CHAPTER 05 •

WORD PREVIEW

{• .. {•

client surely talented routine

artificial human-Ievel executive habit
o sweetener chief manage
available sense operation individual
figure out philosopher leadership
experimental social be based on typically
conceivable primary solely involve
concentration tool rank restricted
earn range
diner in short fortune suck
completely awareness internal blanket
fearless creature in contrast
crocodile evident willingly
common avoid follow ordered
phobia obstacle pay step
sweaty-palmed widen trust bath
sufferer conception decision
extreme distributed interest continuity
reasonable equip at heart generation
scheming suitable unlque
’
Moskowitz set up shop in the seventies , and one of his first c1 ients was Peps i. The artificia1
sweetener aspartame had just become avai1ab1e , and Pepsi wanted Moskowitz CD to figure out
the perfect amount of sweetener for a can of Diet Peps i. Pepsi knew that anything be10w 8
percent sweetness was not @ sweet enough and anything over 12 percent was too sweet. So
Moskowitz made up experimenta1 samp1es of Diet Pepsi with every conceivab1e degree of
sweetness - 8 percent, 8 .25 percent, 8.5 , and on and on up to 12. And then he gave them to
hundreds of peop1e , and @ 100ked for the concentration that peop1e 1iked the mos t. But the
data were a mess - there wasn ’ t a pattem - and one day, @ in a diner, Moskowitz
rea1ized why. They had been asking the wrong question. There was no such thing as the
perfect Diet Pepsi. They @ shou1d 100k for the perfect Diet Pepsis. 110

Vocabulary Comprehension

•
1 enough ,
•

2
looked , sittingOI
3

artificial sweetener available

conceivable concentration

128 2
 fìnding the perfect amount of 1

experiments: 8%, 8.25 %, 8.5% ...... 12% - not sweet enough or

2 sweet

No patterns

Why: There were perfect Diet 3 , not one

perfect Diet 4

1
: able to be obtained , taken , or used

2 lmI themOI

3
Moskow Ìtz was unable to find the amount of sweetener for Diet Pepsi , since everyone
has tastes .

And then he gave them to hundreds of people. and looked for the concentration that people liked the most.

05 . UNIT 16 129
 (A) , (8) ,

Fear is a good thing - if we were comp1ete1y @ fear, it wou1dn ’ t be 10ng before we were
eaten by a crocodile or fell off a tall building. It ’ s very difficu1t to figure out what peop1e
are most afraid of, but among the most common phobias (A) is / being a fear of spiders. 1 1

Why we shou1d be afraid of nonaggressive creatures hundreds of times smaller than we

(B) is a mystery. Probab1y the most common fear, if you grouped severa1 together,
is the fear of other peop1e. Most peop1e get sweaty-pa1med and dry-mouthed at the thought
of pub1ic speaking , for examp1e. And agoraphobia , (C) 1 which / that 1 affects one person in
twenty, can stop sufferers from 1eaving their homes for years in extreme cases. Perhaps it ’ s
preUy reasonab1e: after all , which other anima1 is as scheming , unpredictab1e , and dangerous
as peop1e @be? * nonaggressive * * agoraphobia 110

r1
(A) (B) (C) (A) (c)
@ is
AUo that
CD is are which
Auo
@ being are which @ being which
@ being are that

1 -•

2 (A) • a fear of spiders

(8) • hundreds 01 times smaller
(C) •

3 (A) a fear of among the most common

•

(8) smallOI is •
(C) •

m crocodile
M Ll m sweaty-palmed
&g
reasonable
m A
’
}

130 2
 Topic: fear

Function : Ty pes:
Fear helps us save our 1 • Fear of 2 • unreasonable
• Fear of 3
examples: stage fright , agoraphobia
reason: 4 are dangerous

3
Q: What is mentioned as a reasonable fear?
A: The fear of

• l t.
very difficult to figure out what people are most

but among the most common phobias is a fear of spiders.

.
•
Perhaps it’s pretty reasonable: after all , which other animal is as scheming , unpredictable , and dangerous as
people are (scheming , unpredictable , and dangerous)?

16 131
01
Surely nothing would count as having human-level intelligence unless it had language , and
the chief use of human language is to talk about the world. 1n this sense , intelligence is
bound up with @ that philosophers call intentionality. (A) 1 Moreover / Nevertheless I, language
is a social phenomenon , and a primary use of language within a group of people @ is to
talk about the things they can all perceive (such as this tool or that piece of wood) , or have I 5

perceived (yesterday ’ s piece of wood) , or might perceive (tomorrow ’ s piece of wood , maybe).
1n short, language is grounded in awareness of the world. 1n an embodied creature or a robot,
@ such an awareness would be evident from its interactions with the environment (avoiding
obstac1 es , picking things up , and so on). (B) But / Therefore we might widen the conception
1 1

to inc1 ude a distributed , disembodied artificial intelligence @ with suitable sensors. 110

.embody

1 (A),
(A) (B)

2
: an event or situation that can be seen to happen or exist

count as be bound up with intentionality

phenomenon primary e
be grounded in awareness e ]--
conception distributed
artificial intelligence suitable

132 2
02 (A) (8)
, ,

There are many talented executives with the ability to mariage operations , but great
leadership is not based solely on great operational ability. Leading is not the same as
(A) Ibe / being I the leade r. Being the leader means you hold the highest rank , either by
earning it, having good fortune or navigating internal politics. Leading , however, means that
others willingly follow you - not because they have to , not because they (B) I pay / are paid I
to , but because they want to. A great leader knows how to lead the company. Those who
lead are able to do so because those who follow trust that the decisions made at the top
(C) I has / have I the best interest of the group at hear t. In turn , those who trust work hard
because they feellike they are working for something bigger than themselves .

(A) (B) (C)

CD be pay have
@ be are paid has
@ being are paid has
@ being are paid have
@ being pay have

talented solely hold

navigate internal
at heart in turn

05 • UNrr 16 133
03 1;;1 8440-0065

Routines are different tban habits and rituals . Habits are repetitive behaviors CD that
individuals perform without conscious though t. Behavioral habits are done automatically
and typically involve a restricted range of behaviors. For example, a child may have a habit
of sucking on the end of her blanket when going to sleep. A routine , in contrast, involves a
sequence of @ highly ordered steps. A child ’ s bedtime routine might include taking a bath ,
brushing his or her teeth , reading a book, saying prayers , and then @ sucking on the end of a
奇兪
blanket before going to sleep. Rituals , on the other hand , tend to be more symbolic and @ link
to emotional bonds within the family. They often provide continuity across generations and
are unique and meaningful to the family. A routine has the ability to become a ritual when it
is repeated over time and @ takes on symbolic meaning. 10

routine ritual repetitive

consclous automatically
typically restricted range
sequence ordered
step bond
çontinuity take on

134 2
 :( ( Student ID Name

STEP 01

;Aresponse
Cause: to being Cause:
The requirement to Open spaces ,
perform in front of many people
. Feel dizzy and shopping malis , or
(actual or potential) have trouble

an audience breathing in the presence of

public transit simply being outside the home

1 How are stage fright and agoraphobia similar?

They are both a response to being
Sufferers of both may feel dizzy and

2 What triggers stage fright?

Stage fright can be triggered by

3 What triggers agoraphobia?

Agoraphobia can be triggered by being in

STEP 02

Stage fright and agoraphobia have several things in common. Firstly, stage
fright and agoraphobia are both
Also , . However, the
two kinds of fear differ in what triggers them. In the case of stage fright , it can
be triggered by . On the other
hand , agoraphobia can be triggered by being in

CHAPTER 05 • 16 135
 STEP 01

.Aresponse
Cause: to being Cause:
The requirement to in the presence 01 Open spaces ,
perform in lront 01 many people public transit, shopping
an audience . Feel dizzy and malls, or simply being
(actual or potential) have trouble outside the home
breathing

1 They are both a response to being in the presence of many people.

Sufferers of both may feel dizzy and have trouble breathing.

2 Stage fright can be triggered by the requirement to perform in front of an audience.

3 Agoraphobia can be triggered by being in open spaces , public transit , shopping malls , or simply
being outside the home.

STEP 02
Stage fright and agoraphobia have several things in common. Firs t1 y, stage
fright and agoraphobia are both a response to being in the presence of many
people. Also, sufferers of both may feel dizzy and have trouble breathing.
However, the two kinds of fear differ in what triggers them. In the case of
stage fright , it can be triggered by the requirement to perform in front of an
åudience. On the other hand , agoraphobia can be triggered by being in open
spaces , public transit, shopping mal1s, or simply being outside the home.

136 2
WORD PREVIEW

(• .. I• { ....

convert simplify progr!3 ss reintroduce

vice versa manageable appealing preparation
suicidal red uce palate surround
get at consequence harvest reject
launch ignore appear flavor
ban onlya few ripen effective
interplay affect invariably trick
law enforcement beneficial pick grow up
outweigh adverse barely leather
geography side effect edible swear
respond to obviously plant garlic
attempt private combination
purpose consciously trespasser enticing
set forth deal with be subject to accustomed
exert consult legal diverse
influence range sanction assortment
aura input incentive as long as
tactile disagree prematurely ingredient
selectively concerned about ban extra
function decision
,
For elephants , selective hunting converted a disadvantage into an asset and vice versa .
Without human hunting , tusk bearing was an asset and tusklessness a disadvantage. Heavy
ivory hunting CD strengthened their roles . Cutting a tusk off a live , wild elephant is a task
recommended only for the @ suicidal , so ivory hunters killed elephants to get at the tusks
safely. Numbers of elephants dropped so low that , in the twentieth century , conservationists
launched efforts to save the species through the creation of national parks and bans on
hunting. But the interplay of poverty , weak law enforcement , and global demand @fueled
poaching in Africa , even in protected areas. @ Poachers wanted nothing from elephants except
tusks. A once-rare genetic feature , tusklessness , grew far @more common as poachers made
its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. Tuskless elephants usually lived to @reproduce; 110

tusked elephants often @ did not. *tusk **poach

•
1

2 Q)

convert vice versa bear

reverse suicidal
get at conservationist launch
interplay poverty
demand fuel rare
genetic feature outweigh
reproduce

138 2
 .cO.kr1

/111111\

for elephants.

/
l
1
1
1 H w ri m W H
l m
1 “ %
1
l
‘

Ivory hunters killed elephants to get at the tusks safely.

Tuskless elephants usually lived to 2

A once-rare genetic characteristics , tusklessness , grew far more 3

1 nothing ... except

2 @did not

3
(1) : a plant or animal group whose members all have sirnilar characteristics
(2) : a need for something to be sold or supplied

•
- [tusk bearing was an asset] --,-
and [tusklessness a disadvantage]

-, so ivory hunters killed elephants [to get at the tusks safely].

- , conservationists launched efforts [to save the species

----,--- ----,----

CHAPTER 05 • 17 139
 (A) , (B) ,

Maps select and frame a particular piece of geography. More important , and more
surprising , is this: every map frames a question , which then becomes the Every map
then responds to its own question by selecting those data deemed relevan t. No map shows
everything; what is selected (A) reveals / disguises the mapmaker ’ s purpose. But maps do
1 1

more than reflect intention. They also create a mindse t. They lead us toward a particular 1 5

view of reality. What maps show us - “ the answer" they set forth to the question they frame
- @ a powerful influence on our (B) expression /
1 1, especially since maps
still an aura of being reliable and bias-free. What we ’re saying is this: maps are verbs.
They may seem to be tactile objects , documents we can handle or fold - nouns - but
don't be fooled. In persuasively framing questions and selectively @ answers , they 110

(C) 1act / travel 1; they function as agents. This is “ the power of maps."

(A) (B) (C)

<D reveals expreSS lOn act
@ reveals perceptlO n act
@ reveals expreSS lO n travel
@ disguises perceptlO n travel
@ disguises express lO n travel

1
2 • : shows. reflect
: a mindset. a vlew
: verbs , agents

frame geography deem

relevant disguise set forth
exert · aura tactile
fool persuasively

140 2
 select and frame a(n) 1 piece of geography

reflect the mapmaker ’ s 2

influence our 3

function as 4

have “ power"

1 EEI
@ exert •

@ supply -•

2
rather than / our thinking / just objects / agents / or documents / that form

Maps have power in that they are

•
More and more surprising , [i s this]: • this7f
-•

141
01
One way people simplify their decisions and make them more manageable is to reduce
the number of consequences they consider. They ’re especially likely to ignore consequences
that are thought to affect only a few people. But consequences that affect only a few people
can be CD serious. For example , a highly beneficial drug may have positive consequences for
many and @ adverse consequences for only a few people. But what if those few people could
die from side effects of the drug? Obviously, you wouldn ’ t want to @ ignore such serious
consequences no matter how few people are affected. In attempting to consciously deal with
this situation , it helps to consult a broad range of people who have a stake in the decision
you ’ re making. Invite input from all interested parties , especially those who @disagree with
you and those with the most to lose. Ask them what consequences they ’ re concerned about 110

and why. Then, @ exclude these consequences in your decision making.

*slake

1 this situationOI

2
(1) : producing good or helpful results or effects
(2) : to try to accomplish something

simplify manageable only a few

beneficial exclude

142 2
02 (8) , Q8440-0069

1n the early stages , cherries are too tart to eat , but as the cycle progresses , the sugar
content of the fruit (A) 1 decreases / increases 1, making them more appealing to most palates.
Professional cherry growers time their harvests so that the fruit is appeared in supermarkets
near the peak of the ripening cycle. 1nvariably, however, cherries on trees growing in public
parks are picked when they are barely sweet enough to be edible. wþy don't people wait?
Professional cherry growers plant their trees on (B) 1 private / public I land , and trespassers
who pick cherries from them are subject to legal sanctions. These growers have no incentive
to harvest their frui t prematurely. But the incentives are different in public parks , where
anyone is (C) Ibanned / free I to pick cherries. And although everyone would be better off if
the fruit were allowed to ripen , anyone who waited that long would find no cherries to pick. 110

otart

(A) (B) (c)

CD decreases pnvate banned
@ decreases public free
@ increases pnvate banned
@ increases public banned
@ increases pnvate free

2
the reason for cherries in public parks earlier than on land

appealing palate
ripen invariably
trespasser sanction incentive
prematurely

CHAPTER 05 • UNrr 17 143

03 (A) (8), ,

When reintroducing foods , try different preparation and cooking methods to make the food
more appealing. Surrounding a rejected food with f1 avors the child normally likes , like cheese
or bacon , can be especially (A) 1effective / useless 1. This was a favor Ïte trick in my own
household when 1 was growing up. “ If 1’ d melted cheese on it, you guys would have eaten
shoe my dad me when 1 asked him why he thought we always (B) 1 ate / rejected 1
our vegetables. 1’ ve spoken to other parents who swear that garlic , salt, and pepper is a
combination enticing enough to get their kids to eat almost everything. The important thing is
to get children (C) accustomed / indifferent to eating a diverse assortment of fresh vegetables
1 I

and fruits . As long as the garnishes are made from real ingredients , a few extra calories that
help them enjoy the experience is perfec t1 y fine. * garnish 110

(A) (B) (c)

CD effective ate accustomed
@ effective rejected accustomed
@ effective ate indifferent
@ useless rejected indifferent
@ useless ate indifferent

1
: attractive , having qualities that people like

2 you guys would have eaten shoe

you would have eaten

reintroduce preparation appealing

surround leather swear
garlic combination enticing
diverse assortment
ingredient

144 2
 ( ( Student ID Name

STEP 01

, What do you usually do with your used paper rolls?

2 How is the toilet paper roll being used in the picture on the right?

3 What did the girl in the picture do to transform the toilet paper roll?

4 Have you ever heard about creative reuse. or upcycling? Why do people upcycle?

STEP 02

creatlve reuse in a way that preserve pollutes

envlronment throwaway a cell phone stand

Most people just used toilet paper ro11s , which the

environmen t. How can we keep our clean? One way to protect
nature is to “ upcycle." Upcycling is a form of of products that
would norma11y go to waste. An example of upcycling is transforming a used
toilet paper ro11 into . It is made by simply cutting the toilet paper
ro11 can hold a ce11 phone. By upcycling used toilet paper ro11s , we
can protect the environment and help Earth ’ s natural resources.

(10) (5)

05 ' 17 '45
 STEP 01 1 1 throw them away.

2 It is being used as a cell phone stand.

3She cut the toilet paper roll so that it could hold a cell phone.

4 Yes , 1’ve heard of both of these. People upcycle to protect the environment.

STEP 02
Most people just throw away used toilet paper rolls , which pollutes the
environment. How can we keep our environment clean? One way to protect
nature is to “ upcycle." Upcycling is a form of creative reuse of products that
would normally go to waste. An example of upcycling is transforming a
used toilet paper roll into a cell phone stand. It is made by simply cutting the
toilet paper roll in a way that can hold a cell phone. By upcycling used toilet
paper rolls , we can protect the environment and help preserve Earth ’ s natural
resources.

146 2