JGM/001-ToE

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A More Natural Reference Model
Integrating Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
J Gregory Moxness∗
(Dated: Original⇒April 13, 1997, Current⇒November 22, 2007)
M Theory and/or Loop Quantum Gravity hold the promise of resolving the conflict between
general relativity and quantum mechanics but lack experimental connections to predictability in
physics. A connection is made to these and other theories vying for the title of a “Theory of
Everything” by questioning the value of the traditional Planck unit reference point for the scales
at which they operate. It also suggests a cosmological model which has acceleration as being
fundamental. It provides for an intuitive understanding of the Standard Model and its relationship
to particle masses and the structure of the atom. The prediction of particle mass and lifetimes is a
good indicator for its validity.

PACS numbers: 03.65, 04.20.-q, 11.25.-w, 11.27.+d, 12.10.-g,12.60.-i, 95.30. 95.35.+d, 95.75.Wx, 98.80-k
Keywords: M Theory, LQG, E8, Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Cosmology, Standard Model, CKM

I. INTRODUCTION identify a center (unity) in order to be well defined. In

physics, the upper limit is naturally thought to be in-
dicated by the macro world of GN and GR. The lower
This paper will present a new “more natural” refer-
limit is the micro world of ~ and QM. Fortunately, c is at
ence model for integrating General Relativity (GR) and
home in both the micro and macro worlds. In the Planck
Quantum Mechanics (QM) by contrasting it with the de-
unit model, the expanse between unity and zero is where
velopment of a reference model based on the more tradi-
GR and QM require the “new physics” beyond SM. As
tional Planck units. The new unit-of-measure (UoM) is
a reference model for scaling the universe, it offers no di-
based on the non-linear expansion or acceleration of the
rect prescription for phenomena associated with atomic
universe [1]. It provides a testable framework for par-
scales; therefore, using Planck units as a reference frame
ticle mass prediction in support of the Standard Model
for the “center” of an exponentially scaling model seems
(SM) as well as M Theory (MT), Loop Quantum Grav-
counter-intuitive.
ity (LQG) and A. Garret Lisi’s recent “An Exceptionally
Simple Theory of Everything (aESToE)” based on an E8 A new model is offered that uses this same general
Lie Group Theory [2]. approach in defining natural dimensions but with inter-
The fact that the universe is found to be accelerat- esting results achieved by associating with it two more
ing indicates that an exponential model which accommo- fundamental parameters - the macro Hubble (H0 ) and
dates this acceleration could be more natural than the the micro fine structure (α). This approach does not de-
traditional linear model. The key to defining this new tract from the significance of the Planck scale and its as-
model relies on deriving “unity” as the center of scales sociated theoretical frameworks; however, it adds a point
for length (L), time (T), mass (M), and charge (Q) that of view that puts it properly at the micro edge of an ac-
are exponentially expanding. celerating universal expansion.
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) hold in high regard
the Planck scale for its natural proximity to the unifica-
tion energies. This scale is set by setting the fundamental
parameters of the velocity of light (c), Planck’s constant II. DEFINING THE NEW MODEL
(~), and Newton’s Constant (GN ) to unity. Planck units
are derived by combining powers of these constants into Except for the Hubble parameter, the fundamental pa-
their dimensions of L, T, M, and Q. In terms of space- rameters of ~, c, GN , and α are typically thought to be
time, it seems to identify a possible lower limitp to the constant. A new model based on an accelerating universe
length scale at one unit Planck length (lP = GN ~/c3 ). is achieved by considering that all of these fundamental
Cosmological models logically define an upper limit parameters vary with time[†]. It is also necessary to re-
based on the age and extent of the universe. In addi- define the relationships between the measurable aspects
tion to an upper and lower limit (e.g. infinity (∞) and or dimensions of our reality.
zero= 1/∞ respectively), an exponential model should

[†] Measuring synchronous time variation of multiple fundamental

∗ URL: http://www.TheoryOfEverything.org/TOE/JGM; constants is problematic due to the principle of covariance. Time
mailto:[email protected] variation per tunit is 1 in Nt = α−8 = 1.2435904532 × 1017 .
 2

A. Relating Length to Time (z) as a(z). Depending on cosmological model, this can
give the age of the universe:
In Planck units, c sets up the relationship between
space and time by being driven to an effective dimen- tU = a(0)/H0 (4)
sionless unity (a.k.a. geometrized units). This is done
The normalization is made possible by (2) and this
by setting unit (Planck) time as that taken by a photon
model’s definition of:
to traverse 1 unit lP , such that tP = lP /c = 1. In terms
of experimental precision, c is a “defined measurement” H0 = α8 /(4πtunit ) (5)
with no standard error. That is, its value is used to define
length and time by counting its particle/wave oscillations c = α−8 lunit /tunit = 1/(4πH0 ) = α−8 tunit (6)
or pulses.
For the purposes of this work, the assumption is that
The concept of using c to drive the relationship of space
this relationship is correct and that the analysis of ex-
and time is also used in the new model with the differ-
perimental evidence for the constraints on multiple time
ence focusing on the fact that the universe is found to
varying fundamental parameters will corroborate this.
be accelerating. This new model creates a relationship
A less dramatic alternative is also offered by defining
between the fundamental constants which provides an
L=T and a dimensionless c = 1/(4πH0 · tunit ) = α−8 .
opportunity to normalize them to that universal accel-
There is evidence from the relationships defined below
eration. It does this by defining their magnitudes to be
that this is just as reasonable. This alternative has simi-
varying with time. For consistency, it also modifies the
lar dimensionality to that of the traditional Planck UoM,
traditional understanding of the relationship between the
along with its constant fundamental parameters. Unfor-
dimensionality of L and T. The fundamental “constants”
tunately, it negates several interesting results related to
are now more properly referred to as fundamental “pa-
this model’s tie to E8 and/or MT. Some of these results
rameters”.
can be recovered by instead relating the 8 dimensions of
For the assumptions in this new model, acceleration
charge to Degrees of Freedom (DoF). Unfortunately, this
becomes a “dimensionless unity” and requires setting L
still leaves open the interpretation for the value of α.
to be equivalent to the square of the time dimension[‡]:

L = T2 (1)
B. The Constancy of Constants
√ p
or alternatively T=L̇/2 and I= −1 = −Ṫ .
With c as the indicator for the expansion of space-time An analysis of the possible time dependence of c, GN ,
through its integral relationship with the impedance of the cosmological constant (Λ), and the “dark energy”
free space (Ω0 ) derived from permittivity (ǫ0 ) and perme- density (ρΛ ) has determined [3] that if:
ability (µ0 ), it is natural to be defined as covariant with
an accelerating universe. Since LT −1 = T, c can also be ρ˙Λ ċ G˙N
=2 − (7)
directly associated with the age of the universe instead ρΛ c GN
of Planck’s (dimensionless) unity. Of course, since H0 of
then Λ is constant. The new model has:
dimension T −1 is directly related to the age of the uni-
verse, it can be incorporated into the new model as well ċ G˙N ρ˙Λ 1
with[§]: =− =− = (8)
c GN ρΛ tU
aU = 4πH0 c = 1 U nit Acceleration implying that Λ is not constant.
= 1 Dimensionless U nit (2) Current experimental evidence for (and constraints on)
= 86.648 Angstroms/s2 the magnitude of the time variation in the fundamental
parameters is on the order of 1 part in 1014 per year
where: for GN (from type Ia supernova data [4]) and 1 part in
1016 per year for α (from quasar dust cloud and Oklo
ċ = −Ḣ0 = 1 Dimensionless U nit (3) reactor data [5]). Of course, these calculations assumed
that the other fundamental parameters were constant.
H0 is defined using the space metric (a) is a function of This assumption could account for the discrepancy in
time. It can also be defined as a function redshift factor this model’s GN and α varying at 1 part in 109 per year,
which is too large by a factor of 105 for GN and 107 for
α.
In the case where these fundamental parameters are
[‡] Procedural note: in terms of the traditional dimensionality of L, considered unity and constant, as in Natural and Planck
T, M, Q, the extra time dimensions found are associated with
the complex plane.
UoM, their scaling may be accounted for in the scaling
[§] This is an explicit acceleration in terms of dimension and does of other related parameters, such as in gauge theories
not rely on the modified relationship between L and T. and/or Running Coupling Constants (RCC).
 3

C. Relating Length to Mass (R∞ ):

α 2h 4π~
Typically, equating dimensions of L to M in Planck lunit = = = = 4πa0 (11)
units uses the QM based Compton effect. Setting R∞ αme c αme c
Planck’s constant (h or ~ = h/2π) and c to unity ef- This is twice the circumference of the Bohr model of the
fectively associates a Compton (wave) length to be the atom (2πa0 ). If this lunit is related to spin (~), it is clear
inverse of mass or L = M −1 . The association of L to M that a fermion of spin ±~/2 would then be precisely the
can also be accomplished in GR by associating mass to circumference of the Bohr atom. It should be noted that
its gravitational radius. This method establishes L=M lunit is being defined using the most accurately measured
at odds with the Compton method. While this GR ap- parameters [7], where ~ and me are calculated using R∞
proach removes the dimensionality of GN , it leaves a di- known to a standard error of 6.6 ppt or 6.6 × 10−12 and
mensionality to ~ of L2 , which is used by Veneziano [6] α at 0.7 ppb or 7.0 × 10−10 . This is accomplished using
to link GR to MT by setting ~ to the square of string the definition of α and the electron or elementary charge
length (lP ). Another motivation for Planck units is de- (e) less accurately known to 85 ppb:
rived from the fact that it is only at lP that these two
methods for relating length to mass converge. Ω0 e2
~= (12)
In the new UoM model, as in Planck units, it uses 4πα
the Compton effect to set ~ = lunit munit c while giving
significantly different results due to c being associated So from (11) and (12) with an error twice that of e’s
with time and not (dimensionless) unity. This begs the giving 170 ppb accuracy to:
question of whether to simply take the Compton effect 4π~R∞ Ω0 e2 R∞ µ0 e2 R∞
as nature’s indicator of the dimensional relationship be- me = = = (13)
tween length and mass. Compton relates mass to a 1D α2 c α3 c α3
wavelength. In 4D GR space-time, the inter-relationship It is also interesting to note that R∞ is theoretically
between mass and gravity is spherically symmetric. The derived by finding the smallest electron radius of a classi-
ability to link GR and QM in an intuitive way becomes cal (Bohr orbital) model allowed when incorporating the
problematic. quantum model using the Hiesenberg uncertainty princi-
A more natural alternative to rationalizing this prob- ple. This may support the idea that the R∞ = α/lunit is
lem is offered. The Compton effect is the indicator more deeply connected to the boundary of both classical-
of the inter-dependence between a particle’s rest mass relativistic (macro) and quantum (micro) models of the
and the corresponding quantized wavelength and angle universe than lP .
of its emissions. It is merely one aspect of how mass
relates to length given the wave-particle duality of na-
ture. It is reasonable to understand a particle’s D. The New Model and Special Relativity (SR)
rest mass in terms of both a QM-like linear wave
from the Compton effect (L = M −1 ) and a GR- It is instructive to visualize the new model using the
like point particle from a spherically symmetric concepts of SR. Normalizing c to aU allows for an explicit
volume compression (or deceleration) of space for description of the mechanism for changing a particle’s
some period of time. That is: velocity (v). It is done by constraining aU in one or
more dimensions. The velocity increases orthogonally to
M = L3 T −1 = T 5 (9) the constraint of aU . The explanation for Lorentz length
contraction (´l), time dilation (t́), and increase in mass
or in terms of a volume of space (V) simply M = V̇ /6.
(ḿ) are a natural result of constraining aU . See Fig. 1.
This implies that the transformation of GR space-time
into a particle’s rest mass is a separate transformation
from that of QM transformations to the massless photon E. Defining Mass’ Magnitude
(γ). This idea is the key to particle mass prediction of
the new model.
Since ~ is a quantized angular momentum (mvr or Completing a minimally constrained definition in
spin), its particle dimensionality in the new model is: Planck units is accomplished by locking in a specific unit
of mass by the free selection of the magnitude for GN = 1.
M L2 T −1 = T 8 (10) For the most part this affords a pleasing result. Unfortu-
nately, it also results in a unit mass that is significantly
which indicates a linkage of QM and GR with E8 and/or larger than the particles of the SM. This large unit mass
an 11D MT space-time with 3 real dimensions of space is rationalized with the hope that it will be the harbinger
and 8 dimensions associated with time, but allocated to of particles in a GUT. This indeed may be the case and
complex imaginary space. is not precluded in the definition of the new model.
The model identifies a very natural unit length which is Since the new UoM-based model is already over-
precisely related to the inverse of the Rydberg Constant constrained, the ad hoc selection of the magnitude of GN
 4

Quantum Field Theory (QFT) linking Quantum Electro-

Dynamics (QED) to Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD),
particle mass prediction, as well as a more general link-
age between GR, QM, E8 and/or MT. In Planck units,
charge is essentially a dimensionless
√ parameter. It sets
e(Q) to the small fraction 4πα. Since the dimension-
ality of M has been redefined in terms of L and T, an
alternate definition to the dimensionality of Q is offered
with possible implications for Higgs mass prediction.
Holding Ω0 to dimensionless unity and using the new
model’s dimensional definition for M sets the magnitude
of e2 (Q) = 4πα~ and the dimensionality to:

Q = M L−1/2 = M T −1 = L2 = T 4 (17)

FIG. 1: Visualizing the new model

Charge can now be visualized as a measure of
the quantum change in particle mass per unit
time. In terms of an area (A): Q = Ṁ /5 = V̈ /30 = A.
is not possible. The new relationships between L, T, and
In this model, with the possibility for complex space-
M give GN a dimension of T −1 , and a new relationship
time, the quantization of charge seems necessary for the
with H0 is possible:
mass transformation between the real spatial dimensions
of a 3D GR particle-like volume compression and its
GN = 4πH0 (14)
dual 1D QM linear wave-like Compton effect. That is:
M (3D)/M (1D) = Q(2D) = A = ±1 [††].
in terms of both magnitude and dimension. Given ac-
curate current measure of Newton’s Constant at 14 ppm The significance of an intuitive choice for the magni-
[8]: tude of the charge’s mass gives a testable prediction for
what may be the mass of the Higgs boson (mH ). This
m3 can be shown to have new more natural relationships in
GN = 6.674215 × 10−11 (15) the definitions of the Fermi Constant (GF ), ElectroWeak
kg s2
(EW) mixing angle (θw ), the Vacuum Expectation Value
the Hubble parameter can be calculated very precisely in (VEV or v, and < φ0 >0 ) [10], and Zero Point Field
terms of velocity per mega parsec (Mpc) as: (ZPF):

km/s p p
H0 = 81.3248 (16) mH = 2~ lunit = 2~α/R∞
M pc r
8π ~
= ~ =p (18)
This preliminary value is outside a rather large standard αme c munit c/2
uncertainty of 5% by a factor of 3 [9], but will be el- −1/2
egantly adjusted in a later section. More detailed sig- = 147.98904797 GeV /c2 ≈ GF /2
nificance of an interestingly small particle size munit =
296.7397 eV /c2 [∗∗] and a rather large tunit = 0.2758466 s and:
will also be discussed in a later section.
r
4πα p
qunit = e = mH = mH 2πR∞
F. Defining Charge
2 lunit
me c √ √
r
= mH α = 4π~α = 2hα (19)
The magnitude and dimensionality for a unit of charge 2~
still needs to be defined explicitly. It has implications for
This leaves the possibility of a new interpretation for
the parameter (4πα) traditionally equated in a Planck
unit model to e2 where ~ = 1.
[∗∗] Representing mass as (eV /c2 ) is less common than simply (eV).
Natural UoM facilitates ignoring fundamental parameters set to
unity (~, c, GN ) and equates mass, energy, length and time. This
paper exposes the risks of this habit based on UoM assumptions,
and attempts to clarify and maintain complete and accurate rep- [††] Obviously, in this context, dimension D = Re[L] = T , or equiv-
resentations. alently D = L = T 2 if M [3D] = T · M [T 5 ].
 5

1. EW Mixing Angle (θw ) dimensionless gravitational coupling factor for open (go )
and closed (gc ) strings [12] where gc = go2 and GN =
The EW ratio (4πα) from (12) is used to define a weak gc2 α8 /tunit . A value of:
mixing or Weinberg angle of: p s
1 − 2(α · π/2)2 1 − 2(α · π/2)2
√ gc2 = =
θw = sin−1 xw = 28.3489498827◦ (20) cos θw
p
1 − 3 α · π/2
where: = 1.13612135987 (27)
1√
xw = 4πα = 0.225473272505 (21) which alters (26) and shifts the values for H0 =
2 71.5811688427 km/s/M pc and α = 1/137.0359997094
Surprisingly, this value is easily derived from the stan- in precise alignment with the center of all current
dard EW model [11] with a bit of algebraic manipulation, experimental values [13]! SM can now be directly
where: linked to GR and MT giving GN = 6.67422093862 ×
√ 10−11 m3 /kg s.
g = e/ xw (22)
√
ǵ = e/ 1 − xw (23)
III. MODEL DETAIL AND PREDICTIONS
using a typical EW SM constraint:
r Combining these discussions of dimensions and magni-
~ tude of the fundamental parameters results in an ability
g = xw 8 (24)
Ω0 to associate the results to familiar arguments as well as
predict new relationships in physics.
Of course, this also agrees with EW SM predictions:
gǵ
e= p = g sin θw = ǵ cos θw (25) A. Charge Predictions
g2 + ǵ 2
This prescription for the input parameters of the EW The complexity of charge in the SM involves
model is within the experimental standard error [7] of RCC, perturbation theory, Axial-Vector (A-V) currents,
3.4 ppk when averaged with xw [OnShell] = 0.22215 and quark Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) and neu-
xw [M S] = 0.23124. Taking the average of the two xw trino Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (MNS) phased mixing ma-
schemes might be linked to RCC. trices, Noether’s theorem linking conservation rules and
CPT symmetry (and its violations), the Unitary Tri-
angle, a dual Standard Model (dSM), and SU (5) →
G. Completing the Model SU (3)C × SU (2)I × U (1)Y /Z6 group theory. The new
model builds on this by introducing a simplifying “self
Combining the discussion of magnitude and dimension dual” Standard Model (sdSM) while predicting and retro
above into a single equation, gives: or post-dicting the parameters in the theories just men-
tioned. It solves the hierarchy problem and explains fine
~(T 8 ) 1 1 tuning of the fundamental parameters.
= c= =
lunit munit GN 4πH0
= 134.8678 tunit ≈ α−8 tunit (26)
1. Linking RCC and xw
The inverse relationships between the fundamental pa-
rameters and a more natural connection between gravita- RCC, with its varying of α at different energies or
tional attraction and Hubble expansion may suggest the masses, is a method that accommodates experimental
duality of MT relating the micro and macro worlds de- results and provides for the idea of “grand unification”
fined above. The proximity of the magnitudes to α−8 tunit
p
at (or near) the Planck mass (mP = ~/clP = ~c/GN )
may extend the model even further. This exponent seems scale. If RCC is viewed as an accommodation of the effect
to support the 8D time construct previously noted in the that the accelerating universe has on the fundamental
dimensionality of implying that fine structure is a frac- parameters, then by (21), xw and θw will vary with dif-
tional dimension (fractal) of time. ferent α. Using this as a guide to understanding the dif-
ference between xw (α)[M S] and xw (α)[OnShell], calcu-
lating xw (α)[M S] gives consistent results with α(MZ ) =
1. Linking GN and θw 1/127.037.
It will be interesting to see whether the strong
It is possible to adjust the Newtonian or GR value of coupling constant in the modified-minimal-subtraction
(D=3+1=4) (D=3+8=11)
GN to the MT value of GN using the scheme αs (MZ )[M S] = 0.1177(13) might also relate to
 6

αs (mH )[M S] = xw /2 = 0.1127. The modification of 4. Fermi Constant (GF )

RCC using (26) as an indicator to the path to grand uni-
fication is an interesting alternative to current thinking. To a posteriori obtain the weak boson masses and the
charged lepton masses requires
√ the theoretical derivation
of GF and < φ0 >0 = v/ 2. The definition of mH in (18)
2. Linking CKM and xw
can be used such that:
It is also found that xw may relate to the Cabibbo −2
G´F

2mH
angle (θc ) in the Wolfenstein parameterization of the GF = =
CKM matrix [14] where λ = |Vus | = sin θc . More (~c)3 1 + ∆r
recent data suggests that λ = xw may not be out- = 1.166390 × 10−5 (GeV /c2 )−2 (33)
side a rather large standard error of > 1% for θc [15]. α8
With δ √= π/3(60◦ ), σ = 1/A = 2/3, ρ = σ/2, and ≈ = 1.141512 × 10−5 (GeV /c2 )−2
8m2unit
η = 1/( 3σ) gives:

1 − λ2
2
λ Aλ3 σe−iδ
 where ∆r = 2.179195% due to radiative corrections in
VCKM = 
2 the definition of GF [‡‡]. As in the calculation of par-
−λ 1 − λ2 Aλ2 
3 −iδ 2 ticles’ anomalous magnetic moments (e.g. ae ), the ra-
Aλ (1 − σe ) −Aλ 1
diative corrections are precisely calculated by counting
2
1 − λ2 Aλ3 (ρ − iη)
 
λ self induced perturbations as described in Feynman loop
=  −λ 1 − λ2
2
Aλ2  diagrams. Unfortunately, this prescription for ∆r is sig-
3
Aλ (1 − (ρ + iη)) −Aλ 2
1 nificantly outside the very small experimental and the-
  oretical standard error of 8.6 ppm by a factor of 2500.
0.974580 0.225473 0.005731 When comparing the non-perturbative GF with an error
=  −0.225473 0.974580 0.050838  (28) of 2.2 ppk, this error factor is reduced to 9. This error
0.011462 −0.050838 1 is expected to be rationalized by changes in perturbation
where it is interesting to note, |VCKM [1, 3]| = α · π/4 theory based on the new model.
and |VCKM [3, 1]| = α · π/2. The error for each value (in
1/parts per unit) gives:
5. The Vacuum Energy (VEV or v, and < φ0 >0 )
 
1061 429 22
VCKMerror =  429 5386 10  (29)
24 10 832 The EW Fermi model, mH , e, and GF gives:
A simpler model which gives the same results, but q √ q
√
with a large error in |Vtd | = 50% is given √ where δ = v = 1/ GF 2 ≈ mH 2 2
◦
π/3(60 ), σ = 1/A = 1, ρ = σ/2, and η = 3ρ gives:
= 248.886919 GeV /c2 (34)
2
1 − λ2 λ3 σe−iδ √ √
  q
λ
2 < φ0 >0 = v/ 2 ≈ mH 2
VCKM =  −λ 1 − λ2 λ2 
3 −iδ
λ (1 − σe ) −λ 2
1 = 175.989628 GeV /c2 (35)
 
0.974580 0.225473 0.005731
=  −0.225473 0.974580 0.050838  (30)
0.005731 −0.050838 1 6. The Self Dual Standard Model (sdSM)

The error for each value (in 1/parts per unit) gives:
  The dual SM (dSM) [16] is based on the SU (5) →
1061 429 22 SU (3)C × SU (2)I × U (1)Y /Z6 group theory. It relates
VCKMerror =  429 5386 10  (31) the SU (2)I representation of left-right (L,R) isospin (I),
2 10 832 the SU (3)C representation of red-green-blue (r,g,b) color
(C), and U (1)Y representation of Yukawa hypercharge
(Y) in SU(5). This is done using a diagonal transforma-
3. Axial Vector Coupling (CA−V )

It has been found that the Axial-Vector relationship

can be defined within experimental error as: [‡‡] As explained in footnote [∗∗] re: Natural UoM, it is less com-
monly (but more precisely) represented as GF = (~c)3 /mass2 .
3 This model explicitly defines GF in terms of m2H only. Depend-
CA V = lunit · H0 tunit · munit
ing on usage, the factor of (~c)3 is only needed for proper con-
= 5.583694478 × 10−44 cm3 M eV /c2 (32) versions.
 7

tion matrix T=(r,g,b,L,R): Weak Yukawa hypercharge (YW ) and isoTopic spin
(T, Tx,y,z , T3 ) is related to strong hypercharge and
1 1 2 Isospin through θc and the CKM matrix.
TC = Diag(− , − , , 0, 0) (36a)
3 3 3
TI = Diag(0, 0, 0, 1, −1) (36b) Space parity and angular momentum quantum numbers
3 3
TY = Diag(1, 1, 1, − , − ) (36c)
2 2 In standard representations [17], the principle integer
These matrices are then used with the standard SU(3) quantum number is n = 1 for fundamental SM particles
monopole representation of each particle m(C,I,Y) pro- and n ≥ 1 for composite particles. This gives a specific
ducing the SU(5) group monopoles M(r,g,b,L,R) for that orbital (or azimuthal) angular momentum (L = l − 1 ≤
particle. The specific transformation is M (r, g, b, L, R) = n − 1 = 0). The orbital magnetic quantum number (m,
mC · TC + mI · TI + mY · TY . For example, the left and not to be confused with the monopole matrix represen-
right handed spin electrons (eL,R ) transform as follows: tation above) is −l ≤ m ≤ l. It affects the probability
distributions, but not the total momentum of the parti-
eL = m(0, −1/2, −1) → M (−1, −1, −1, 2, 1) (37a) cles.
eR = m(0, 0, −2) → M (−2, −2, −2, 3, 3) (37b) Space parity transformation (P ) has a translational
transformation of Px,y,z → −Px,y,z and a quantum rota-
The sdSM model is essentially the same with the ad- tional transformation P = (−1)L+1 (a.k.a. even or odd
dition of a factor of 3 and 2 for TC and TY respectively. parity). P=CT violation is shown by a lack of evidence
In order to maintain SU(5) consistency, the typical mC for right handed neutrinos (νR ).
and mY values also change by an inverse factor (respec- “Spin” has horizontal and vertical axial components
tively). This has the effect of creating all integer matrices (sy,z ) and vector components along the direction of mo-
for M and T. More importantly, it maintains integer par- mentum (sx ). A generic representation of a spin axis
ticle representations of m(C,I,Y) by factoring out simple is (sx,y,z = s3 ). The specific particle angular momen-
integer fractions of 1/2 and/or 1/3. tum is (S = ±s3 ). Total angular momentum (J) is
It should also be noted that mI is a left handed rep- |L − S| ≤ J ≤ L + S of dimension ~. For fundamen-
resentation with L=-R. In the absence of isospin, the tal SM particles where n = l = 1, L = 0, J = S = s.
particle will be right handed. It is this rotational (I) Single SM particle fermions (leptons and quarks) are
symmetry that represents the assymetry of time (T) due J = 1/2, while single gauge (and Higgs) boson (force)
to aU . Color is slightly complicated with mC having an particles are J = 1. Leptons have only J transformations.
even distribution of an arbitrarily chosen (negative) color For composite particles made up of multiple fundamental
with a 3-fold degenerate distribution of (r,g, or b) added fermions, J is half the difference of left and right handed
(or subtracted). It is this translational color symmetry, particles or simply J = |#L − #R | /2 [§§].
now labeled as (Clr) in order to avoid confusion upon
the introduction of Charge parity (C), that represents Charge conjugation and time reversal
the assymetry of sPace parity (P) also due to aU . It es-
tablishes a complex linkage with the real dimensions of
Total charge in this model is Q = (I+Y )J of dimension
space (x,y,z), as well as the imaginary (x́, ý, ź) dimensions 2
qunit = e2 . Charge conjugation is C = (−1)L+S . C=PT
related to the discussion of (1). This has direct implica-
violation is the basis for the weak interactions.
tions for GR and the formation of the more significant
The multiplicative parity transformation G = (−1)I+C
mass of the 3 flavor generations and nucleons. Both mI
applies only to mesons. The complete charge representa-
and mC sum to zero within their representations. Hy-
tion for a particle is often shown as I G (J P C ).
percharge is more complicated with an even distribution
of color (r,g,b) and isospin (L,R) components, which sum
to zero across (Clr) and (I). Hypercharge can be said to
represent the interchange of color and isospin. [§§] Alternate representations: orbital designations from tradi-
In this model, eR = −mY and represents an arbi- tional representation in atomic physics for l = 1 to 8 are
trarily chosen (negative) hypercharge. The down quark (S,P,D,F,G,H,I,K) respectively. Other notations have n = s, J =
represents a 1/3 interchange of hypercharge and color ml , S = ms , sy,z = sx,y , sx = sz = sp , TZ = I W . The ro-
dR = (mY − mC )/3. Of course, the W ± represents the tational direction label for a clockwise right handed spin is (R)
and (L) for counter-clockwise left handed spin (with the spin
interchange of the up and down quarks, but it is inter- axis pointing “into the clock” as opposed to being “out from the
esting to note that they also represent the pure cou- clock”). The translational direction label relative to (y, z) di-
plings WR± = ±mY and WL± = ±mI . Looking into mensions for positive (a.k.a. up) spin is (∧) and (∨) for negative
composite 3 quark (baryon) particle representations, it or down spin. Chiral polarizations, with axis aligned with the di-
is interesting to note that n0R (drR , dgL , ubR ) = mC and rection of momentum (x), are also labeled up when parallel and
down when anti-parallel. Combining translational and rotational
∆0R = 3dR + WR+ = 3mC . notations for spin up gives ((x, y, z)R̂,L̂ ) and ((x, y, z)Ř,Ľ ) for
As in SM, strong Yukawa hypercharge (Y ) and Isospin spin down. These are typically identified through Stern-Gerlach
(I, Ix,y,z , I3 ) is 0 for generation 2 and 3 particles. experiments on accelerated particles.
 8

As in translational space transformation, time reversal where the homogeneity of γL and γR are 0 and -4 re-
is (T → −T ). Anti-particles (x) are T=CP transfor- spectively, it is suggested that the combination emergent
mations giving the negative of a particle with opposite from the VEV and time symmetric particle interactions
handedness. The known violations of CP transforma- has νLe + ν Re = (0, 0, 0) = γR .
tions were originally found in the short and long lifetimes The νLe is stable which means the particle-wave dual-
of the neutral kaons (KS0 , KL0 ) and more recently in BB ity does not simply separate or randomly decay into its
mesons from the BaBar collaboration. The arrow of time parts. The lack of evidence for νRe also suggests
is intuitively related to the second law of thermodynam- that the source of stability in νLe is obtained by
ics (entropy). This model relates this to the acceleration the assignment of universal acceleration to γL in
of the universe as well. This is the basis for the new the particle-wave duality of νLe . This stable accel-
model’s ability to predict the parameters of all particles. eration may be visualized as the spiral generated from
The new model’s sdSM charge configurations are shown Golden Sections and Fibonacci numbers. The L-R spin
in Table I. exchange may be visualized as the 3D Lorenz Attractor
from chaos theory. This model for particle interaction
Fermions, Neutrinos, Twistors, and Particle-Wave
will be shown to support the transformation of space-
Duality
time required in the much desired explanation for the
The sdSM charge representation reveals a significant measured value of “Dark Energy” contained in Λ.
pattern related to neutrinos. Specifically, by adding (or
subtracting) the left handed neutrino (νL ) to e & d, it will Particle-Wave Duality and Pilot Wave Theory (PWT)
change the L → R (or R → L) symmetry of any particle.
This is reversed for the u & W particles. This idea is sup- This begins to make clear the paradox of the particle-
ported by a suggestion that the left-handed spin electron wave duality. It is consistent with the results of As-
neutrino (νLe ) is made up of a spinless compressed vol- pect’s experiments on Bell’s Inequality and the Einstein-
ume of space (a.k.a. particle rest mass m0 ) oscillating in Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, which reveals that the
superposition with γL . As in Penrose’ twistor theory [18], universe is either deterministically non-local or locally
where points and lines are duals, the particle and wave probabilistic with action-at-a-distance [19]. Taking the
are duals of each other. The spinless mass energy of the former view as that of the deBroglie-Bohm and Ghirardi-
neutrino is of course equal to the γ wave energy by the Rimini-Weber (GRW) PWT [20], this model’s descrip-
Compton effect. Twistor theory has a “unassigned” spin tion of the neutrino identifies universal acceleration and
0 particle with homogeneity of -2. The new model sug- massless photons as “the guiding waves” and m0 with
gests this is in fact m0 referenced above. Twistor theory “the guided particles”. Both are needed in order to re-
has νLe and ν Re with homogeneity -1 and -3 respectively main stable in an accelerating universe.
(a difference of m0 ).
Continuing the pattern implies that due to a left
Just as a particle-antiparticle fermion pair can be cre-
handed universal acceleration, eL is a stable superpo-
ated out of the “vacuum” or with sufficiently energetic
sition of γL and m0 that will be shown to be the in-
photons, the neutrino particle-wave pair can be annihi-
verse of the neutrino mass. The neutrino mass is thus
lated by being brought into superposition with its anti-
shown to be integrally related to the measured devia-
neutrino partner. As in a closed string, “like fermions”
tions in the value of the Bohr magneton (µB = ~/2me ),
cannot be in superposition. This is what differentiates
understood and precisely calculated theoretically as self
the Bose-Einstein statistics for wave-like bosons from the
induced perturbations (using a base of α/2π), namely
Fermi-Dirac statistics of the fermions. These fermion
the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron (ae =
masses must be separated at least by the distance of the
0.115965218598%).
radius of their wavelength.
It is suggested that eR is generated by random super-
CPT, Neutrinos, and Left Handed Universal positions with νLe (eL → eR + νLe ). Generating eL out
Acceleration of νR requires the subtraction of νLe or the addition of an
anti-neutrino (eR → eL − νLe = eL + ν̄Re ). Similar to the
Studies of CPT invariance suggests a universal prefer- polarization of photons, this is the source of randomness
ence for νL . In this model, the photons maintain the found in the spin selection of the electron.
horizontal {lef t − right} = sy = ±1/2 and vertical
{up − down} = sz = ±1/2 spin orientations, while the
neutrino(s) maintain the helical (or chiral) spin orienta-
tion along the axis of momentum sx = ±1/2 [§§]. If the B. Mass Predictions
anti-symmetric superposition of m0 and left handed pho-
ton (γL ) symmetric boson wave becomes the model for The particle mass predictions are all based relation-
the observed left handed spin 1/2 fermion, the definition ships with α. Approximations based on the Dokshitzer-
of the right handed photon (γR ) must account for the Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) quark-gluon
lack of evidence for νRe . Using the SU(5) charge con- momentum splitting structure functions (using a base of
figurations and turning again to Penrose’ twistor theory, 2α) is also noted when appropriate.
 9

TABLE I: sdSM Particle Charge Configurations

Particle Charge Q=(I+Y)J ⇐ m(C,I,Y) · J = |#R − #L | /2 ⇒ M(r,g,b,L,R)
νR = γR + m0 = 0 0 2(0, 0, 0) 1/2 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
νL = γL + m0 0 (0, 1, −1) 1/2 (−1, −1, −1, 2, 1)
eR −1 −mY = 2(0, 0, −1) 1/2 −TY = −(2, 2, 2, −3, −3)
eL = eR − νL −1 (0, −1, −1) 1/2 (−1, −1, −1, 1, 2)
dR −1/3 2(1, 0, −1)/3 1/2 (−1, −1, 0, 1, 1)
dL = dR − νL −1/3 (2, −3, 1)/3 1/2 (0, 0, 1, −1, 0)
uR = dR + WR+ = dR − eR +2/3 2(1, 0, 2)/3 1/2 (1, 1, 2, −2, −2)
uL = uR + νL +2/3 (2, 3, 1)/3 1/2 (0, 0, 1, 0, −1)
γR = νL + ν R 0 2(0, 0, 0) 1 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
γL = aU 0 (0, 1, −1) 1 (−1, −1, −1, 2, 1)
WR± = ±uR ∓ dR = ∓eR ±1 ±mY = (0, 0, 1) 1a ±TY = ±(2, 2, 2, −3, −3)
WL± = WR± ± 2νL ±1 ±mI = (0, 1, 0) 1 ±TI = ±(0, 0, 0, 1, −1)
Z0 = W ± + W ∓ 0 (0, 0, 0) 1 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
π − (drR , ugL ) −1 −mY = −(0, 0, 1) 1b −TY = −(2, 2, 2, −3, −3)
π − (drL , ugR ) −1 −mI = −(0, 1, 0) 1b −TI = −(0, 0, 0, 1, −1)
−
πL,R (d, u) √ −1 −(0, 1, 1)√ 1/2bc (−1, −1, −1, 1, 2)
0
πL,R ((u + u) − (d + d))/ √2 0 (0, ±1, ∓1)/ 2 0 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
0
πL−R ((u + u) − (d + d))/ 2 0 (0, 0, 0) 0 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
πL,R (d, u) +1 (0, 1, 1) 1/2bc (1, 1, 1, −1, −2)
r
π + (dR , ugL ) +1 mI = (0, 1, 0) 1b TI = (0, 0, 0, 1, −1)
+ r
π (dL , ugR ) +1 mY = (0, 0, 1) 1b TY = (2, 2, 2, −3, −3)
0
KL−R (d, s) = νR 0 2(0, 0, 0) 0 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
0
KL,R (d, s) = ∓νL 0 (0, ∓1, ±1) 1/2bc ∓(−1, −1, −1, 2, 1)
0 0 0 √ √
KShort (KL,R + K L,R )/√ 2 0 (0, 0, 0)/√2 0 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
0
KLong (KL,R0 0
+ KR,L )/ 2 0 (0, 0, 0)/ 2 1bc (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
0 r g b
nR (dR , dL , uR ) 0 mC = 2(1, 0, 0) 1/2 TC = (−1, −1, 2, 0, 0)
n0R (drR , dgR , ubL ) 0 (2, 1, −1) 1/2 (−2, −2, 1, 2, 1)
n0L (drL , dgL , ubR ) 0 2(1, −1, 1) 1/2 (1, 1, 4, −4, −2)
n0L (drL , dgR , ubL ) 0 (2, −1, 1) 1/2 (0, 0, 3, −2, −1)
r g b
p+
R (dR , uL , uR ) +1 (2, 1, 1) 1/2 (0, 0, 3, −1, −2)
g
+ r
pR (dL , uR , ubR ) +1 (2, −1, 3) 1/2 (2, 2, 5, −5, −4)
r g b
p+
L (dR , uL , uL ) +1 2(1, 1, 0) 1/2 (−1, −1, 2, 1, −1)
+ r g b
pL (dL , uR , uL ) +1 2(1, 0, 1) 1/2 (1, 1, 4, −3, −3)
g
∆− r
R (dR , dR , dR )
b
−1 2(1, 0, −1)/3 3/2 3(−1, −1, 0, 1, 1)
− r g b
∆L (dL , dL , dL ) −1 (2, −3, 1)/3 3/2 3(0, 0, 1, −1, 0)
∆0R (drR , dgR , ubR ) 0 mC = 2(1, 0, 0)/3 3/2 TC = (−1, −1, 2, 0, 0)
∆0L (drL , dgL , ubL ) 0 (2, −1, 1)/3 3/2 (0, 0, 3, −2, −1)
r g b
∆+ R (dR , uR , uR ) +1 2(1, 0, 1)/3 3/2 (1, 1, 4, −3, −3)
+ r g b
∆L (dL , uL , uL ) +1 (2, 1, 1)/3 3/2 (0, 0, 3, −1, −2)
r g b
∆++R (uR , uR , uR ) +2 2(1, 0, 2)/3 3/2 3(1, 1, 2, −2, −2)
r g b
∆++L (u L , u L , u L) +2 (2, 3, 1)/3 3/2 3(0, 0, 1, 0, −1)
a Lack ±
of evidence for WR may be explained by its association
with the electron charge configuration.
b This is inconsistent with SM particle spin.
c Spin calculation is avg. of (0+1)/2 vs. just 0.

1. Unit Mass (munit ) The addition of mνe /2 is due to the aforementioned con-
nection with ae and µB .
munit can be defined using the Compton effect:
~ ~R∞
munit = =
lunit c αc
αme
= = 296.739860919 eV /c2 (38)
4π
m2 mνe
≈ √ e + = 296.742 eV /c2
mp cos θw 2
 10

2. Weak Bosons (mW ± ,Z 0 ) Muon Mass (mµ ) and Lifetime (τµ )

In SM, mµ,τ and τµ,τ are known relative to GF . Using
By standard definition of the EW model, the weak
the Weisskopf-Wigner relation for mass energy, the decay
boson masses:
width mass (Γ) is known as well:
q√
gw
mW ± = √ = xw 2/GF ≈ xw 25/4 mH (39) ~ G2F m5µ
GF Γµ = ≈ (46)
1/3 7/4 −4 2 c2 τ µ 3(4π)3
= (α · π/2) 2 α munit = 79.3619 GeV /c
mZ 0 = mW ± / cos θw ≈ 90.1766 GeV /c2 (40) In this new model, the stable particle lifetimes increase
with tU ≈ 4πα−8 tunit . This indicates it is reasonable to
Driven by the error in ∆r in the definition of GF , the set τe = τp = 4πα−8 tunit . A remarkable pattern is de-
error in this prescription of weak boson masses is outside veloped, such that each generation (n=1,2,3) of charged
the experimental standard error of 3.4 ppk by a factor of leptons (e, µ, τ ) gives:
4. 11−3n
The new definition of e (already related to GF by mH τ [n]e,µ,τ m[n]11−3n
e,µ,τ = tunit munit (2π)
20
· (47)
and a non-unity ~) has created an opportunity to simplify  π 2n2
thepEW model. The standard definition above for gw = π −(1+12n) 3−(1−n)(4−n)/2 α−8(3−n)
√ 2
xw 2 = e and its role in (39) is based on Natural UoM. This single equation reduces the input parameters of the
Using the new UoM from (18), (19), (22), and (24), then: SM by three, such that only a prescription for the mass
√ p (or lifetime) of the leptons is needed. The results for this
gw = e = g xw = (2xw )3 ~ (41) equation using experimental values for either the mass
and in terms of g: (or the lifetime) of the charged leptons are within ex-
perimental bounds. They are similar in nature to the
exponent in the theory of RCC (11 − 2nf /3), where nf
r
5/4 5/42lunit
mW ± ≈ xw 2 mH = xw 2 e is the number of fermions. It indicates a link to an 11D
4πα
r MT and/or the E8 aESToE via triality relationships. The
√ √
q
2lunit Mass(V̇ )·Lifetime(τ ) tied to the suggested 3 real dimen-
= xw 25/4 g xw = 2gtunit (42)
4πα sions of space (P) and the 8 imaginary dimensions of
s √
time (T) make up the charge (C) configurations listed
mW ± 2
mZ 0 = √ = gtunit in Table I. Since the L-R charge configuration does not
1 − xw 1 − xw affect the mass of the particles and the generational im-
s √ s√
pact on mass is significant, it is suggested that it is the
2 e 2
= √ tunit = ǵtunit (43) number (n-1) of additional compressed imaginary time
1 − xw xw xw dimensions (multiplied by a factor of three, one for each
real dimension: x,y,z) which is affecting the particle’s
mass. This defines the limit on the number of parti-
3. Charged Leptons (me,µ,τ )
cle generations, since n=4 would require more than 11D.
Another interesting result is that with τ [0] = tunit , then
Decay modes of the first generation of SM particles m[0] = 142.58291278 M eV /c2 , which is on the order of
have not been observed, they are stable. the pion mass.
A prescription for the mass of the muon is offered:
Stable Electron Mass (me )
3me
By definition in this model, from (13), (19), and (38): mµ ≈ (48)
2α
4πR∞ Ω0 e2 R∞ 4π Tau Mass and Lifetime (mτ , ττ )
me = = = munit (44)
α2 c α3 c α
Following the pattern for mµ gives a prescription for
exactly. Notice the connection to the CKM matrix in the mass of the tau:
that me /munit = (2xw )3 = 8 |VCKM [3, 1]| = 8 |Vtd | = mµ
16 |VCKM [1, 3]| = 16 |Vub |. Also of potential interest, it is mτ ≈ (49)
8α
found to be approximated by a relationship with DGLAP
exponents: While the non-perturbative mass and lifetime prescrip-
tions for µ and τ have an error (<2%) that is significantly
2
me ≈ (2α)−(4/3) munit (45) outside the experimental standard error, these values are
very consistent with measurement after accounting for
Unfortunately, this interesting prescription is signifi- the radiative corrections introduced in the standard de-
cantly outside the very small experimental standard error termination of GF . These charged lepton prescription
of 170 ppb by a factor of 3470. values are listed in Table II.
 11

TABLE II: Charged Lepton Mass and Lifetime TABLE III: (d-s-b) & (u-c-t) Quark Masses
Mass Lifetime Quark Masses
e 510.99944123 KeV /c2 13.6 Billion years d = 3.210704 M eV /c2 u = 1.605352 M eV /c2
µ 105.03797892 M eV /c2 2.35 µs s = 98.10558 M eV /c2 c = 1.319946 GeV /c2
τ 1.7992480561 GeV /c2 282 F emto s b = 3.270126 GeV /c2 ta = 175.9896 GeV /c2
a Consistent with SM prediction of τ = 0, the top quark does not
t
hadronize. It has a measured constraint of < 10−24 s. This is a
4. Uncharged Leptons or Neutrinos (mνe,µ,τ ) noted exception to the lifetimes inferred from Table II and III.

Given current experimental constraints that all values

of νe,µ,τ ≈ 0.3 eV /c2 with their sum < 0.7 eV /c2 [21], it Following the pattern established in (47), using the lep-
is suggested that: ton masses as a basis for the quark masses and assuming
the quark lifetimes are the same as the lepton’s, a simple
m2unit quark mass and lifetime pattern emerges:
m νe = = 0.172318 eV /c2 (50a)
me
m2 τ [n]u,c,t m[n]11−3n 11−3n
u,c,t = τ [n]e,µ,τ m[n]e,µ,τ ·
m νµ = mνe ± unit !(1−n)(2−n)/2
mµ
2π 8 1 1
= mνe ± 8.33389 × 10−4 eV /c2 (50b) p√ (54)
23−2n 2 12π 4πα
m2
m ντ = mνµ ± unit
mτ Down Quark Flavor (Down-Strange-Bottom) Mass
= mνµ ± 4.95526 × 10−5 eV /c2 (50c) (md,s,b ) and Lifetime (τd,s,b )

Continuing the pattern for the down series of quarks

5. Quark Fermions (mu,d , mc,s , mt,b ) and using the up flavor series as a basis for the down
flavor series:
Given the ratio of masses in (50), it is interesting to
note that from (38) by rough approximation that: τ [n]d,s,b m[n]11−3n 11−3n
d,s,b = τ [n]u,c,t m[n]u,c,t ·
p√ !(n−(2−n)2 )/2
m2e 2
mp ≈ (51) 23−2n (55)
munit 8
suggesting that the mass of the first generation of “light
quarks” (mu,d ) is in some way inversely related to the It isp
interesting to note the identification of the EW fac-
√
electron neutrino mass. Generalizing this across the three tor 2 as well as the inverse (or dual) relationships
generations of SM, these baryon masses would be in- between the up and down series of quarks, as well as be-
versely related to neutrino masses with munit and the tween the leptons and the up series. These values were
charged lepton masses as conversion factors. For the pre- also guided by the assignment of < φ0 >0 to the mass of
cisely measured mp (using me and the electron-proton- the top quark, which nicely closes the sdSM mass pro-
mass-ratio with standard error of 460 ppb) (51) is merely gression with its link to mH . These equations give the
a non-perturbative approximation. results in Table III.

Stable First Generation Quark (Up/Down) Mass (mu,d )

Simply setting the mass of the down quark (d) to: 6. Composite 2 Quark Hadrons (Mesons)

md = 2πme = 3.210704 M eV /c2 (52) For this section, several important meson particle pa-
rameter predictions (PPPs) are reviewed. The branch-
and the mass of the up quark (u):
ing ratios (Γi /Γ) and resonant cross sections (σR ) for the
mu = md /2 = 1.605352 M eV /c2 (53) many decay modes of composite particles are determined
from the specific masses and lifetimes. The complete me-
give values very close to current measurements and cre- son PPPs will be reviewed in Appendix A.
ates a simple relationship that supports the sdSM model
of charge and mass prescriptions. Pion Mass (mπ0,± ) and Lifetime (τπ0,± )

Up Quark Flavor (Up-Charm-Top) Mass (mu,c,t ) and Speculating on the masses of the pions using the mass
Lifetime (τu,c,t ) relationships above and a modified Weinberg relation [22]
 12

gives: and the Hubble radius (RH = c/H0 ), if compressed into

r Planck volumes (VP = 4πlP3 /3) each of mass mP , it
~2
3 results in a radius precisely 2 times the proton radius
mπ ± = /gc = α−8/3 munit /gc
R (rp = 0.8 × 10−15 m). The proton radius’ link to the
c
q r
1 3 munit Planck and matter densities is the first indicator of the
= 3 2
munit mH /2/gc ≈ (56) duality that resolves the hierarchy problem related to
2gc GF
VEV, Higgs, and matter densities.
= 138.959 M eV /c2

where: C. Cosmological Predictions

gc2 tunit
R = 4πH0 = 3 munit This new model is able to give reasonable causes for
GN lunit
many cosmological unknowns and their experimentally
= 1 Dimensionless U nit (57) determined values.
and:
s 2 1. Milne-Dirac, Eddington, and Weinberg Relations
√ 3 m e mH gc
mπ 0 = m π ± / gc =
gc gc 2mp All of these notable physicists attempted to reduce the
= 134.596 M eV /c2 (58) number of fundamental parameters in physics by creating
relationships between them. Some were approximations
This intriguing prescription for the mass of the pion limited by experimental accuracy. To this end, under-
is outside the experimental standard error of 5ppm by a standing the intentions as they relate to the new more
factor of 875. natural model is interesting. From (14), it is easy to as-
sociate this new model to the Milne-Dirac Large Number
Neutral Kaon Mass (mKS,L
0 ) and Lifetime (τKS,L
0 ) Hypothesis (LNH) and a time varying GN [22].
Eddington attempted to quantify the LNH with the
In order to understand the detail relating to the CPT number of baryons in the universe using α and binary
symmetry and their violations (e.g. CP ↔ T ), it is crit- numerology. Unfortunately, he used an integer value of
ical to understand the mass√ and (more importantly)
√ the 1/α = 136 (and subsequently 137) giving NE = 137 ×
lifetime of (KS0 (ds − ds)/ 2, KL0 = (ds + ds)/ 2). 2256 . LNH and NE were modified by Weinberg resulting
in the relation:

7. Composite 3 Quark Hadrons (Baryons) h2 H0 ≈ GN c m3nucleon (60)

while:
The complete baryon PPPs will be reviewed in Ap- s
pendix A. H0 h 2
mnucleon = 3
= 207.9 M eV /c2 (61)
Stable Proton Mass (mp ) and Radius (rp ) GN c

The quark composition of the proton has the mass of is referenced as being “on the order of mπ ”, yet with
the up quarks precisely equal to the mass of the down current measures of H0 giving ≈ 3mπ /2, it is not even
quark. It is this equality that provides for the stability close to being within current experimental standard er-
of the proton. Equations (45) and (51) give: ror. Following Milne-Dirac, Eddington and Weinberg,
the new model offers a better approximation of the pion
2
mass(es) to within 0.4% using the most accurate current

4π 4
mp ≈ munit ≈ (2α)−(4/3) munit (59) value of α and a binary exponent in E8 and MT dimen-
α
sions, it also gives a very precise value for a large number
It is interesting to note that by extending this rela- related to time as:
tionship to the 3 generations of SM, the mass of the 3rd
generation particles (p+ , ∆++ ) approach that of the mP . Nt = α−8 = 1.2435904532 × 1017 (62)
This would suggest that the “Cosmic Egg” or “Primor- and similar in form to (60), the new model has more
dial Atom” responsible for the “Big Bang (BB)” may precisely:
have been 3rd generation leptons which would imme-
2
diately disintegrate into the naturally inflationary ac-

GN munit
celerating universal expansion of protons and electrons ~ · 4πH0 = 2 c tunit = U nitEnergy (63)
gc tunit
that we know today. It can be shown that when form-
ing a black hole from the current estimate for the mass Using the new model’s definition for mπ ± from (56)
of the universe derived from the matter density (Ωm ) gives Weinberg’s number (now closely associated with
 13

VEV) for the number of nucleons (pions) in the observ- for energy, matter, and curvature (k), with space metric
able universe (MU = MH /4), where MH is the mass in (a(z)=R), is now given by:
3
the observable volume of the universe (VU = 4πRH /3) !2
from Hoyle’s Steady State (SS) model and the critical Ṙ 2 GN Λ
mass energy density of the vacuum H02 = = −2
4π 2 ρc + − kRH (67)
R 3 gc 3
ρc = 3H02 /8πGN /gc2 (64)
While Λ is properly defined as an energy (or m=E/c2 )
Specifically: per volume (a.k.a. density ρΛ = M L−3 ), its representa-
tion varies due to a lack of understanding on its origin. It
NW = MU /mπ± = (c3 /8GN H0 )gc α8/3 /munit is sometimes represented in terms of dimension L−2 (us-
−2
= gc α−112/3 π/2 = 9.97684762939 × 1079 (65) ing RH ) or simply as T −2 (using H02 ), where the value
in this new model can be given as:

2. The New Physics of Black Hole Singularities Λ = 8πGN ρΛ = x3H02 (68)

where the factor x is introduced such that ρΛ = xρc .

Given the definition of mass (9) and charge (17), it is Another, even more common, representation has:
proposed that the process for increasing the mass den-
sity of a volume is limited to the stopping of universal ΩΛ = Λ/3H02 = ρΛ /ρc = x (69a)
acceleration and expansion in the space which that vol- Ω = Ωm + ΩΛ + Ωk = 1 (69b)
ume occupies (Q = Ṁ /5 = V̈ /30 = 0). This would re-
quire a compressive force. By SR’s link between mass The new model suggests a natural dark energy com-
and velocity, if a given mass experiences no compres- ponent originating from universal acceleration that fits
sive force (or change in velocity) relative to free space very nicely with recent cosmological data [24]:
(ċspace = ċmass ), it is seen as expanding and accelerating Z 1
with space. There is no change to its mass density and √
ΩΛ0 = c dt = 2/3 (70a)
its charge is 0. 0
Therefore, without invoking “time reversal (T)” sym- Λ0 = 2H02 (70b)
metries, the lower limit of compressibility in terms of a
change in mass density per unit time is ċspace − ċmass = 0. Introducing dark matter (Ωdm ), visible baryon (Ωb )
The given mass experiences no change in mass density. and radiation (Ωγ ) components to the model :
This is of course a particle traveling at the speed of
light (which is the rate of universal expansion as defined ρm
= Ωdm + Ωb (71a)
above). ρc
If a given mass experiences maximum compressibility Ωm = Ωdm + Ωb + Ωγ = ρm /ρc + Ωγ
relative to free space, the space it occupies has stopped = 1 − ΩΛ + Ωγ (71b)
expanding ċmass = 0 and its mass density changes at the
same rate as the universe expands ρ̇space = ċspace . The Ωk = k/H02 = (1 − (Ωm + ΩΛ )) = −Ωγ (71c)
upper limit of compressibility in terms of a change in 2/3 1/5
Ωγ = (3/2) (H0 tunit /2) = 1/4737.01 (71d)
mass density per unit time is ċspace − ċmass = ρ̇space −0 =
1. The given mass and charge is seen as a black hole It is suggested that without visible (baryonic) matter,
singularity at the limit of GR physics. the dark universe has Ωdm0 = 1−ΩΛ0 = 1/3. This model
This eliminates the need for any “new physics” beyond incorporates the idea that part of Ωdm has contributions
black hole singularities. It also offers more natural expla- from neutrinos (Ων ), which are made up of 2/3 γ and
nations relating to Hawking radiation in the evaporation 1/3 m0 . Given the structure of the new sdSM, the ad-
of black holes, entropy and information loss (or not) in dition of baryons is calculated by adding 2 parts to the
black hole physics. universal acceleration (dark energy), which is now in the
form of dark neutrino-bound γR , while subtracting 1 part
m0 and 2 parts γL from the dark matter, which are now
3. The Cosmological Constant visible as baryons. Based on an integer approximation for
the measured value of the visible mass in the observable
In terms of billions of light-years (Gly), the Hubble universe:
radius is:
Ωb = 1/4! = 1/24 = 4.166 . . . % (72a)
RH = c/H0 = 13.660008445 Gly (66) ΩΛ = ΩΛ0 + 2Ωb = 3/4 = 75% (72b)
Λ = (3/2)2 H02 (72c)
The Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM ) model of a
Friedmann-Lemaı̂tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric Ωdm = Ωdm0 − 3Ωb = 5/24 = 20.833 . . . % (72d)
[23] for an accelerating universe has density parameters Ωm = Ωdm + Ωb = 1/4 = 25% (72e)
 14

and using an FLRW age factor of: 6. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)
1
da
Z 1+z
Recent studies of CMBR by the Wilkinson Microwave
a(z) = (73a)
Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) have precisely determined
p
0 Ωγ /a2 + Ωm /a + Ωk + ΩΛ a2
its temperature to be 2.72528◦ K [9]. By Boltzmann’s
a(0) = 1.012701315 (73b)
constant (kB ), CMBR translates to a mass energy value
of 234.8469 µeV /c2 . This familiar reference to tempera-
gives a very precise calculation for the current age of the
ture is a conversion from the determination of the Wien
universe of:
point in the measured Maxwell-Boltzmann blackbody
a(0) spectrum by using Planck radiation law and the Stefan-
tU = = 13, 842, 982, 880(78) years (74) Boltzmann constant σSB = Li4 (1)Γ(4)kb4 /(~3 (2πc)2 )
H0
represented here in terms of polylogarithms or deJon-
Just as M(3D)/M(1D)=Q(2D)=A, there is an equiva- quière’s function (which are also related to the Bose-
lence in this model between ρΛ [M L−3 = T −1 ] by a GR Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics mentioned previ-
conversion, and ρΛ [M 4 = L−4 = (cT )−4 ] by QM conver- ously). The Wien point was found at wavelength
sions. Getting to the L−2 or T −2 requires selective L=M 1.874827 mm (or frequency of 159.9040 GHz).
conversions by assuming gravitational radii and Planck From WMAP, the CMBR redshift from first light de-
units. Comparing the critical mass density to that of coupling from the surface of the universe is z = 1089 ± 1.
the expected Higgs field shows that they are related by The age of the universe at the time of decoupling is then:
a factor of: a(z)/H0 = 304.306 Kyr (79)
ρH /ρΛ = Ω3·5 3·5
γ = Ωk (75) The comoving radius (RU ), angular size (DA ), and lu-
minosity distance (DL ) of the observable universe are:
since:
√
ρH (M 4 ) = (mH v/ 8)2 = m2H /(4GF ) RU = á(z)RH = 14.2089 Gpc = 46.3438 Gly(80a)
= m4H = 4(α−4 munit )4 (76a) DA = RU /(1 + z) = 42.5172 M ly (80b)
ρΛ (M 4 ) = (~/c)3 ρc ΩΛ = ρΛ (T −1 ) DL = RU (1 + z) = 50.5147 T ly (80c)
= (4π/3)−2 H0 /2 = 9(4π)−3 (α8 /8)/tunit where:
= 9(4π)−3 GF m2unit /tunit (76b) 1
da
Z
á(z) = p (81)
It is shown that instead of a paradoxical disparity in their 1
1+z
a Ωγ /a + Ωm /a + Ωk + ΩΛ a2
2

magnitudes, they are in fact precisely dual.

7. Black Hole Evaporation and the Casimir Force

4. Gravitational Coupling and String Length
Confirmation of the assignment of universal accelera-
In natural units, gc and GN have a direct relationship tion to a “Theory of Everything (ToE)”, is found in the
to the string length (lstring ) of order lP . This model has identification of the Casimir force (in a blackbody of the
an inverse relationship to time on a universal scale: Minkowski vacuum) with that of the gravitational accel-
eration at the surface of black holes with a thermalized
◦
tstring = 1/(4πH0 ) = α−8 tunit ≈ 109 years Hawking radiation (TH ). This is accomplished by apply-
p p p ing the Fulling-Davies-Unruh (FDU) effect [25] to both
= lstring = RH /4π ≈ 1Gly (77) theories where:

This is consistent with recent findings related to the TF◦ DU = TH

◦
= a~/2πkB c (82)
large-scale structure of the universe.
This results in a thermal bath of Rindler particles (e.g.
νRe and unstable protons) in accelerated reference frames
with acceleration a/◦ K = 2.466085 × 1020 m/s2 /◦ K. It
5. Baryon to Photon Ratio
should be noted that by definition:

A baryon to photon ratio of: 2πTF◦ DU /a = TP◦ /aP = ~/kB c (83)

q √ where Planck unit temperature and acceleration are:
η = nb /nγ = Ω5γ / 2 = 1/1.83662 × 109 (78)
TP◦ = mP c2 /kB (84a)
is within experimental error. aP = lP /t2P (84b)
 15

Since a black hole increases its thermal radiation as it 2rp as the BB model might suggest or present through-
gets smaller, TP◦ can be characterized as the maximal out space-time as VEV (a function of time) which the SS
thermal radiation just before being totally evaporated. model might suggest.
Using universal scales in the new model: Fundamental parameters and objects scale into frac-
tions as Nt = α−8 ≤ 1. This model predicts the behav-
TF◦ DU = TH
◦
= TU◦ (85) ior observed in today’s particle accelerators as well as the
scaled interactions of the sdSM at tunit , and before. If
resulting from the universal mass now linked to Ωm with: the universe is non-locally deterministic (by GRW) and
spin synchronized (by Bell and Aspect), it logically im-
MU = Ωm VU ρc (86)
plies that aU and the laws of physics are non-local. This
which gives a Casimir blackbody acceleration, or equiv- eliminates the constraint that only interactions which are
alently the acceleration on the surface of a black hole within a common event’s light cone can exhibit similar
of gravitational radius, which is 1/2 the Schwarzschild (not necessarily coherent) behavior. With this, it seems
radius: that both BB and SS cosmologies could be synonymous!

RU bh = RU s /2 = GN MU /(gc c)2 = RH /8 = lstring π/2

9. Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) and an Accelerating
= 1.7075425741 Gly (87) Universe
Using (2) gives an acceleration:
The accelerating universe provides for the absolute
c4 /(4GN MU ) = 2cH0 = aU /2π (88) time lacking in GR without significantly altering the basis
for GR’s success - namely the space-time metric. It also
As done for Planck units, restating this result in terms provides the means for QM to be linked to GR through
of the new model gives a surprising result: the FDU effect being equated with both Casimir and
Hawking radiation. Quantization is naturally provided
2πTF◦ DU /a = TP◦ /aP = TU◦ /aU = ~/kB c (89) by atomic scale unit L, T, M, Q dimensions and unit ac-
This implies that today the ZPF, VEV, and ~ repre- celeration. The infinite divisibility of space-time in GR
sent the minimal change in mass density (charge) from is now limited by the background of an acceleration and
universal acceleration, while black holes represent max- its finite measure - time (in tunits ). LQG is indicated in
imal change in mass density (e.g. where mP is within aESToE. The evidence for linkage with this new model
lP ) relative to the current rate of acceleration. These is interesting.
implications will be significant in resolving the debate
concerning the origin of inertia, Mach’s principle, and an
IV. CONCLUSION
ether related to the ZPF and VEV.
To summarize, the new dimensionality relations from
8. The Observable Universe at tU ≤ 1 tunit (1), (9), and (17):

L = T2 (90a)
In terms of the observable universe today, a black hole
of mass MU = 9.994897 × 1059 mP , if compressed into as M = L3 T −1 = T 5 (90b)
many VP , results in sphere of radius 2rp = 1.6f m. This Q = M L−1/2 = M T −1 = T 4 (90c)
suggests that a BB matter-antimatter vacuum fluctua-
tion resulted in ≈ 1060 3rd generation primordial atoms The dimensional relationships relate CPT and E8
of mass mP within universal radius 2rp immediately de- and/or MT by:
cayed within tunit . Over time tU they inflated to ra-
M T (11D) = C(4D) + P (6D) + T (1D)
dius RH with acceleration aU leaving radiation (such as p
CMBR), leptons (ν, e) and baryons (p,n of radius rp ). = C( ~[T 8 ]) + P (L3 = T 6 ) + T 1
In order to understand the universe at tunit , it is a sim- = Re[P (3D)] + Im[T (8D)] (91)
ple matter to set α = 1. This has mP = munit at lunit
= P ({x, y, z}) + i~({x́, ý, ź},
and is the point where Planck units become synonymous
with the new units of this model and where grand uni- C(SU (5) = {r, g, b}, {L, R}))
fication is realized as a natural result! The observable
To within all most current experimental error:
universe (to a hypothetical observer) is lunit . This begs
the question; at tU ≤ 1 tunit and lU ≤ 1 lunit , where ~ gc2 1
were today’s ≈ 1060 mP (then ≈ 1060 munit ) which are =c= = = α−8 tunit (92)
munit lunit GN 4πH0
currently found within RH ? The answer comes from un-
derstanding that ρc and Ωm can be assigned to VEV The new units to MKS conversions in Table IV have
(and mH ) by (32). They are either to be found within been generated from (92). A comprehensive sdSM pre-
 16

as a “one (not-so) constant party view”. In this model,

TABLE IV: NEW Units to MKS Conversions
the fundamental parameters c, ~, GN , and H0 are de-
NEW Units MKS Units rived from α. It restores the idea of an absolute refer-
1 Unit Time (tunit ) = 0.27584662291 s ence frame for time which is embedded in the very core of
1 Unit Length (lunit ) = 6.64983692227 × 10−10 m these fundamental parameters of physics, which helps in
1 Unit Mass (munit ) = 5.28986280466 × 10−34 kg understanding “the arrow of time”, entropy and cosmic
1 Unit Charge (qunit ) = 1.50032062662 × 10−27 Coul inflation. The micro and macro scales of the universe are
limited in magnitude by time in such a way that infin-
ity becomes only a mathematical concept not physically
scription for fundamental particles summarized in Table realized as the universe unfolds.
V. The universe itself becomes the clock upon which time
This model could be described using terms from [6] can be measured.

[1] A. Riess, A. Filippenko, P. Challis, A. Clocchiattia, [24] M. Tegmark, D. Eisenstein, W. Hu, and R. Kron, Arxiv
A. Diercks, P. Garnavich, R. Gilliland, C. Hogan, S. Jha, preprint astro-ph/9805117 (1998).
R. Kirshner, et al., Arxiv preprint astro-ph/9805201 [25] G. Matsas and D. Vanzella, Arxiv preprint gr-qc/0205078
(1998). (2002).
[2] A. G. Lisi, An exceptionally simple theory of everything
(2007), URL http://www.citebase.org/abstract?id=
oai:arXiv.org:0711.0770.
[3] A. Albrecht and J. Magueijo, Physical Review D 59,
43516 (1999).
[4] S. Nesseris and L. Perivolaropoulos, Physical Review D
75, 23517 (2007).
[5] J. Barrow, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 24, 253
(2005).
[6] M. Duff, L. Okun, and G. Veneziano, Journal of High
Energy Physics 2002, 19 (2002).
[7] P. Mohr and B. Taylor, Reviews of Modern Physics 77,
1 (2005).
[8] J. Gundlach and S. Merkowitz, Physical Review Letters
85, 2869 (2000).
[9] C. Bennett, M. Halpern, G. Hinshaw, N. Jarosik,
A. Kogut, M. Limon, S. Meyer, L. Page, D. Spergel,
G. Tucker, et al., Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Se-
ries 148, 1 (2003).
[10] J. Sakurai, Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Addison-
Wesley Publishing, 1967).
[11] C. Quigg, Gauge Theories of the Strong, Weak, and Elec-
tromagnetic Interactions (Westview Press, 1997).
[12] B. Zwiebach, A First Course in String Theory (Cam-
bridge University Press, 2004).
[13] M. Passera, Physical Review D 75, 13002 (2007).
[14] L. Wolfenstein, Physical Review Letters 51, 1945 (1983).
[15] E. Blucher and W. Marciano, V ud, V us, the Cabibbo
angle and CKM unitarity (2006).
[16] H. Liu and T. Vachaspati, Physical Review D 56, 1300
(1997).
[17] W. Yao, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 33, 1 (2006).
[18] F. Peat, Superstrings and the Search for the Theory of
Everything (Cardinal, 1991).
[19] A. Aspect, Atomic Physics 8 (1983).
[20] G. Ghirardi, A. Rimini, and T. Weber, Physical Review
D 34, 470 (1986).
[21] A. Smirnov, Arxiv preprint hep-ph/0512303 (2002).
[22] M. Berman and L. Trevisan, Arxiv preprint gr-
qc/0112011 (2001).
[23] P. Peebles, Principles of Physical Cosmology (Princeton
University Press, 1993).
 17

TABLE V: Complete sdSM Prescriptions

2
[ Mass Generations (in munits ) ] [ Charge (in qunits ) Q=(I+Y)J, J = |#L − #R | /2 ]
Particle 1(e) 2(µ) 3(τ ) Q ⇐ m(C, I, Y ) · J ⇒ M(r,g,b,L,R)
τ (in tunits ) 4πα−8 2((4/9)α/2π)2 (2α)6 /3π
νR = γR + m0 = 0 2(0, 0, 0) 0 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
νL = γL + m0 1/e 1/e ± 1/µ 1/µ ± 1/τ 0 (0, 1, −1) 1/2 (−1, −1, −1, 2, 1)
eR −mY = 2(0, 0, −1) 1/2 −TY = −(2, 2, 2, −3, −3)
eL = eR − νL 4π/α 3e/2α µ/8α −1 (0, −1, −1) 1/2 (−1, −1, −1, 1, 2)
dR 2(1, 0, −1)/3 1/2 (−1, −1, 0, 1, 1)
dL = dR − νL 2u1 u2 /24−1/4 u3 /26−1/4 −1/3 (2, −3, 1)/3 1/2 (0, 0, 1, −1, 0)
uR = dR + WR+ = dR − eR 2(1, 0, 2)/3 1/2 (1, 1, 2, −2, −2)
uL = uR + νL πe 4πµ < φ0 >0 +2/3 (2, 3, 1)/3 1/2 (0, 0, 1, 0, −1)
γR = νL + ν R 2(0, 0, 0) 1 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
γL = aU 0 0 (0, 1, −1) 1 (−1, −1, −1, 2, 1)
WR± = ±uR ∓ dR = −eR ±mY = (0, 0, 1) 1 ±TY = ±(2, 2, 2, −3, −3)
WL± = WR± ± 2νL 2xw < φ0 >0 ±1 ±mI = (0, 1, 0) 1 ±TI = ±(0, 0, 0, 1, −1)
Z0 = W ± + W ∓ W√±
/ cos θw 0 (0, 0, 0) 1 (0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
mH p√ 2α−4
< φ0 >0 2mH
xw = sin2 θw p
3
= sin θc α · π/2
αs xw /2

Acknowledgments APPENDIX A: COMPLETE PPP

I would like to thank my family for their love and

patience and those in academia who might take the time
(and unfortunately risk) to simply help in the review These tables are a work in progress. They are
of this work. For without the support of family, the generated from Particle Data Group (PDG) exper-
adventure of this journey would be more lonely; without imental data [17]. Specifically, the upgraded file
the support of academia, more difficult! (http://pdg.lbl.gov/2006/mcdata/mass width 2006.csv)
for use in Monte Carlo based lattice QCD cal-
culations. An improved version of this file
(http://www.TheoryOfEverything.org/TOE/JGM/ToE.xls)
is available, which has been created based on this model
by generating the data (with few exceptions) from the
quark configuration, L and S. Eventually, it will contain
all mass, decay width predictions, and error factors. An
error factor of ≤ 1 is within standard experimental error.
An error factor of 0 implies it has yet to be predicted.
 18

TABLE VI: Complete sdSM Fundamental Particle Parameter Predictions

a
Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
γL aU 1 0 0 0 0 1 −1 −1 0 0 0 0Def 0
WL± WR± ± 2νL 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 79361.83467 25 41.65 2140 0
± ∓
Z0 √+ W 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 90176.52482 21 48.15 2495.2 0
−4
mH 2α 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 147988.8981 10000 0.20 0
νeL 1/e 0 0 0 1/2 −1/2 0 0 1.72318E − 07 2.E − 07 0.14
νµL 1/µ 0 0 0 1/2 −1/2 0 0 8.38311E − 10 3.E − 09 0.72
ντ L 1/τ 0 0 0 1/2 −1/2 0 0 4.89396E − 11 5.E − 11 0.02
e±
R 4π/α 0 1/2 0 0 −1 1/2 −1 0.510998924 4.E − 08 0Def
µ±
R 3e/2α 0 1/2 0 0 −1 1/2 −1 105.0378725 9.E − 06 68944.05 2.79861E − 16 3946.022251
±
τR µ/8α 0 1/2 0 0 −1 1/2 −1 1799.246234 0.29 76.75 2.3E − 09 8
±
dR 2u1 0 1/2 1/3 0 −1/3 1/2 1 −1/3 2.568560743 2 1.22
u±
R πe 0 1/2 1/3 0 2/3 1/2 1 2/3 1.284280372 0.8 1.14
s±
R u2 /24−1/4 0 1/2 1/3 0 −1/3 1/2 1 −1/3 98.1054868 25 0.12
c±
R 4πµ 0 1/2 1/3 0 2/3 1/2 1 2/3 1319.944835 90 0.78
b±
R u3 /26−1/4 0 1/2 1/3 0 −1/3 1/2 1 −1/3 4624.653065 70 6.07
t±
R < φ0 >0 0 1/2 1/3 0 2/3 1/2 1 2/3 175989.4505 3300 0.54
a Capitals ⇒ anti-quarks, x or y ⇒ wave function coefficients,

p or q ⇒ CP violation parameters.
 19

TABLE VII: Complete sdSM Meson Parameter Predictions

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
π± uD √ 0 0 0 1 0 −1 0 −1 0 1 −12 25 138.9597037 3.5E − 04 1.7E + 03 2.5E − 14 0
π0 (uU − dD) 2 0 0 0 1 −1 −1 0 −1 1 0 −12 25 134.5961689 6.0E − 04 6.3E + 02 7.8E − 06 0
η x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 −12 25 547.51 0.18 0 0.0013 0
f0 (600) ? − non − qQ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 800 400 0 800 0
ρ± (770) uD √ 0 −1 0 1 0 ? 1 −1 1 39 36 775.5 0.4 0 149.4 0
ρ0 (770) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 0 39 36 775.5 0.4 0 149.4 0
ω(782) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 39 36 782.65 0.12 0 8.49 0
η ′ (958) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 −12 25 957.78 0.14 0 0.203 0
f0 (980) ? − non − qQ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 980 10 0 70 0
a±0 (980) ? − non − qQ 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 1 1 984.7 1.2 0 75 0
a00 (980) ? − non − qQ 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 1 1 0 984.7 1.2 0 75 0
φ(1020) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 39 36 1019.46 0.019 0 4.26 0
h1 (1170) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 2 1 0 0 0 −1 1 1 −1 0 1170 20 0 360 0
b±
1 (1235) uD √ 1 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1229.5 3.2 0 142 0
b01 (1235) (uU − dD) 2 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 −1 0 1229.5 3.2 0 142 0
a±1 (1260) uD √ 0 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1230 40 0 420 0
a01 (1260) (uU − dD) 2 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 1230 40 0 420 0
f2 (1270) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 30 28 1275.4 1.1 0 185.2 0
f1 (1285) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 1 0 1281.8 0.6 0 24.2 0
η(1295) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 1294 4 0 55 0
π ± (1300) uD √ 0 0 0 1 0 ? 0 −1 1 1300 100 0 400 0
π 0 (1300) (uU − dD) 2 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 1300 100 0 400 0
a±2 (1320) uD √ 1 −1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 1 30 28 1318.3 0.6 0 107 0
a02 (1320) (uU − dD) 2 0 0 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 1318.3 0.6 0 107 0
f0 (1370) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 −1 0 1350 150 0 350 0
h1 (1380) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 −1 0 1386 19 0 91 0
π1± (1400) ? − non − qQ 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 1376 17 0 300 0
π10 (1400) ? − non − qQ 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 1 0 1376 17 0 300 0
η(1405) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 1409.8 2.5 0 51.1 0
f1 (1420) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 1 0 1426.3 0.9 0 54.9 0
ω(1420) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 0 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1425 25 0 215 0
f2 (1430) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 −1 0 1453 4 0 13 0
a±0 (1450) uD √ 1 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 1 1474 19 0 265 0
a00 (1450) (uU − dD) 2 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 1474 19 0 265 0
ρ± (1450) uD √ 0 −1 0 1 0 ? 1 −1 1 1459 11 0 150 0
ρ0 (1450) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 1459 11 0 150 0
η(1475) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 1476 4 0 87 0
f0 (1500) ? − non − qQ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1507 5 0 109 0
f1 (1510) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 1 0 1518 5 0 73 0
f2′ (1525) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 30 28 1525 5 0 73 0
f2 (1565) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 1546 12 0 126 0
h1 (1595) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 −1 0 1594 18 0 380 0
π1± (1600) ? − non − qQ 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 1653 18 0 225 0
π10 (1600) ? − non − qQ 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 1 0 1653 18 0 225 0
a±1 (1640) uD √ 0 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1647 22 0 254 0
a1 (1640) (uU − dD) 2 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 1647 22 0 254 0
f2 (1640) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 1638 6 0 99 0
η2 (1645) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 −1 1 0 1617 5 0 181 0
ω(1650) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 2 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1670 30 0 315 0
ω3 (1670) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 2 1 0 0 0 −1 3 −1 −1 0 32 31 1667 4 0 168 0
π2± (1670) uD √ 2 0 0 1 0 ? 2 −1 1 1672.4 3.2 0 259 0
π20 (1670) (uU − dD) 2 2 0 0 0 0 −1 2 −1 1 0 1672.4 3.2 0 259 0
φ(1680) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1680 20 0 150 0
ρ±3 (1690) uD √ 2 1 0 1 0 ? 3 −1 1 32 31 1688.8 2.1 0 161 0
ρ03 (1690) (uU − dD) 2 2 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 1688.8 2.1 0 161 0
ρ± (1700) uD 2 −1 0 1 0 ? 1 −1 1 1720 20 0 250 0
 20

TABLE VIII: Complete sdSM Meson Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks √ L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
ρ0 (1700) (uU − dD) 2 2 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 1720 20 0 250 0
a±2 (1700) uD √ 1 −1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 1 1732 16 0 190 0
a02 (1700) (uU − dD) 2 3 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 1732 16 0 190 0
f0 (1710) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 1 0 1718 6 0 137 0
η(1760) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 1760 11 0 60 0
π ± (1800) uD √ 0 0 0 1 0 ? 0 −1 1 1812 14 0 207 0
π 0 (1800) (uU − dD) 2 1 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 1812 14 0 207 0
f2 (1810) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 1815 12 0 197 0
X(1835) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 1834 7 0 68 0
φ3 (1850) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 2 1 0 0 0 −1 3 −1 −1 0 32 31 1854 7 0 87 0
η2 (1870) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 −1 1 0 1842 8 0 225 0
ρ± (1900) uD √ 0 −1 0 1 0 ? 1 −1 1 1860 20 0 160 0
ρ0 (1900) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1860 20 0 160 0
f2 (1910) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 1915 7 0 160 0
f2 (1950) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 1944 12 0 472 0
ρ±
3 (1990) uD √ 4 −1 0 1 0 ? 3 −1 1 1982 14 0 188 0
ρ03 (1990) (uU − dD) 2 2 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 1982 14 0 188 0
f2 (2010) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2010 60 0 200 0
f0 (2020) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 1 0 1992 16 0 440 0
a±4 (2040) uD √ 3 3 0 1/2 1/2 ? 4 1 1 2001 10 0 313 0
a04 (2040) (uU − dD) 2 3 3 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 4 1 1 0 2001 10 0 313 0
f4 (2050) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 3 3 0 1/2 −1/2 1 4 1 1 0 2025 10 0 225 0
π2± (2100) uD √ 3 −1 0 1 0 ? 2 −1 1 2090 29 0 620 0
π20 (2100) (uU − dD) 2 1 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 2090 29 0 620 0
f0 (2100) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 1 0 2103 7 0 206 0
f2 (2150) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2156 11 0 167 0
ρ± (2150) uD √ 0 −1 0 1 0 ? 1 −1 1 2149 17 0 360 0
ρ0 (2150) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 2149 17 0 360 0
f0 (2200) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 1 0 2189 13 0 240 0
fJ (2220) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2231.1 3.5 0 23 0
η(2225) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2220 18 0 150 0
ρ±3 (2250) uD √ 4 −1 0 1 0 ? 3 −1 1 2260 20 0 160 0
ρ03 (2250) (uU − dD) 2 2 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 2260 20 0 160 0
f2 (2300) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 3 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2297 28 0 150 0
f4 (2300) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 5 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 4 1 1 0 2332 15 0 260 0
f2 (2340) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2340 60 0 320 0
ρ±5 (2350) uD √ 4 1 0 1 0 ? 5 −1 1 2330 35 0 400 0
ρ05 (2350) (uU + dD) 2 4 1 0 1 −1 1 5 −1 −1 0 2330 35 0 400 0
a±6 (2450) uD √ 5 3 0 1/2 1/2 ? 6 1 1 2450 130 0 400 0
a06 (2450) (uU + dD) 2 5 3 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 6 1 1 0 2450 130 0 400 0
f6 (2510) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 5 3 0 1/2 −1/2 1 6 1 1 0 2460 50 0 260 0
X(1070) ?? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1072.4 0.8 0 3.5 0
X(1110) ?? 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 1107 4 0 111 0
f0 (12 − 1600) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 1 0 1480 100 0 1030 0
X(1420) ?? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1420 20 0 160 0
X(1600) ?? 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 1600 100 0 400 0
X(1650) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 1652 7 0 50 ?
X(1750) ?? 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1753.5 1.5 0 122 0
X(1775) ?? 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 ? 0 1763 20 0 190 0
X(1855) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 1857 5 0 20 0
X(1870) ?? √ 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 1870 40 0 250 0
a3 (1875) (uU − dD)√2 4 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 3 1 1 0 1870 40 0 380 0
π2 (1880) (uU − dD)√2 1 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 1880 20 0 260 0
a1 (1930) (uU − dD) 2 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 1930 30 0 160 0
X(1935) ?? √ 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 ? 0 1935 20 0 215 0
ρ2 (1940) (uU − dD) 2 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 −1 0 1940 40 0 160 0
ω3 (1945) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 4 −1 0 0 0 −1 3 −1 −1 0 1945 20 0 115 0
ω(1960) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 1960 25 0 200 0
b1 (1960) (uU − dD)√2 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 −1 0 1960 40 0 210 0
ρ(1965) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 1965 30 0 165 0
h1 (1965) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 −1 0 1960 40 0 340 0
f1 (1970) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 1 1 1 0 1971 15 0 240 0
 21

TABLE IX: Complete sdSM Meson Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
X(1970) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 1970 10 0 40 0
X(1975) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 1973 15 0 80 ?
ω2 (1975) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 3 −1 0 0 0 −1 2 −1 −1 0 1975 20 0 175 0
a2 (1990) (uU − dD)√2 3 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 2003 10 0 249 0
ρ(2000) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 2000 30 0 300 0
f2 (2000) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2001 10 0 312 0
X(2000) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2214 15 0 355 0
X(2000) ?? √ 3 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 0 1998 3 0 15 ?
π2 (2005) (uU − dD) 2 1 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 2005 15 0 200 0
η(2010) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2010 35 0 270 0
π1 (2015) (uU − dD)√2 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 1 0 2014 20 0 230 0
a0 (2020) (uU − dD) 2 0 0 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 2025 30 0 330 0
X(2020) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2015 3 0 10 0
h3 (2025) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 4 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 3 1 −1 0 2025 20 0 145 0
b3 (2025) (uU − dD) 2 4 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 3 1 −1 0 2025 15 0 107 0
η2 (2030) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 3 −1 0 0 0 1 2 −1 1 0 2030 5 0 205 0
f3 (2050) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 4 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 3 1 1 0 2048 8 0 213 0
f0 (2060) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 0 1 1 0 2060 0 ? 50 ?
π(2070) (uU − dD)√2 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 2070 35 0 310 0
a3 (2070) (uU − dD) 2 2 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 −1 0 2070 20 0 170 0
X(2075) ?? √ 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2075 12 0 90 0
a2 (2080) (uU − dD) 2 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 2060 20 0 195 0
X(2080) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2080 10 0 110 0
X(2080) ?? √ 4 −1 0 0 0 ? 3 −1 ? 0 2080 10 0 190 0
a1 (2095) (uU − dD) 2 0 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 2096 17 0 450 0
η(2100) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2100 50 0 190 0
X(2100) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2100 40 0 250 0
X(2110) ?? 4 −1 0 0 0 ? 3 −1 ? 0 2110 10 0 330 0
f2 (2140) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 1 2 1 1 0 2141 12 0 49 0
ω(2145) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 −1 0 1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 0 2150 20 0 235 0
X(2150) ?? √ 1 1 0 0 0 ? 2 1 ? 0 2150 10 0 260 0
a2 (2175) (uU − dD) 2 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 2180 40 0 310 0
η(2190) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2190 50 0 850 0
ω2 (2195) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 3 −1 0 0 0 −1 2 −1 −1 0 2195 30 0 220 0
ω(2205) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 2205 30 0 350 0
X(2210) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2210 79 0 200 0
X(2210) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2207 22 0 130 ?
h1 (2215) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 −1 0 2220 40 0 320 0
b1 (2240) (uU − dD)√2 0 1 0 −1/2 1/2 1 1 1 −1 0 2240 35 0 320 0
ρ2 (2240) (uU − dD)√2 3 −1 0 0 0 1 2 −1 −1 0 2240 60 0 330 0
ρ4 (2240) (uU − dD)√2 5 −1 0 0 0 1 4 −1 −1 0 2240 25 0 190 0
π2 (2245) (uU − dD) 2 3 −1 0 0 0 −1 2 −1 1 0 2240 60 0 320 0
η2 (2250) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 3 −1 0 0 0 1 2 −1 1 0 2248 20 0 280 0
π4 (2250) (uU − dD) 2 5 −1 0 0 0 −1 4 −1 1 0 2250 15 0 215 0
ω4 (2250) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 5 −1 0 0 0 −1 4 −1 −1 0 2250 30 0 150 0
ω3 (2255) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 4 −1 0 0 0 −1 3 −1 −1 0 2250 20 0 200 0
X(2260) ?? √ 3 1 0 0 0 ? 4 1 ? 0 2260 20 0 400 0
ρ(2265) (uU − dD)√2 0 −1 0 0 0 1 1 −1 −1 0 2260 40 0 320 0
a1 (2270) (uU − dD)√2 0 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 2270 60 0 300 0
a2 (2270) (uU − dD) 2 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 2265 20 0 235 0
h3 (2275) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 4 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 3 1 −1 0 2275 25 0 190 0
a4 (2280) (uU − dD) 2 3 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 2300 20 0 230 0
η(2280) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2285 20 0 325 0
ρ(2280) (uU − dD) 2 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 2280 50 0 440 0
ω3 (2285) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 4 −1 0 0 0 −1 3 −1 −1 0 2280 60 0 230 0
X(2290) ?? 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 2290 20 0 275 0
f3 (2300) x(uU + dD)
√+ y(sS) 4 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 3 1 1 0 2303 15 0 214 0
ρ3 (2300) (uU − dD)√2 4 −1 0 0 0 1 3 −1 −1 0 2300 50 0 340 0
a3 (2310) (uU − dD) 2 2 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 2310 40 0 180 0
f1 (2310) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 0 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 2310 60 0 260 0
 22

TABLE X: Complete sdSM Meson Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
η4 (2320) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 5 −1 0 0 0 1 4 −1 1 0 2330 40 0 240 0
f0 (2330) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 2337 14 0 217 0
ω(2330) x(uU + dD)√+ y(sS) 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 2330 30 0 440 0
a1 (2340) (uU − dD) 2 0 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 2340 40 0 230 0
X(2340) ?? √ 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2340 20 0 180 0
π(2360) (uU − dD) 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2360 25 0 300 0
X(2360) ?? 3 1 0 0 0 ? 4 1 ? 0 2360 10 0 430 0
X(2440) ?? 6 −1 0 0 0 ? 5 −1 ? 0 2440 10 0 310 0
X(2632) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2631.6 2.1 0 0 ?
X(2680) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 2676 27 0 150 ?
X(2710) ?? 5 1 0 0 0 ? 6 1 ? 0 2710 20 0 170 0
X(2750) ?? 6 1 0 0 0 ? 7 −1 ? 0 2747 32 0 200 0
f6 (3100) x(uU + dD) + y(sS) 7 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 6 1 1 0 3100 100 0 700 0
X(3250) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 3250 8 0 45 0
X(3250) ?? 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 3245 8 0 25 0
K± uS 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 −12 25 493.677 0.016 0 5.315E − 14 0
K0 dS 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 −12 25 497.648 0.022 0 0 ?
KS0 p(dS) + q(Ds) 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 497.648 0.022 0 7.352E − 12 0
KL0 p(dS) − q(Ds) 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 497.648 0.022 0 1.287E − 14 0
K0∗± (800) uS 1 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 1 840 80 0 620 0
K0∗0 (800) dS 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 0 840 80 0 620 0
K ∗± (892) uS 1 0 0 0 1 ? 1 −1 1 39 36 891.66 0.26 0 50.8 0
K ∗0 (892) dS 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 39 36 896 0.25 0 50.3 0
K1± (1270) uS 1 2 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1272 7 0 90 0
K10 (1270) dS 1 0 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 0 1272 7 0 90 0
K1± (1400) uS 1 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1402 7 0 174 0
K10 (1400) dS 1 0 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 0 1402 7 0 174 0
K ∗± uS 0 −1 0 0 1 ? 1 −1 1 1414 15 0 232 0
K ∗0 dS 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 1414 15 0 232 0
K0∗± (1430) uS 1 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1414 6 0 290 0
K0∗0 (1430) dS 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 0 1414 6 0 290 0
K2∗± (1430) uS 2 2 0 1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 1 30 28 1425.6 1.5 0 98.5 0
K2∗0 (1430) dS 2 2 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 0 30 28 1432.4 1.3 0 109 0
K ± (1460) uS 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 1460 0 ? 260 ?
K 0 (1460) dS 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 1460 0 ? 260 ?
K2± (1580) uS 3 −1 0 0 1 ? 2 −1 1 1580 0 ? 110 ?
K2 (1580) dS 2 0 0 0 0 ? 2 −1 0 1580 0 ? 110 ?
K ± (1630) uS ? 0 0 0 1 ? ? ? 1 1629 7 0 16 0
K 0 (1630) dS ? 0 0 −1/2 1/2 ? ? ? 0 1629 7 0 16 0
K1± (1650) uS 1 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 1650 50 0 150 0
K10 (1650) dS 1 0 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 0 1650 50 0 150 0
K ∗± (1680) uS 2 −1 0 0 1 ? 1 −1 1 1717 27 0 320 0
K ∗0 (1680) dS 2 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 1717 27 0 320 0
K2± (1770) uS 2 0 0 0 1 ? 2 −1 1 1773 8 0 186 0
K20 (1770) dS 2 0 0 0 0 ? 2 −1 0 1773 8 0 186 0
K3∗± (1780) uS 2 1 0 0 1 ? 3 −1 1 32 31 1776 7 0 159 0
K3∗0 (1780) dS 2 1 0 0 0 ? 3 −1 0 32 31 1776 7 0 159 0
K2± (1820) uS 2 0 0 0 1 ? 2 −1 1 1816 13 0 276 0
K2 (1820) dS 2 0 0 0 0 ? 2 −1 0 1816 13 0 276 0
K ± (1830) uS 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 1830 0 ? 250 ?
K 0 (1830) dS 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 1830 0 ? 250 ?
K0∗± (1950) uS 1 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 1 1945 22 0 200 0
K0∗0 (1950) dS 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 0 1945 22 0 200 0
K2∗± (1980) uS 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 1 1973 26 0 370 0
K2∗0 (1980) dS 0 0 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 0 1973 26 0 370 0
K4∗± (2045) uS 3 3 0 1/2 1/2 ? 4 1 1 2045 9 0 198 0
K4∗0 (2045) dS 3 3 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 4 1 0 2045 9 0 198 0
K2± (2250) uS 2 0 0 0 1 ? 2 −1 1 2247 17 0 180 0
K20 (2250) dS 2 0 0 0 0 ? 2 −1 0 2247 17 0 180 0
K3± (2320) uS 4 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 3 1 1 2324 24 0 150 0
K30 (2320) dS 4 1 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 3 1 0 2324 24 0 150 0
 23

TABLE XI: Complete sdSM Meson Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
K5∗± (2380) uS 5 0 0 0 1 ? 5 −1 1 2382 24 0 180 0
K5∗0 (2380) dS 5 0 0 0 0 ? 5 −1 0 2382 24 0 180 0
K4± (2500) uS 4 0 0 0 1 ? 4 −1 1 2490 20 0 250 ?
K40 (2500) dS 4 0 0 0 0 ? 4 −1 0 2490 20 0 250 ?
K(3100) ? − non − qQ 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 3054 11 0 42 0
D± cD 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 1869.3 0.4 0 6.33E − 10 0
D0 cU 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 1864.5 0.4 0 1.605E − 09 0
D∗ (2007) cU 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 2006.7 0.4 0 2.1 ?
D∗ (2010) cD 0 −1 0 0 1 ? 1 −1 1 2010 0.4 0 0.096 0
D0∗0 (2400) cU 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 0 2350 50 0 260 0
D0∗± (2400) cD 1 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 1 2400 40 0 280 0
D10 (2420) cU 1 0 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 0 2422.3 1.3 0 20.4 0
D1± (2420) cD 1 ? 0 0 1 ? ? ? 1 2423.4 3.1 0 25 0
D1± (2430) cD 0 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 2430 40 0 380 0
D2∗0 (2460) cU 1 −1 0 −1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 0 2461.1 1.6 0 43 0
D2∗± (2460) cD 1 −1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 2 1 1 2459 4 0 29 0
D∗ (2640) cD 0 ? 0 0 1 ? ? ? 1 2637 6 0 15 ?
Ds cS 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 1968.2 0.5 0 1.317E − 09 0
Ds∗ cS 0 ? 0 0 1 ? ? ? 1 2112 0.6 0 0 ?
∗
Ds0 (2317) cS 1 1 0 1/2 1/2 ? 0 1 1 2317.3 0.6 0 7 ?
Ds1 (2460) cS 1 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 2458.9 0.9 0 10 ?
Ds1 (2536) cS 1 0 0 1/2 1/2 ? 1 1 1 2535.4 0.6 0 3.2 ?
Ds2 (2573) cS 2 ? 0 0 1 ? ? ? 1 2573.5 1.7 0 15 0
B± uB 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 5279 0.5 0 4.018E − 10 0
B0 dB 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 5279.4 0.5 0 4.302E − 10 0
B ∗± uB 0 −1 0 0 1 ? 1 −1 1 5325 0.6 0 0 ?
B ∗0 dB 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 5325 0.6 0 0 ?
BJ∗± (5732) uB 0 ? 0 0 1 ? ? ? 1 5698 8 0 128 0
BJ∗0 (5732) dB 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 5698 8 0 128 0
Bs sB 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 −1 0 5367.5 1.8 0 4.49E − 10 0
Bs∗ sB 0 −1 0 0 0 ? 1 −1 0 5412.8 1.7 0 0 ?
∗
BsJ (5850) sB 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? 0 5853 15 0 47 0
Bc cB 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 −1 1 6286 5 0 1.4E − 09 0
ηc1S cC 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 2980.4 1.2 0 25.5 0
J/ψ 1S cC 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 3096.916 0.011 0 0.0934 0
χ1P
c0 cC 1 1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 3414.76 0.35 0 10.4 0
χ1P
c1 cC 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 3510.66 0.07 0 0.89 0
h1P
c cC 1 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 3525.93 0.27 0 1.1 ?
χ1P
c2 cC 1 −1 0 1/2 −1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 3556.2 0.09 0 2.06 0
ηc2S cC 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 3638 4 0 14 0
ψ 2S cC 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 3686.093 0.034 0 0.337 0
ψ(3770) cC 2 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 3771.1 2.4 0 23 0
X(3872) cC 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 3871.2 0.5 0 4.1 ?
χ2P
c2 cC 1 −1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 3929 5 0 29 0
Y (3940) cC 0 ? 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 3943 17 0 0.000087 0
ψ(4040) cC 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 4039 1 0 80 0
ψ(4160) cC 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 4153 3 0 103 0
Y (4260) cC 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 4259 8 0 88 0
ψ(4415) cC 1 0 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 4421 4 0 62 0
ηb1S bB 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 9300 28 0 0 ?
Υ1S bB 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 9460.3 0.26 0 0.054 0
χ1P
b0 bB 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 9859.4 0.5 0 0 ?
χ1P
b1 bB 1 0 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 9892.8 0.4 0 0 ?
χ1P
b2 bB 1 −1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 9912.2 0.4 0 0 ?
Υ2S bB 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 10023.26 0.31 0 0.032 0
Υ1D bB 1 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 −1 −1 0 10161.1 1.7 0 0 ?
χ2P
b0 bB 1 1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 0 1 1 0 10232.5 0.6 0 0 ?
χ2P
b1 bB 1 0 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 1 1 1 0 10255.5 0.5 0 0 ?
χ2P
b2 bB 1 −1 0 −1/2 1/2 −1 2 1 1 0 10268.6 0.5 0 0 ?
Υ3S bB 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 10355.2 0.5 0 0.0203 0
Υ4S bB 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 10579.4 1.2 0 20.5 0
Υ(10860) bB 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 10865 8 0 110 0
Υ(11020) bB 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 11019 8 0 79 0
 24

TABLE XII: Complete sdSM Baryon Parameter Predictions

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
p± P11 uud 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 938.277927 8.E − 05 74 0 ?
n0 P11 udd 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 939.56536 8.E − 05 0 7.4E − 25 0
N ± (1440)P11 uud 1 −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1440 30 0 300 0
N 0 (1440)P11 udd 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1440 30 0 300 0
N ± (1520)D13 uud 2 −3/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 0 1 1520 5 0 115 0
N 0 (1520)D13 udd 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1520 5 0 115 0
N ± (1535)S11 uud 0 −1/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 1535 10 0 150 0
N 0 (1535)S11 udd 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1535 10 0 150 0
N ± (1650)S11 uud 0 −1/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 1655 15 0 165 0
N 0 (1650)S11 udd 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1655 15 0 165 0
N ± (1675)D15 uud 2 −1/2 1 0 1 5/2 −1 1 1675 5 0 150 0
N 0 (1675)D15 udd 2 −1/2 1 0 0 5/2 −1 0 1675 5 0 150 0
N ± (1680)F15 uud 3 −3/2 1 0 1 5/2 −1 1 1685 5 0 130 0
N 0 (1680)F15 udd 3 −3/2 1 0 0 5/2 −1 0 1685 5 0 130 0
N ± (1700)D13 uud 2 −3/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 1 1700 50 0 100 0
N 0 (1700)D13 udd 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1700 50 0 100 0
N ± (1710)P11 uud 1 1/2 1 −1/2 3/2 1/2 1 1 1710 30 0 100 0
N 0 (1710)P11 udd 1 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 0 1710 30 0 100 0
N ± (1720)P13 uud 1 3/2 1 −1/2 3/2 3/2 1 1 1720 30 0 200 0
N 0 (1720)P13 udd 1 3/2 1 1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 0 1720 30 0 200 0
N ± (1900)P13 uud 1 1/2 1 0 1 3/2 1 1 1879 17 0 500 0
N 0 (1900)P13 udd 1 1/2 1 0 0 3/2 1 0 1879 17 0 500 0
N ± (1990)F17 uud 3 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 7/2 1 1 2086 28 0 540 0
N 0 (1990)F17 udd 3 3/2 1 1/2 −1/2 7/2 1 0 2086 28 0 540 0
N ± (2000)F15 uud 3 1/2 1 −1/2 11/2 5/2 1 1 1900 90 0 490 0
N 0 (2000)F15 udd 3 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 5/2 1 0 1900 90 0 490 0
N ± (2080)D13 uud 2 −3/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 1 1800 60 0 450 0
N 0 (2080)D13 udd 2 −3/2 1 −1 1 3/2 −1 0 1800 60 0 450 0
N ± (2090)S11 uud 0 −1/2 1 1 0 1/2 −1 1 1930 60 0 410 0
N 0 (2090)S11 udd 0 −1/2 1 −1 1 1/2 −1 0 1930 60 0 410 0
N ± (2100)P11 uud 1 1/2 1 1 0 5/2 −1 1 1885 30 0 110 0
N 0 (2100)P11 udd 1 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 0 1885 30 0 110 0
N ± (2190)G17 uud 4 −3/2 1 1 0 7/2 −1 1 2190 10 0 500 0
N 0 (2190)G17 udd 4 −3/2 1 −1 1 7/2 −1 0 2190 10 0 500 0
N ± (2200)D15 uud 2 −1/2 1 1 0 5/2 −1 1 1900 0 ? 130 ?
N 0 (2200)D15 udd 2 −1/2 1 −1 1 5/2 −1 0 1900 0 ? 130 ?
N ± (2220)H19 uud 5 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 9/2 1 1 2250 50 0 400 0
N 0 (2220)H19 udd 5 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 9/2 1 0 2250 50 0 400 0
N ± (2250)G19 uud 4 −1/2 1 1 0 9/2 −1 1 2280 80 0 500 0
N 0 (2250)G19 udd 4 −1/2 1 −1 1 9/2 −1 0 2280 80 0 500 0
N ± (2600)I111 uud 6 −3/2 1 1 0 11/2 −1 1 2600 150 0 650 0
N 0 (2600)I111 udd 6 −3/2 1 −1 1 11/2 −1 0 2600 150 0 650 0
N ± (2700)K113 uud 7 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 13/2 1 1 3000 100 0 350 0
N 0 (2700)K113 udd 7 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 13/2 1 0 3000 100 0 350 0
∆++ (1232)P33 uuu 1 1/2 1 0 2 3/2 1 2 1232 1 0 118 0
∆+ (1232)P33 uud 1 1/2 1 0 1 3/2 1 1 1232 1 0 118 0
∆0 (1232)P33 udd 1 1/2 1 0 0 3/2 1 0 1232 1 0 118 0
∆− (1232)P33 ddd 1 1/2 1 0 −1 3/2 1 −1 1232 1 0 118 0
∆++ (1600)P33 uuu 1 −3/2 1 1/2 3/2 3/2 1 2 1600 100 0 350 0
∆+ (1600)P33 uud 1 −3/2 1 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 1 1600 100 0 350 0
∆0 (1600)P33 udd 1 −3/2 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 1 0 1600 100 0 350 0
∆− (1600)P33 ddd 1 −3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 −1 1600 100 0 350 0
∆++ (1620)S31 uuu 0 −1/2 1 1 1 1/2 −1 2 1630 30 0 145 0
∆+ (1620)S31 uud 0 −1/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 1630 30 0 145 0
∆0 (1620)S31 udd 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1630 30 0 145 0
∆− (1620)S31 ddd 0 −1/2 1 −1 0 1/2 −1 −1 1630 30 0 145 0
 25

TABLE XIII: Complete sdSM Baryon Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
∆++ (1700)D33 uuu 2 −3/2 1 1 1 3/2 −1 2 1700 50 0 300 0
∆+ (1700)D33 uud 2 −3/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 1 1700 50 0 300 0
∆0 (1700)D33 udd 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1700 50 0 300 0
∆− (1700)D33 ddd 2 −3/2 1 −1 0 3/2 −1 −1 1700 50 0 300 0
∆++ (1750)P31 uuu 1 −1/2 1 1/2 3/2 1/2 1 2 1740 40 0 300 0
∆+ (1750)P31 uud 1 −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1740 40 0 300 0
∆0 (1750)P31 udd 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1740 40 0 300 0
∆− (1750)P31 ddd 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 −1 1740 40 0 300 0
∆++ (1900)S31 uuu 0 −1/2 1 1 1 1/2 −1 2 1900 50 0 200 0
∆+ (1900)S31 uud 0 −1/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 1900 50 0 200 0
∆0 (1900)S31 udd 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1900 50 0 200 0
∆− (1900)S31 ddd 0 −1/2 1 −1 0 1/2 −1 −1 1900 50 0 200 0
∆++ (1905)F35 uuu 3 1/2 1 1/2 3/2 5/2 1 2 1890 25 0 330 0
∆+ (1905)F35 uud 3 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 5/2 1 1 1890 25 0 330 0
∆0 (1905)F35 udd 3 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 5/2 1 0 1890 25 0 330 0
∆− (1905)F35 ddd 3 1/2 1 −1 0 9/2 −1 −1 1890 25 0 330 0
∆++ (1910)P31 uuu 1 1/2 1 1/2 3/2 1/2 1 2 1910 10 0 250 0
∆+ (1910)P31 uud 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1910 10 0 250 0
∆0 (1910)P31 udd 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1910 10 0 250 0
∆− (1910)P31 ddd 1 1/2 1 −1 0 5/2 −1 −1 1910 10 0 250 0
∆++ (1920)P33 uuu 1 3/2 1 1/2 3/2 3/2 1 2 1920 50 0 200 0
∆+ (1920)P33 uud 1 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 1 1920 50 0 200 0
∆0 (1920)P33 udd 1 3/2 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 1 0 1920 50 0 200 0
∆− (1920)P33 ddd 1 3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 −1 1920 50 0 200 0
∆++ (1930)D35 uuu 2 −1/2 1 1 1 5/2 −1 2 1960 60 0 360 0
∆+ (1930)D35 uud 2 −1/2 1 0 1 5/2 −1 1 1960 60 0 360 0
∆0 (1930)D35 udd 2 −1/2 1 0 0 5/2 −1 0 1960 60 0 360 0
∆− (1930)D35 ddd 2 −1/2 1 −1 0 5/2 −1 −1 1960 60 0 360 0
∆++ (1940)D33 uuu 2 −3/2 1 1 1 3/2 −1 2 2060 110 0 460 0
∆+ (1940)D33 uud 2 −3/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 1 2060 110 0 460 0
∆0 (1940)D33 udd 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 2060 110 0 460 0
∆− (1940)D33 ddd 2 −3/2 1 −1 0 3/2 −1 −1 2060 110 0 460 0
∆++ (1950)F37 uuu 3 3/2 1 1/2 3/2 7/2 1 2 1930 20 0 280 0
∆+ (1950)F37 uud 3 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 7/2 1 1 1930 20 0 280 0
∆0 (1950)F37 udd 3 3/2 1 −1/2 1/2 7/2 1 0 1930 20 0 280 0
∆− (1950)F37 ddd 3 3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 7/2 1 −1 1930 20 0 280 0
∆++ (2000)F35 uuu 3 1/2 1 1/2 3/2 5/2 1 2 1720 60 0 140 0
∆+ (2000)F35 uud 3 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 5/2 1 1 1720 60 0 140 0
∆0 (2000)F35 udd 3 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 5/2 1 0 1720 60 0 140 0
∆− (2000)F35 ddd 3 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 5/2 1 −1 1720 60 0 140 0
∆++ (2150)S31 uuu 0 −3/2 1 1 1 1/2 −1 2 2047 27 0 200 0
∆+ (2150)S31 uud 0 −3/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 2047 27 0 200 0
∆0 (2150)S31 udd 0 −3/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 2047 27 0 200 0
∆− (2150)S31 ddd 0 −3/2 1 −1 0 1/2 −1 −1 2047 27 0 200 0
∆++ (2200)G37 uuu 4 −3/2 1 1 1 7/2 −1 2 2220 60 0 400 0
∆+ (2200)G37 uud 4 −3/2 1 0 1 7/2 −1 1 2220 60 0 400 0
∆0 (2200)G37 udd 4 −3/2 1 0 0 7/2 −1 0 2220 60 0 400 0
∆− (2200)G37 ddd 4 −3/2 1 −1 0 7/2 −1 −1 2220 60 0 400 0
∆++ (2300)H39 uuu 5 1/2 1 1/2 3/2 9/2 1 2 2204.5 3.4 0 420 0
∆+ (2300)H39 uud 5 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 9/2 1 1 2204.5 3.4 0 420 0
∆0 (2300)H39 udd 5 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 9/2 1 0 2204.5 3.4 0 420 0
∆− (2300)H39 ddd 5 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 9/2 1 −1 2204.5 3.4 0 420 0
∆++ (2350)D35 uuu 2 −1/2 1 1 1 5/2 −1 2 2171 18 0 260 0
∆+ (2350)D35 uud 2 −1/2 1 0 1 5/2 −1 1 2171 18 0 260 0
∆0 (2350)D35 udd 2 −1/2 1 0 0 5/2 −1 0 2171 18 0 260 0
∆− (2350)D35 ddd 2 −1/2 1 −1 0 5/2 −1 −1 2171 18 0 260 0
∆++ (2390)F37 uuu 3 3/2 1 1/2 3/2 7/2 1 2 2420 60 0 300 0
∆+ (2390)F37 uud 3 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 7/2 1 1 2420 60 0 300 0
∆0 (2390)F37 udd 3 3/2 1 −1/2 1/2 7/2 1 0 2420 60 0 300 0
∆− (2390)F37 ddd 3 3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 7/2 1 −1 2420 60 0 300 0
∆++ (2400)G39 uuu 4 −1/2 1 1 1 9/2 −1 2 2300 100 0 330 0
 26

TABLE XIV: Complete sdSM Baryon Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
∆+ (2400)G39 uud 4 −1/2 1 0 1 9/2 −1 1 2300 100 0 330 0
∆0 (2400)G39 udd 4 −1/2 1 0 0 9/2 −1 0 2300 100 0 330 0
∆− (2400)G39 ddd 4 −1/2 1 −1 0 9/2 −1 −1 2300 100 0 330 0
∆++ (2420)H311 uuu 5 −1/2 1 1/2 3/2 7/2 1 2 2420 80 0 400 0
∆+ (2420)H311 uud 5 −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 7/2 1 1 2420 80 0 400 0
∆0 (2420)H311 udd 5 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 7/2 1 0 2420 80 0 400 0
∆− (2420)H311 ddd 5 −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 7/2 1 −1 2420 80 0 400 0
∆++ (2750)I313 uuu 6 −1/2 1 1 1 13/2 −1 2 2790 80 0 500 0
∆+ (2750)I313 uud 6 −1/2 1 0 1 13/2 −1 1 2790 80 0 500 0
∆0 (2750)I313 udd 6 −1/2 1 0 0 13/2 −1 0 2790 80 0 500 0
∆− (2750)I313 ddd 6 −1/2 1 −1 0 13/2 −1 −1 2790 80 0 500 0
∆++ (2950)K315 uuu 7 3/2 1 1/2 3/2 15/2 1 2 2850 100 0 700 0
∆+ (2950)K315 uud 7 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 15/2 1 1 2850 100 0 700 0
∆0 (2950)K315 udd 7 3/2 1 −1/2 1/2 15/2 1 0 2850 100 0 700 0
∆− (2950)K315 ddd 7 3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 15/2 1 −1 2850 100 0 700 0
Θ(1540) uuddS ? −1/2 1 0 1 ? ? 1 1533.6 2.4 0 0.9 0
φ(1860) ssddU ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −3/2 ? ? −2 1862 2 0 18 ?
Θc (3100) uuddC ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 3099 6 0 0 ?
ΛP01 uds 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1115.683 0.006 0 2.501E − 12 0
Λ(1405)S01 uds 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1407 4 0 50 0
Λ(1520)D03 uds 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1519.5 1 0 15.6 0
Λ(1600)P01 uds 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1600 100 0 150 0
Λ(1670)S01 uds 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1670 10 0 35 0
Λ(1690)D03 uds 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1690 5 0 60 0
Λ(1800)S01 uds 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1800 50 0 300 0
Λ(1810)P01 uds 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1810 40 0 150 0
Λ(1820)F05 uds 3 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 5/2 1 0 1820 5 0 80 0
Λ(1830)D05 uds 2 −1/2 1 0 0 5/2 −1 0 1830 0 ? 95 0
Λ(1890)P03 uds 1 1/2 1 0 0 3/2 1 0 1890 20 0 100 0
Λ(2000) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 2030 30 0 125 0
Λ(2020)F07 uds 3 1/2 1 0 0 1/2 1 0 2140 0 ? 128 ?
Λ(2100)G07 uds 4 −3/2 1 0 0 7/2 −1 0 2100 10 0 200 0
Λ(2110)F05 uds 3 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 5/2 1 0 2110 30 0 200 0
Λ(2325)D03 uds 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 2342 30 0 160 0
Λ(2350)H09 uds 5 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 9/2 1 0 2350 20 0 150 0
Λ(2585) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 2530 25 0 150 ?
Σ+ P11 uus 1 −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1189.37 0.07 0 8.209E − 12 0
Σ0 P11 uds 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1192.642 0.024 0 0.0089 0
Σ− P11 dds 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 −1 1197.449 0.03 0 4.45E − 12 0
Σ+ (1385)P13 uus 1 −3/2 1 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 1 1382.8 0.4 0 35.8 0
Σ0 (1385)P13 uds 1 −3/2 1 1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 0 1383.7 1 0 36 0
Σ− (1385)P13 dds 1 −3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 −1 1387.2 0.5 0 39.4 0
Σ+ (1480) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 1480 15 0 60 0
Σ0 (1480) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 1480 15 0 60 0
Σ− (1480) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1480 15 0 60 0
Σ+ (1560) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 1572 4 0 79 0
Σ0 (1560) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 1572 4 0 79 0
Σ− (1560) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1572 4 0 79 0
Σ+ (1580)D13 uus 2 −3/2 1 1 0 3/2 −1 1 1583 4 0 15 ?
Σ0 (1580)D13 uds 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1583 4 0 15 ?
Σ− (1580)D13 dds 2 −3/2 1 −1 0 3/2 −1 −1 1583 4 0 15 ?
Σ+ (1620)S11 uus 0 −1/2 1 1 0 1/2 −1 1 1600 6 0 87 0
Σ0 (1620)S11 uds 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1600 6 0 87 0
Σ− (1620)S11 dds 0 −1/2 1 −1 0 1/2 −1 −1 1600 6 0 87 0
Σ+ (1620) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 1642 12 0 55 0
Σ0 (1620) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 1642 12 0 55 0
Σ− (1620) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1642 12 0 55 0
Σ+ (1660)P11 uus 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1660 30 0 100 0
Σ0 (1660)P11 uds 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 1660 30 0 100 0
Σ− (1660)P11 dds 1 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 −1 1660 30 0 100 0
Σ+ (1670)D13 uus 2 −3/2 1 1 0 3/2 −1 1 1670 15 0 60 0
Σ0 (1670)D13 uds 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1670 15 0 60 0
Σ− (1670)D13 dds 2 −3/2 1 −1 0 3/2 −1 −1 1670 15 0 60 0
 27

TABLE XV: Complete sdSM Baryon Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
Σ+ (1670) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 1675 10 0 67 0
Σ0 (1670) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 1675 10 0 67 0
Σ− (1670) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1675 10 0 67 0
Σ+ (1690) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 1698 20 0 240 0
Σ0 (1690) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 1698 20 0 240 0
Σ− (1690) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1698 20 0 240 0
Σ+ (1750)S11 uus 0 −1/2 1 1 0 1/2 −1 1 1750 50 0 90 0
Σ0 (1750)S11 uds 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1750 50 0 90 0
Σ− (1750)S11 dds 0 −1/2 1 −1 0 1/2 −1 −1 1750 50 0 90 0
Σ+ (1770)P11 uus 1 3/2 1 0 1 1/2 1 1 1772 0 ? 80 ?
Σ0 (1770)P11 uds 1 3/2 1 0 0 1/2 1 0 1772 0 ? 80 ?
Σ− (1770)P11 dds 1 3/2 1 0 −1 1/2 1 −1 1772 0 ? 80 ?
Σ+ (1775)D15 uus 2 −1/2 1 1 0 5/2 −1 1 1775 5 0 120 0
Σ0 (1775)D15 uds 2 −1/2 1 0 0 5/2 −1 0 1775 5 0 120 0
Σ− (1775)D15 dds 2 −1/2 1 −1 0 5/2 −1 −1 1775 5 0 120 0
Σ+ (1840)P13 uus 1 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 1 1798 0 ? 93 ?
Σ0 (1840)P13 uds 1 3/2 1 1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 0 1798 0 ? 93 ?
Σ− (1840)P13 dds 1 3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 −1 1798 0 ? 93 ?
Σ+ (1880)P11 uus 1 3/2 1 0 1 1/2 1 1 1826 20 0 86 0
Σ0 (1880)P11 uds 1 3/2 1 0 0 1/2 1 0 1826 20 0 86 0
Σ− (1880)P11 dds 1 3/2 1 0 −1 1/2 1 −1 1826 20 0 86 0
Σ+ (1915)F15 uus 3 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 5/2 1 1 1915 20 0 120 0
Σ0 (1915)F15 uds 3 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 5/2 1 0 1915 20 0 120 0
Σ− (1915)F15 dds 3 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 5/2 1 −1 1915 20 0 120 0
Σ+ (1940)D13 uus 2 −3/2 1 1 0 3/2 −1 1 1940 10 0 220 0
Σ0 (1940)D13 uds 2 −3/2 1 0 0 3/2 −1 0 1940 10 0 220 0
Σ− (1940)D13 dds 2 −3/2 1 −1 0 3/2 −1 −1 1940 10 0 220 0
Σ+ (2000)S11 uus 0 −1/2 1 1 0 1/2 −1 1 1944 15 0 215 0
Σ0 (2000)S11 uds 0 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 −1 0 1944 15 0 215 0
Σ− (2000)S11 dds 0 −1/2 1 −1 0 1/2 −1 −1 1944 15 0 215 0
Σ+ (2030)F17 uus 3 3/2 1 1/2 1/2 7/2 1 1 2030 10 0 180 0
Σ0 (2030)F17 uds 3 3/2 1 −1/2 1/2 7/2 1 0 2030 10 0 180 0
Σ− (2030)F17 dds 3 3/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 7/2 1 −1 2030 10 0 180 0
Σ+ (2070)F15 uus 3 −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 1 2051 25 0 300 0
Σ0 (2070)F15 uds 3 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 1 0 2051 25 0 300 0
Σ− (2070)F15 dds 3 −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 −1 2051 25 0 300 0
Σ+ (2080)P13 uus 1 1/2 1 0 1 3/2 1 1 2095 25 0 100 ?
Σ0 (2080)P13 uds 1 1/2 1 0 0 3/2 1 0 2095 25 0 100 ?
Σ− (2080)P13 dds 1 1/2 1 0 −1 3/2 1 −1 2095 25 0 100 ?
Σ+ (2100)G17 uus 4 −3/2 1 1 0 7/2 −1 1 2120 30 0 70 0
Σ0 (2100)G17 uds 4 −3/2 1 0 0 7/2 −1 0 2120 30 0 70 0
Σ− (2100)G17 dds 4 −3/2 1 −1 0 7/2 −1 −1 2120 30 0 70 0
Σ+ (2250) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 2250 30 0 100 0
Σ0 (2250) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 2250 30 0 100 0
Σ− (2250) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2250 30 0 100 0
Σ+ (2455) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 2455 10 0 140 ?
Σ0 (2455) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 2455 10 0 140 ?
Σ− (2455) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2455 10 0 140 ?
Σ+ (2620) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 2542 22 0 220 0
Σ0 (2620) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 2542 22 0 220 0
Σ− (2620) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2542 22 0 220 0
Σ+ (3000) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 3000 0 ? 0 ?
Σ0 (3000) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 3000 0 ? 0 ?
Σ− (3000) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 3000 0 ? 0 ?
Σ+ (3170) uus ? −1/2 1 1/2 1/2 ? ? 1 3170 5 0 20 ?
Σ0 (3170) uds ? −1/2 1 0 0 ? ? 0 3170 5 0 20 ?
Σ− (3170) dds ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 3170 5 0 20 ?
Ξ0 P11 uss 1 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 0 1314.83 0.2 0 2.27E − 12 0
Ξ− P11 dss 1 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 −1 1321.31 0.13 0 4.02E − 12 0
 28

TABLE XVI: Complete sdSM Baryon Parameter Predictions (cont.)

Name Quarks L S Clr I Y G J P C Q θq θl Mass(MeV) ±ExpErr f(Err) Γ(MeV) f(Err)
Ξ0 (1530)P13 uss 1 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 0 1531.8 0.32 0 9.1 0
Ξ− (1530)P13 dss 1 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 1/2 1 −1 1535 0.6 0 9.9 0
Ξ0 (1620) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 1624 3 0 22.5 ?
Ξ− (1620) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1624 3 0 22.5 ?
Ξ0 (1690) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 1690 10 0 0 ?
Ξ− (1690) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1690 10 0 0 ?
Ξ0 (1820)D13 uss 2 1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 0 1823 5 0 24 0
Ξ− (1820)D13 dss 2 1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 3/2 1 −1 1823 5 0 24 0
Ξ(0 1950) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 1950 15 0 60 0
Ξ− (1950) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 1950 15 0 60 0
Ξ0 (2030) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 2025 5 0 20 0
Ξ− (2030) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2025 5 0 20 0
Ξ0 (2120) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 2137 4 0 20 ?
Ξ− (2120) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2137 4 0 20 ?
Ξ0 (2250) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 2189 7 0 46 0
Ξ− (2250) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2189 7 0 46 0
Ξ0 (2370) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 2356 10 0 80 ?
Ξ− (2370) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2356 10 0 80 ?
Ξ0 (2500) uss ? −1/2 1 1/2 −1/2 ? ? 0 2505 10 0 59 0
Ξ− (2500) dss ? −1/2 1 −1/2 −1/2 ? ? −1 2505 10 0 59 0
ω sss 0 −1/2 1 0 −1 7/2 1 −1 1672.45 0.29 0 8.02E − 12 0
ω(2250) sss ? −1/2 1 0 −1 ? ? −1 2252 9 0 55 0
ω(2380) sss ? −1/2 1 0 −1 ? −1 2384 12 0 26 0
ω(2470) sss ? −1/2 1 0 −1 ? −1 2474 12 0 72 0
Λc udc 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 3/2 1/2 1 1 2286.46 0.14 0 3.3E − 09 0
Λc (2593) udc 0 −1/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 2595.4 0.6 0 3.6 0
Λc (2625) udc 1 −1/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 1 2628.1 0.6 0 3.2 ?
Λc (2765) udc ? −1/2 1 0 1 ? ? 1 2766.6 2.4 0 50 ?
Λc (2880) udc ? −1/2 1 0 1 ? ? 1 2882.5 2.2 0 8 ?
Σ++
c (2455) uuc 1 −1/2 1 1/2 3/2 1/2 1 2 2454.02 0.18 0 2.23 0
Σ+c (2455) udc 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 3/2 1/2 1 1 2452.9 0.4 0 4.6 ?
Σ0c (2455) ddc 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 2453.76 0.18 0 2.2 0
Σ++
c (2520) uuc 2 1/2 1 1/2 3/2 3/2 1 2 2518.4 0.6 0 14.9 0
Σ+c (2520) udc 2 1/2 1 −1/2 3/2 3/2 1 1 2517.5 2.3 0 17 ?
Σ0c (2520) ddc 2 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 1 0 2518 0.5 0 16.1 0
Ξ+c usc 0 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 2467.9 0.4 0 1.49E − 09 0
Ξ0c dsc 0 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 2471 0.4 0 5.9E − 09 0
′
Ξ+c usc 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 2575.7 3.1 0 0 ?
0′
Ξc dsc 1 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 2578 2.9 0 0 ?
Ξ+c (2645) usc 2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 1 2646.6 1.4 0 3.1 ?
Ξ0c (2645) dsc 2 1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 3/2 1 0 2646.1 1.2 0 5.5 ?
Ξ+c (2790) usc 0 −1/2 1 0 1 1/2 −1 1 2789.2 3.2 0 15 ?
Ξc (2790) dsc 0 −1/2 1 −1 1 1/2 −1 0 2791.9 3.3 0 12 ?
Ξ+c (2815) usc 1 −1/2 1 0 1 3/2 −1 1 2816.5 1.2 0 3.5 ?
Ξ0c (2815) dsc 1 −1/2 1 −1 1 3/2 −1 0 2818.2 2.1 0 6.5 ?
ωc ssc 3 −1/2 1 0 0 1/2 1 0 2697.5 2.6 0 9.6E − 09 0
Ξ(cc) dcc ? −1/2 1 −1/2 3/2 ? ? 1 3518.9 0.9 0 1.9946E − 08 ?
Λ(b) udb 1 −1/2 1 −1/2 1/2 1/2 1 0 5624 9 0 5.35E − 10 0