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JEEIIT JEE Study MaterialCommunication Systems

Abdulrehman

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Communication Systems

The communication system is a system which describes the information exchange

between two points. The process of transmission and reception of information is
called communication. The major elements of communication are the Transmitter of
information, the Channel or medium of communication and the Receiver of
information.

Download Complete Chapter Notes of Communication System

Table of Contents

Types of Communication Systems

Examples of Communication Systems
Elements of Communication Systems
Block Diagram of Communication Systems
Objective Questions

Communication System
Types of Communication Systems

Depending on signal specification or technology, the communication system is

classified as follows:

(1) Analogue

Analogue technology communicates data as electronic signals of varying frequency or

amplitude. Broadcast and telephone transmission are common examples of analogue
technology.

(2) Digital

In digital technology, the data are generated and processed in two states: High
(represented as 1) and low (represented as 0). Digital technology stores and
transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s.

Types Of Communication Systems

Depending on the communication channel, the communication system is categorised as
follows:

1. Wired (Line communication)

Parallel wire communication

Twisted wire communication
Coaxial cable communication
Optical fibre communication

2. Wireless (Space communication)

Ground wave communication

Skywave communication
Space wave communication
Satellite communication

Examples of Communication Systems

The following are a few examples of communication systems:

1. Internet

2. Public Switched Telephone Network

3. Intranet and Extranet

4. Television
Elements of Communication Systems

The definitions of the terms used in the communication system are discussed below.

Information

Message or information is the entity that is to be transmitted. It can be in the

form of audio, video, temperature, picture, pressure, etc.

Signal

The single-valued function of time carries the information. The information is

converted into an electrical form for transmission.

Transducer

It is a device or an arrangement that converts one form of energy to the other. An

electrical transducer converts physical variables such as pressure, force, and
temperature into corresponding electrical signal variations. For example, a
microphone converts audio signals into electrical signals. The photodetector
converts light signals into electrical signals.

Amplifier

The electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude or the strength of
the transmitted signal is called an amplifier. When the signal strength becomes
less than the required value, amplification can be done anywhere between the
transmitter and receiver. A DC power source will be provided for the amplification.

Modulator
As the original message signal cannot be transmitted over a large distance because
of their low frequency and amplitude, they are superimposed with high frequency and
amplitude waves called carrier waves. This phenomenon of superimposing of message
signals with a carrier wave is called modulation, and the resultant wave is a
modulated wave which is to be transmitted.

There are different types of modulation, and they are explained below:

i. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

The process of changing the amplitude of the signal wave by impressing or

superimposing it on a high-frequency carrier wave, keeping its frequency constant,
is called amplitude modulation.

ii. Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency modulation is a technique in which the frequency of the message signal is

varied by modulating with a carrier wave. It is better than amplitude modulation
because it eliminates noise from various sources.

iii. Phase Modulation (PM)

The phase of the carrier wave changes the phase of the signal wave. The phase shift
after modulation is dependent on the frequency of the carrier wave as well. Phase
modulated waves are immune to noise to a greater extent.

Transmitter

It is the arrangement that processes the message signal into a suitable form for
transmission and, subsequently, reception.

Antenna

An antenna is a structure or a device that will radiate and receive electromagnetic

waves. So, they are used in both transmitters and receivers. An antenna is
basically a metallic object, often a collection of wires. The electromagnetic waves
are polarised according to the position of the antenna.

Channel

A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire, cables, or space through which
the signal is passed from the transmitter to the receiver. There are many channel
impairments that affect channel performance to a pronounced level. Noise,
attenuation and distortion, to mention the major impairments.

Noise

Noise is one of the channel imperfections or impairments in the received signal at

the destination. There are external and internal sources that cause noise. External
sources include interference, i.e. interference from nearby transmitted signals
(cross talk), interference generated by a natural source such as lightning, solar
or cosmic radiation, automobile-generated radiation, etc. The external noise can be
minimised and eliminated by the appropriate design of the channel and shielding of
cables. Also, by digital transmission, external noise can be minimised.

Internal sources include noise due to random motion and collision of electrons in
the conductors and thermal noise due to diffusion and recombination of charge
carriers in other electronic devices. Internal noise can be minimised by cooling
and using digital technology for transmission.
What is an antenna?

An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts electric current into

electromagnetic (EM) waves or vice versa. Antennas are used to transmit and receive
nonionizing EM fields, which include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation
(IR) and visible light.

Radio wave antennas and microwave antennas are used extensively throughout most
industries and in our day-to-day lives. Infrared and visible light antennas are
less common. They're still deployed in a variety of settings, although their use
tends to be more specialized.
How are antennas categorized?

Antennas are often categorized as either transmitting or receiving. However, many

antennas can do both through a transceiver. A transmitting antenna receives current
from a transmitting device. From this current, the antenna generates EM waves at a
specific frequency that radiate out through the air, where they can then be
received by one or more other antennas.

For example, a radio station might broadcast music as an FM signal, which is a type
of radio wave in the EM spectrum. The station's transmitter sends the music to the
antenna in the form of electric current at the desired frequency. The antenna
converts the electric current to radio waves that are transmitted out in all
directions.

A receiving antenna intercepts EM waves transmitted through the air. From these
waves, the antenna generates a small amount of current, which varies depending on
the strength of the signal. The current is passed to the receiving device, where it
is transformed for its specific environment. For example, a car's antenna might
pick up the FM signal from the radio station. The antenna converts the signal's
radio waves to current, which is fed to the car's radio. The radio amplifies the
current and in other ways transforms it and delivers it as music to the speakers.
Abdulrehman

⎫ A different cable design.

⎫ Proper design of the channel.

⎫ Use digital transmission

⎫ Using BPF or LPF at the receiver side.

Learn More:

Pulse Width Modulation

Attenuation

Attenuation is a problem caused by the medium. When the signal is propagating for a
longer distance through a medium, depending on the length of the medium, the
initial power decreases. The loss in initial power is directly proportional to the
length of the medium. Using amplifiers, the signal power is strengthened or
amplified so as to reduce attenuation. Also, digital signals are comparatively less
prone to attenuation than analogue signals.

Attenuation
Distortion

It is also another type of channel problem. When the signal is distorted, the
distorted signal may have a frequency and bandwidth different from the transmitted
signal. The variation in the signal frequency can be linear or non-linear.

Receiver

An arrangement that extracts the message or information from the transmitted signal
at the output end of the channel and reproduces it in a suitable form as the
original message signal is a receiver.

Demodulator

It is the inverse phenomenon of modulation, i.e., the process of separation of the

message signal from the carrier wave takes place in the demodulator. The
information is retrieved from the modulated wave.

Repeaters

Repeaters are placed at different locations in between the transmitter and

receiver. A repeater receives the transmitted signal, amplifies it and sends it to
the next repeater without distorting the original signal.

Repeaters

Block Diagram of Communication Systems

The block diagram given below represents the flow of the signal from the source to
the destination. The role of every device and arrangement discussed above will help
to understand better.

Block Diagram Of Communication Systems

Objective Questions

1. Which of the following is not an essential element of a communication system?

a) Transmitter b) Transducer

c) Receiver d) Communication Channel

2. A device which provides output in electrical form or it has input in electrical

form is called a ____.

a) Transmitter b) Receiver

c) Repeater d) Transducer

3. Decrease in signal strength due to energy losses is called _____.

a) Distortion b) Interference

c) Attenuation d) Noise

4. The disturbance or distortion in the transmission and processing of message

signals is called ______.

a) Noise b) Attenuation
c) Interference d) None of these

5. A repeater is a combination of _____.

a) Receiver b) Amplifier

c) Transmitter d) All of these

Answers

1. d

2. d

3. c

4. a

5. b
Frequently Asked Questions on Communication Systems
Q1
What are the elements of a communication system?

Information Source

Input Transducer

Transmitter

Channel

Receiver

Output Transducer
Q2
What are the types of modulation?

Amplitude Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Phase Modulation
Q3
What are the types of communication systems?

Based on the technology, the communication system is classified as analogue and

digital. Based on the communication channel, the communication system is
categorised as wired and wireless.
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