with Answer... 62 + Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) “4 15 se Bxercise 2. SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS... 2.1 Introduction 6 22. Single Phase Induction Motor Principle... 16 23 Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting. 7... in somes TT 24 Cross Field Theory for Single Phase Induction Motor... re = 78 25 Two-field Rotating Theory for Single Phase Induction Motor. B 25.1 Torque Produced By Single-Phase Induction Motor 9 252 Making Self Starting Motor: 80 2.6 Single Phase Induction Motor 26.1 Split Phase Induction Motor 80 2.6.2 Capacitor Motor 82 2.63 Shaded Pole Motor 84 2.7 ‘Applications’of Single Phase Induction Motors... 86 2.8 Equivalent Circuit of Single Phase Induction Motor... 86 28.1 Without Core Loss 86 28.2 With Core Loss. 88fit ee a 29 Universal, Motor... 2.9.1 Projected Pole Non-compensated Type Universal Motor 2.9.2 Distributed Field Compensated ‘Type Universal Motor 2.10 Repulsion Motor " isnot oN Multiple Choice Questions (MCQS) . : “ o & Brerise *° 3. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES i 3M Definition of Synchronous Generator a 32 Working Principle of Synchronous Generator -%8 3.3. Types of Alternator ae 34 Comparison between Rotating and Stationary Field... ee ed 35 Construction of Alternator 400 35.1 Stator 100 352 Rowr — : = 100 3.6 Comparison of Salient Pole Type and Cylindrical Rotor Type Alternator orn 102 3.7 Define Turbo Altemators in 3-Phase Synchronous Machines 102 38 Define Hydro Alternators in 3-Phase Synchronous Machines 39° Armature Winding 102 3.10 Important Terms Related to Armature Winding 104 3.11 Coil Span Factor 107 3.12. Distribution Factor - 108 3.13 EMF Equation 108 3.14 Armature Reaction and its Effects. 13 3.15 Leakage Reactance 1s 3.16 Altemator on Load 116 3.17 Equivalent Circuit of an Altemator and Phasor Diagram 7 3.18 Vector (Phasor) Diagram of Alternator fe 3.19 Voltage Regulation 120 3.20 Methods of Determining Voltage Regulation 123 3.21. Direct Loading Method . 3 3.22. Synchronous Impedance Method 124 a le3.23 3.24 Ampere Turn Method... smf-mmt and Potier Triangle Method .. ‘Comparative Study Between et ty Need of Parallel Operation of Alternators ‘ Infinite Bus Bars on Performance of Alternator in Isolated System and in Infinite Bus Bar System in ms of Connectin, Conditions of Connecting Alternator with Infinite Bus Bars or Conditio @ One alternator in Parallel to the other Alternators... 3.29 Method of Checking the Phase Difference... by 3.30 Procedure of Synchronizing Altemator.... 1 3.31 Synchronising Action .. le 3.32. Synchronising Power 43 3.33 Synchronizing Torque .. 4 3.34 Advantages of Parallel Operation of Alternators at 3.35. Specifications... - Mi 3.36 Applications 4s 3.37. Power Angle Curve - 4s 3.38 Load Sharing of Alternators 3.39 Magnetic Axes of the Rotors. To 3.40 Two Reaction Theory Applied to Non-cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Machine M8 3.41 Phasor Diagram of a Salient Pole Synchronous generator at Lagging Pi 49 3.42, Laboratory Method to Find X, and X, of Synchronous Machines .scsncsinsnrersscmasece 160 343, Power Output Equation of a Salient Pole (Non-, = maximum value of flux Jf = supply frequency N, = No. of tums/phase of stator winding and K,, = winding factor ie. the product of coil span factor, K, and distribution factor, Ky. + Similarly, the rotor induced e.m.f. when stationary, is given by the relation; E, = 444 f+ Oa, Ne* Ky Le f’ = Sf and S = 1] w + Here, K,, is winding factor of rotor circuit N, = No. of tums/phase of rotor winding. Rotor induced e.m-f. under running conditions is given as 4.44 (£9) max No Ky or 4.44 (SP) Onn Na Kyy Dividing (ii) by (@; © When the rotor starts running, the relative speed of the rotor with respect to stator flux ie. slip ‘S’ drops in direct proportion with the relative speed or slip and is given by SE, = E=S-Ey Rotor Resistance is called leakage flux as shown in the Fig. 1.12. Ve + ‘The leakage flux provides leakage inductance L,. The leakage flux and x beakage hence inductance is very small if the rotor conductors are placed at the, ‘outer most periphery of the rotor. FIG.1.1214 Electrical Machines.1 + The rotor reactance is frequency dependant. Depending upon the rotor current frequency, the rotor reactanee er phase will be, Rotor Reactance Xi = anf’ Ly QnSfl, (f’=Sf) = SX, * When the rotor is stand still or at the time of ‘start the slip is unity, ic. S = 1. " X= 2nf-Ly and under normal running condition, rotor reactance X5 = SX, Rotor _Impedence : + The total opposition offered to the flow of current by the rotor circuit is called the rotor impedence, VR} +X} * — Rotor Impedence per phase at under running condition, Z5 = YR} + (SX2 Rotor Current and Power Factor : + Rotor Impedence per phase at stand still, Z, + The rotor circuit diagram of a 36, induction motor is shown in the Fig. 1.13. The rotor is assumed to be a wound type and star connected. + The rotor e.m.f. per phase and rotor reactance per phase are SE, and ‘SX, respectively. The rotor resistance per phase and rotor reactance per phase’ are R, and X,. At Stand Stilt + Fig. 1.14(a) shows one phase of the rotor. Rotor current per phase, 1, R, Rotor power factor, cos, = = = (2) VR? +X} Ro FIG. 114 Under Running Condition : + Fig, 1.14(b) shows one phase of the rotor under running condition. SE, + Rotor current per phase, I = eo‘Three-Phase Induction Motors 1s Rotor power factor, cosq’, = 2 @ a Rp + x + The equation (3) for rotor current 1, may be re-written as; ‘This equation gives a convenient form of rotor equivalent circuit as shown in ig. 1.14(b). A x; Ry + The resistance 2 is a function of slip and can be splitted into 2 1 two parts R, and Ry ‘Sj where R, is the rotor resistance/ ASSET fos i-s phase and | (S) is a fictitious resistance which represents the electrical load on the rotor. The simplified equivalent circuit fof an induction motor is shown in Fig. 1.15. FIG.115, ‘The power consumed by the fictitious resistance which represents the rotor clectrical load is given by the 2 1-s equation 15 Ry ES] and is converted into mechanical power. Example-1.4 + A star connected rotor of a 3-6 induction motor has an induced e.m4. of 80 volts between the slip rings at stand still on open circuit, The rotor has a resistance and reactance per phase of 1 ohm and 4 ‘ohm respectively. Calculate, rotor current per phase and power factor when (i) slip rings are short circuited slip rings are connected to a star connected rheostat of 3 ohms per phase. Solution : @® At stand still : Voltage between sli rings = 80 V Rotor line voltage, E, = 80 V Rotor phase voltage Ey 3 16.2 volts Rotor resistance per phase, R,/ phase = | ohm Rotor reactance per phase, X;/phase = 4 ohm FIG. 116 Rotor impedence per phase, Z,/ phase = JF +4? = 4.12 ohm, *. Rotor current per phase, when the slip rings are short circuited ie 1,/ phase = 7 = 2A a» Ans.16 Rotor pf. cos @ = >> = Fay a» Ans. = [0.243 Since the power factor is low, the starting torque is also small. (ii) When external rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit : Rotor resistance per phase, R,/ phase = | + 3 = 42 Rotor reactance per phase, X,/ phase = 40 FIG. 117 Rotor impedence Z,/ phase = /4?+4? = 5.66.2 46.2 Roto 1, / phase 2 216A tor current, I, /p 4S Rotor pif. cos6. a aan a 5.66 Syllabus Topic : Starting and Maximum Torque 1.14 TORQUE DEVELOPED IN AN INDUCTION MOTOR : 1. Derive the equation of electromagnetic torque for a three phase induction motor with usual notations from first principles. (December-2017, 2018, 2019; May-2019, 4-Marks} + The torque developed in an induction motor is due to the interaction of the rotor and stator fields and is dependent on the strength of those fields and the phase relation between them. Torque « 6/17 -cosb, * Here @ is the stator rotating flux, I, is the rotor current / per phase and cos 4, is the roto power factor + Since the rotor e.m-f. at stand still is proportional to the stator flux E, = 6, T « E,-I, cosd, a T = KE, Iy cos, where K is a constant,‘Three-Phase Induction Motors "7 Now by putting the values of rotor current 1, and rotor power factor cos, as nee SE, _ __SE2 ZUR +k Re +S*XP . Ry Ro cos, = eee ee Ry? +(SXy?) {R.? +S°x,” SE YR. +S°x,? K-S-E,?-Ry R,’ +8°X,” or Te Starting Torque (T,) : When the motor is just to start, its rotor speed N, is zero. ‘at starting slip, S or R,’ +X," Generally, the stator supply voltage V is constant so that the flux / pole @ set up by the stator is also fixed. This means that the rotor emf. E, induced is also constant. KR, KR, Rp +X} Z, + where K, is another constant. 1.15 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM STARTING TORQUE : Eee Derive the condition for maximum starting torque for three phase induction motor. (Dec. 2018, 4-Marks] + To obtain the expression for maximum starting torque, differentiate the equation of starting torque with respect to R, and equate it to zero. at a dR> aT, : “ dR; or R,? + X2" or B, = x * Rotor’ resistance = Rotor stand still reactance. K\E,” + Thus the maximum torgue is given by Tae = “3g © Under the condition of maximum torque, @, = 45° and rotor power factor is cos 45° = See Fig. 1.18(i). + Fig. 1.18(i shows the curve of variation of starting torque with rotor resistance. It is seen that with the increase in rotor resistance, starting torque also increases untill it becomes maximum when Rj =X,. If the rotor resistance is further increased beyond this optimum value, the starting torque will decrease. 707, lagging. Bectrcal Machines-I/ 2020/3Electrical Machines.1 T, (max. at Ry= Xp Rotor Resistance —— @ FIG, 1.18 1.16 EFFECT OF CHANGE OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE : K-E,?-R,? R, +X," + The starting torque T, = + Now E, © supply voltage V = KicV?:Ro where K, is another constant. Ry +X)" T,«< v? + ‘Therefore, the starting torque is proportional to the square of the applied voltage 1.17 TORQUE UNDER RUNNING CONDITION + + The torque, T x E%I; cos} or T x 113 cosdy Here E, = rotor emf. | phase under running condition. Ty, = rotor current | phase under running condition. = —SE2__ 7 Ry? + 9°X)’ Ro 8 & " © RY + 6X2? Te 4 SE R? oC —— —— YR,’ +X," Rr +x," pe MS-E2 Ry Ry’ + 9°X)' K, -S-E,?-R To. Sees Ry +S'x,2 ’ MMe Ki: is another constant. + At stand still, S=1 KiB: -Rp Ry +Xx,2 * ame 8s in article 1.16,‘Three-Phase Induction Motors » 1.18 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM TORQUE 11s cree RO MAXIMUM TORQUE : The full load torque developed in an induction motor is given by the expression 2 7 o ESB eRe RY +9x,? ot T « — SR Ry +S) (Since K -E} is constant) The torque developed will be maximum at some particular value of slip. Since in the above expression, slip “S” is variable, therefore to get the condition for maximum torque, this expression for torque is differentiated "and then equated to zero, aT _ (Ry? +S°X,*)-Ry ~ SR,(0+ 28K") _ a ds (Re + 8x4)? or (R,’ + $*X,7)-R, — SR,2SX,7) = 0 a R,’ +8°X,” -28°x,? = 0 or Ry -S?x;? = 0 or Ry = SX, or s = 22 jis the slip at which maximum torque occurs 2 1,19 FULL LOAD TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE, Let $ be the slip of the motor on full load. The expression for full load torque is 2 2 ty = ESB ag, = EEE R,? + SX)/ 2X K-S-E,?-R, Ty _ RP +S°X)? SR, -2X> Trax KE, R, +S°x,? 2X + Dividing the numerator and denominator by X3, Ty Trax Now put BeaLTS i. ee ee Electrical Mac, 20 ines. 1.20 STARTING TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE ¢ 1.20 STARTING TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE = 2 K-E,’ Rp ‘The starting torque T, = => Ry +X)" Also T, K-Ey i 2X2 The ratio of starting torque to max. torque is R, 2X) RY +X)" Dividing the numerator and denominator by X} 2R2Xp To = Trax ; R. By puttin; a y putting, x7? 7, 2a Tax +1 1.21 STARTING TORQUE OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR : Sq In 3-phase induction motor, the rotor circuit has low resistance as compared to high inductance. At the time of start, the rotor frequency is equal to the stator supply frequency ie., 50-Hz. Therefore, the reactance is very high as compared to its resistance, so the rotor current, lags the rotor ems. by a large angle. The power factor will be low and consequently the starting torque is low. When resistance is added in the rotor circuit, then the power factor of the rotor is improved. Thus the starting torque of the motor is also improved. Since the resistance is added in the rotor circuit, therefore the rotor impedence also increases which decreases the rotor current but the effect of improved power factor predominates and the starting torque is increased. “rel Cage Motors In squirrel cage motors, the rotor conductors or rotor bars are permanentl or short circuiting rings. ly short circuited with the help of Therefore, it is not possible to add external resistance in the ; : is very low. . Fotor circuit. The starting torque of such motors ‘Squirrel cage motors have starting torque of 1.5 to 2 times the ; to 9 times the full load current. full load value with starting current of 5 Wound Rotor Motors or Slip Ring Induction Motors : Tn such type of motors, the rotor star connected, therefore to increase the extemal resistance can be connected in series with the rotor termina yc ins torque OF such mote which are brought out.duct soree-Phase Induction Motors = y adding the proper value of resistance (5 picks Up speed, the extemal resist (so that R, = X,) maximum torque can be obtained. As the motor for running conditions © is gradually cut out untill the rotor circuit is short circuited on itself poample-LS ‘pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase inducti eee Phase induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.02 © per phase and stand still — Phase. Calculate the speed at which the maximum torque is developed. Rotor resistance / phase, R, = 0.02 ohm Rotor reactance / phase, X, = 0.5 ohm Since maximum torque occurs at that - value of slip which makes rotor reactance / phase to rotor resistance / p R, Speed of the motor corresponding to max. torque N, = (1 = Spay) - Ny = 1 — 004) 120%50 = [1440 rpm. a» Ans, Example-1.6 ‘A 4-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a rotor resistance / phase of 0.03 ohm and reactance of 0.12 ohm per phase. What is the value of speed at maximum torque ? Solution: Number of poles, P = 4 Supply frequency, f = 50 Hz Rotor resistance / phase, R, = 0.03 ohm Rotor reactance / phase, X, = 0.12 ohm 120 50 Synchronous speed, N, = —7 Slip corresponding to max. torque, Spas = Speed of the motor corresponding to max. torque 1 — Suu) * Ny (1 = 0.25) x 1500ica MACHINES |] 22 Example-1.7 : . 'ASKY, 8 pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a slip ring rotor of re ¢ 0.12 ohm and stang still reactance of 0.48 ohm per phase, Full load torque is obtained at 720 rp.m, Calculate (a) the ratio of maximum to full load torque (b) the speed at maximum torque. Solution : Number of poles, P = 8 Supply frequency, f= 50 Hz Rotor resistance / phase, Ry = 0.12 ohm Stand still reactance / phase, X,= 0.48 ohm Full load rotor speed, N, = 720 p.m. 121 Synchronous speed, N, = = 750 rpm 750 ~ 72 Full load slip, S, = = = 0.04 ‘ull load slip, S, 7 (i) Ratio of max. to full load torque _ 0.0641 0.02 a Ans, (ii) Slip corresponding to max. torque ie, Speed corresponding to max. torque, N, =~ S,)-N, 1 ~ 0.25) x 750 [25] wn Ams 122 TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR : 1. Draw Slip Torque characteristic of 3-phase induction motor and explain in brief. [May-2019, 4 Marks] 2 Explain the torque slip characteristics of a three phase induction motor and describe the significance of stabl and unstuble region and describe the significance of stable - [May-2018, 7-Marks}gree Phase Induction Motors 23 +The torque-slip curve for an induction mo ————— tbe stip. Motor gives us the information about the variation of torque with ‘The torque-slip characteristic of the induetio eecerlictencnloy: “ction motor is shown in Fig. 1.19. In general, the torque of the induction Case-2 : When slip is very smal e-l_ : When slip is zero (S$ = 9) “The torque of inducti seen or olor iS Proportional to the slip. When the slip is zero, the torque will be zero I means, the induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed at all FIG. 119 Case-3 + When Case-4 + When ‘The component (SX,)* is very small compared to R3, hence, it can be neglected. Assuming k, 0, R, constant. So, we can get; Tes iy and It means for small value of slip (S), the motor torque is directly proportional to slip (S). So, the curve between torque and slip becomes straight line. gh : is very R ‘When the value of slip will increase and when $ = me R} is very small as compared to (SX,)*, at higher value of slip. then the maximum torque will occur. The component So, the component Rj” can be neglected with respect to ($X,)?. Hence, we can get, Toe s It means fur the higher value of slip (S), the torque developed by the motor is inversely proportional to the slip ($). p is one (S = 1) For slip S = 1. the value of torque does not become zero but we will get some torque. This torque is known as starting torque (T,).24 Electrical Machines.1, Shape of Curve + The shape of the torqu: in slip. But, after cro: ip characteristic is rectangular hyperbola. The torque will increase with increasy 2 maximum torque line, the torque will decrease with increase in slip (S), Effect of Rotor Resistance on Torque ~ Slip Characteristic + The first curve is for rotor resistance Ry. The second curve is for rotor resistance 25. The third curve jg for rotor resistance 4R,. From torque slip characteristic, we can say that when the rotor resistance is increased. 1. The value of starting torque increase, 2. The value of maximum torque does not change but the value of slip at which maximum torque occurs will be changed. When the value of rotor resistance becomes equal to the value of rotor reactance, then the maximum starting torque will occur. 1.23 TORQUE - SPEED CHARACTERISTIC : =) Draw and explain speed — torque characteristic of an induction motor. (December-2019, 7-Marks}] ‘The torque-speed characteristic is the mirror image of the torque - slip characteristic. It is shown in Fig. 1.20. In general, the torque of the induction motor is given by; p= ESE: Ro R,” +(SX2)* Case-1_: When speed N is zero (N = 0 and $ = 1): + Athe time of starting, for sli ‘This torque is known as sta 'S = 1, the value of torque does not become zero but we can get some torque. T,). FIG. 1.20 : TORQUE - SPEED CHARACTERISTIC Case-2.: When specd:N is more than zero but less than N, + As the speed of the motor increases, the value of slip decrease and the torque developed by the motor 1 increases (ie.'T ©) = When S becomes equal to &, then the maximum torque will be occur. 2 ngpts ——eres three-Phase Induction Motors 25 Now, the further increase in speed que will also after maximur e slip will decrease, and the (or decrease (ie. T © S), imum torque, the slip will dec Case-3 + When speed N is equal to N, (N = N, and Ot + At higher value of speed, the torque of induction motor is proportional to the slip. When th N=N, (ie. S = 0), the torque will be zero. It means, the induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed at all. re speed Shape of Curve: shape of Curve : + The shape of the torque - speed characteristic is rectangular hyperbola, The torque — speed characteristic is the mirror image of the torque - slip characteristic. Effect of Rotor Resistance on Torque ~ Speed Characteristic Bet 2 on Torque — Speed Characteristic : + The first curve is for rotor resistance Ry. The second curve is for rotor resistance 2Rp. The third curve is for rotor resistance 4R,. From torque - speed characteristic, we can say that when the rotor resistance is increased: 1. The value of starting torque increases. 2. The value of maximum torque does not change but the value of speed at which maximum torque occurs will be changed. + When the value of rotor resistance becomes equal to the value of rotor reactance, then the maximum starting torque will occur. Syllabus Topic : Losses and Efficiency ee SS SSS 1.24 POWER LOSSES IN INDUCTION MOTOR AND POWER STAGES : +. Various losses occurring in induction motor are as follows Stator losses + There are two types of stator losses : (a) Stator iron losses which occurs in the iron core of the stator, There are two types of this loss. One is the hysteresis loss and the other is the eddy current loss. These losses are dependent on the frequency and the maximum value of the flux density. If the supply voltage and the frequency remain constant, these losses remain constant. (b) Stator copper loss which occurs due to the resistance of the stator winding. ‘This loss varies as the ‘square of the stator current. Thus this loss varies with the load. 2. Rotor losses : + In rotor also two types of losses occur. (a) Rotor iron loss : This loss is negligible, because the frequency of the emf induced in the rotor is ” = sf which is very less. Now the iron losses are dependent on the frequency. So the iron losses in the rotor are constant. (b) Rotor copper losses : This loss is equal to PR, It varies as the square of the current. Thus the rotor copper loss also varies as the load. 3._Mechanical loss : This loss includes the friction loss and the windage loss. Friction loss occurs in the bearing. This loss varies as the speed, When the rotor rotates, it has to overcome the opposition force due to air. In addition, fan is used for cooling due to which also there is wastage of power. This is called the windage loss. This loss varies as the square of the speed ecrical Machines H (2020/4Be Electrical Machin, 1.25 POWER STAGES + Block diagram of the power stages of the induction motor is shown in Fig. 1.21 ———} ROTOR Motor | STATOR | qpur= | rotor | GROSS | mecH. | MoTOR JRON + | stator | Cu LOSS | Gyrpyy | LOSS | OUTPUT cu toss | Stator FIG. 1.21 : POWER STAGES Stator input = Rotor output + Stator loss Stator output = Rotor input Gross rotor output = Rotor input — Rotor copper loss + This gross rotor output is converted in to the mechanical power. Out of this some power is wasted to overcone friction and windage losses. Remaining power is available at the shaft and we get the shaft torque 7, + Rotor copper loss = s x rotor input Efficiency 7 x 100 Motor input | Syllabus Topic : Methods of starting a ————— 1.26 NECESSITY OF STARTER : Ea) 1. Why starter needed for poly phase induction motor ? [December-2019, 3-Marks} 2. List the types of starters for a 3-phase induction motor. Explain any two starters in brief. (May-2019, 7-Marks} Function : + The main function of the starter is to limit the starting current and it also provides the protection agains! the over load and over voltage. Explanatic + When the three-phase supply is given to the induction motor, the rotating magnetic field is produced. This rotating magnetic field rotates at synchronous speed (Ng) + But, at the time, of starting the speed of rotor (N) is zero. So, the slip is maximum (ie. S = 1). Now, tie magnitude of the EMF induced in the rotor winding depends on the slip. E _ SE, Ry? + X32 VR? + (SX)? + As slip, S = 1, the EMF induced in rotor winding is very high. As rotor windings are short circuited, th? rotor winding and hence the stator winding will draw very high current from the supply during the starting period. This starting current is 5 to 7 times more than its full load current. Due to this high starting current ES = SE, and 15 = 1, The damage of motor may occur and, her voltage drops in the line 2. The equipment connected with same line get reduced voltage due to 4