Computer and

Communication Networks
EE-357
By Dr Mir Yasir Umair
Associate Professor, MCS, NUST
Introduction
Lecture 01
Accessing Internet
 Accessing the Internet
• Dial up
• Ethernet
• FTTH
• DSL Service
• Cable Networks
• Wireless Access
Networks
o WI-FI
o Wide Area Wireless
Access
 Ethernet & FTTH
Ethernet:
• LAN technology that uses twisted-pair
copper wire to connect computers on a
network

Fiber to the home (FTTH):

• Installation and use of optical fiber from a
central point directly to individual buildings
such as residences, apartment buildings and
businesses to provide unprecedented high-
speed Internet access
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
❖ use existing telephone line (twisted pair copper wire) to exchange
data with central office DSLAM
▪ voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ data over DSL phone line goes to Internet

wired Ethernet
(100 Mbps)
central office telephone
network

router, DSL splitter

modem DSLAM
often combined
in single box ISP
voice, data transmitted
wireless access at different frequencies over DSL access
point (54 Mbps) dedicated line to central office multiplexer
 Cable Network

Makes use of existing cable television infrastructure. Fiber optics

connect the cable head end to neighborhood-level junctions, from
which traditional coaxial cable is then used to reach individual houses
and apartments.
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

Frequency division
multiplexing:
Different channels C

transmitted V V V V V V
O
N
D D T
in different I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D A A R
T T O
frequency bands E
O
E
O
E
O
E
O
E
O
E
O A A L

Channels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
 Wireless Access Networks
• Wireless LAN:
o Transmission/ receipt of packets to/from an
access point.
o Wireless LAN access based on IEEE 802.11
technology is called Wi-Fi.
to Internet

• Wide-area wireless access

o Provided by telco (cellular) operator - 3G,
4G
o Roaming users makes use of cellular phone
infrastructure to access internet. to Internet
Physical Media
 Physical media
Physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver

• guided media:
signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax
o twisted pair (TP) copper wire
• two insulated copper wires
• Twist helps to reduce noise from outside sources.
o coaxial cable:
• two concentric copper conductors
• 80X more transmission capacity.

o fiber optic cable:

• glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit
• high-speed operation:10s-100’s Gpbs transmission rate
• low error rate - immune to electromagnetic noise
 Physical media
• Unguided media:
o signals propagate freely in electromagnetic spectrum

o terrestrial microwave
• e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
o WLAN (e.g., WiFi)
• 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
o wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
o satellite
• Kbps to 45Mbps channel
Delay in Packet-Switched Networks
 Packet-switching
• Host breaks message into smaller chunks (packets) of length L bits
• Packets are transmitted into access network at link transmission rate R.
• Packet transmission delay = time needed to transmit L-bit packet into
link = L/ R
• Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be
transmitted on next link
one-hop numerical example:
▪ L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps
▪ one-hop transmission delay = 5 sec
L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

• end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)

 How packets pass through packet-
switched networks ?
• Each router has forwarding table that maps destination address to
outbound links
• When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the address
and searches its forwarding table, using this destination address, to
find the appropriate outbound link.
• The router then directs the packet to this outbound link.

routing algorithm

1
local forwarding table
header value output link
3 2
0100 3
0101 2
0111 2
1001 1

dest address in arriving

packet’s header
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss
❖ If arrival rate to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period
of time:
▪ packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
▪ packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up
• lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
10 cars caravan toll toll
booth booth

❑ car~bit; caravan ~ packet

❑ cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr
❑ toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (bit transmission time)
❑ Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth?
❑ time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto
highway = 12*10 = 120 sec = 2 mins
❑ time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr = 60 minutes
❑ A: 62 minutes
 Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
• suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr and the toll booth
now takes one min to service a car
• Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars are serviced at first
booth?
❑ Time taken by a car to reach B = 100/1000 = 0.1 hr = 6 mins
❑ Time to “push” one car through toll booth = 1 min
❑ Time to reach 2nd booth = 6 + 1 = 7 mins

Hence after 7 mins, first car will arrive second toll booth, 6 cars
will be on way, and 3 will still be at 1st booth.
Four sources of packet delay
▪L: packet length (bits) ▪d: length of physical link
▪R: link bandwidth (bps) ▪s: propagation speed in medium
▪dtrans = L/R (~3x108 m/sec)
transmission ▪dprop = d/s
A propagation

B
processing
queueing
▪ check bit errors
▪ determine output link ▪ time waiting at output link for
▪ typically < msec transmission
▪ depends on congestion level of
router
dtotal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
Four sources of packet delay
• Processing Delay: The time required to examine the
packet’s header and determine where to direct the packet
• Queuing delay as it waits to be transmitted onto the link.
• Transmission Delay: amount of time required to push
(that is, transmit) all of the packet’s bits into the link. it is a
function of the packet’s length and the transmission rate of
the link, but has nothing to do with the distance between
the two routers.
• Propagation Delay: Time required to propagate from the
beginning of the link to router B. it is a function of the
distance between the two routers, but has nothing to do
with the packet’s length or the transmission rate of the
link.
 “Real” Internet delays and routes
• What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
• Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to
router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
o sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards
destination
o router i will return packets to sender
o sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes
 “Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
 Understanding Bandwidth and Throughput
Bandwidth:
Ability of an electronic communications device or system to send and
receive information

Throughput:
The amount of data that enters and goes through a system within a
given time.