Module Purposive Communication

3. Consultative Register

 This is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually

accepted structure of communications. It is formal and societal expectations
accompany the users of this speech. It is professional discourse. e.g. when
strangers meet, communications between a superior and a subordinate, doctor &
patient, lawyer & client, lawyer & judge, teacher & student, counselor & client,

4. Casual Register

 This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and
colloquialisms are normal. This is ―group‖ language. One must be member to
engage in this register. e.g. buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and blogs,
and letters to friends.

5. Intimate Register

 This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or

intimate people. e.g. husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent &
children.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE

1. Permanence — means when students write something they already set in their
mind have to finish in one session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their
written to be better because students think their written would be permanence. In this
case teachers perhaps notice for all of students that they just write everything come in
their mind and they can edit it to finish their written.

2. Production time — this part is crucial issue for me. In this part students think
about the deadline. The possibility case in here is students just only focus on the
deadline not for the content of their written. As the result, their written will not maximal
and they cannot or elaborate their written. Again this is also job for teacher to push
students think about the process of learning rather than the result.

3. Distance — have a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students start
to write, they have to know who will be read their written. If they write for teenager it
also influences the word, phrases and sentences that will use.

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4. Orthography — this part is talk about the technical of appearance. After writer
consider about the word, phrase and sentence that they will use students also consider
about the font, size and also the picture. All appearance have to connect with the topic
and target of the reader.

5. Complexity — this is talk about the sentence whether students use simple
sentence, combine or complex sentence. We as a teacher will know the students‘
progress of learning. And for the academic writing, students should provide reference.

6. Vocabulary — talk about word richness. We (teacher) can see what a new
vocabulary that they already acquired.

7. Formality — this is complex conventions for academic writing (describe, explain,

compare, criticize, argue, etc). If the writer create academic writing it means the
product have to formal. Because of that the language that they use have to formal and
polite. The font or size have to consistent with the guideline that they use (APA stlye,
MLA etc)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

WRITTEN

 Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and
many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written text also have
no spoken equivalent
 Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have
been printed/written out.
 Written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular
language and writing system is still understand.
 Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and other
graphical effects in their written texts.
 Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing as are some kinds of
vocabulary such as some complex chemical and legal terms.

SPOKEN

 tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and

interruptions with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of
speech such as news reports and scripts for plays and films

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 Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and
change their utterances as they go along.
 Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
 Speech can use timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
 Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These includes slang
expressions, and tags like y‘know, like, etc.

THE FIVE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE REGISTER IN WRITING

1. Formal language register - Is appropriate for professional writing and letters to a

boss or stranger.

 Cannot instead of can‗t

 Have not instead of haven‗t

 Will not instead of won‗t

Example: business letters, announcement, professional emails, some essay, letters

complaint.

2. Informal language register - Is conversational and appropriate when writing to

friends and people you very well.

 They‗ve been fighting all day

 He‗s very busy

 We feel that the target in unrealistic

 I planned many different

Example: short notes diaries and journals

3. Neutral language register - Is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most

appropriate for technical writing.

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EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/ OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF TEXT

REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES

WHAT IS A MESSAGE?

 In rhetorical and communication studies, a message is defined as information

conveyed by words (in speech or writing), and/or other signs and symbols. A
message (verbal or nonverbal, or both) is the content of the communication
process. The originator of the message in the communication process is the
sender. The sender conveys the message to a receiver.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE MESSAGE?

 Most media messages serve at least one of three purposes—to educate, to

entertain, or to persuade—and some fulfill all three at once. A blog post, for
example, may entertain its readers but also share some news or promote a
cause or product. Always think about the purpose of a media message before
taking it at face value. Also analyze purpose before sending your own media
messages.
 To Educate or Inform
 To Entertain
 To Persuade

HOW IS THE MESSAGE CONVEYED BY THE TEXT AND/ OR IMAGE?

 We can also convey a message or information, which means that you

communicate it to someone directly or indirectly through your words or actions.
In law, the word ‗convey‘ means to transfer or pass property to someone. A
picture is a great way to convey your message quickly to an audience without
them reading through a lot of text. Shareability: Images can be easily shared by
other people, which means your story will be seen be a larger audience. You
could even link the image back to an article you want your target audience to
read.

WHO IS THE TARGET AUDIENCE OF THE MESSAGE?

 The target audience of the message is the receiver. When you take in a
message, your values, life experience, and culture all plays a role in how you
perceive it.

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 In media, the target audience refers to the person or group for whom a message
is created. Some messages, like personal email or thank-you notes, target just
one person. Others are meant for larger audiences. Mainstream media producers
in particular want to reach as many people as possible, because larger audiences
are more attractive to advertisers.

WHAT OTHER WAYS OF PRESENTING THE MESSAGE ARE THERE?

As a presenter, you want to make an impact on your audience. After all, you spent a lot
of time working on your slides and your speech, hoping to get everything perfect. To
make your presentation memorable enough for your audience will take some work. But
if you‘re willing to put in the time and the effort to master these techniques:

1. Know your audience

2. Do your research

3. Be authentic and real

4. Be a likable presenter

5. Make a promise in your introduction

6. Focus on one key theme

7. Tell a story

8. Choose the right words

9. Break the ice- Presenters who know how to break the ice can keep their
audience engaged far longer than those who don‘t. Usually, the most common
approach is by using humor.

10. End your presentation strongly- The final tip in this post is to make sure you end
your presentation on a strong note. The conclusion is the last step to make your
message memorable. Don‘t waste it, make it count!

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COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY

We now live in a world where communicating to different kinds of people from different
places has become possible in just a click of button. Technology, specifically your
access to the internet, has allowed you to connect to individuals or groups who are
miles away from you. Such power in your hands also entails great responsibility. You
are responsible in understanding and learning more about the cultural differences
between and among cultures in order for you to communicate effectively to anyone
regardless of his or her culture or social background.

Technology has taken over the world in these past decades. Its rapid development has
made a huge impact on each aspect of life — and, yes, communication. But how huge
is its impact in communication?

What is a Communication Aid?

 A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more effectively with

people around them.
 Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to
Augmentative and Alternative Communication, which is defined as,
… a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication.
These include gesture, signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards
and books, as well as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs).

There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided Communication and Aided
Communication.

 Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body language,

gesture, vocalization, signing are typically used.
 Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-
tech methods, with pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with
words and with alternative hardware options available to provide access. Whilst a
low-tech method of communication like a simple, laminated communication book
to carry around with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a
communication aid, the term ‗device‘ would only describe a more high-tech
solution. An electronic communication aid can be a dedicated device built for that
job, which does nothing else, or it can be standard computer running specialist

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communication aid software as well – this includes Apple tablets which are
increasingly being used to help people communicate.

Types of Communication Aids

There are four major types of communication aids:

1. Comprehensive Expressive Aids

 They aim to meet most of a person‘s communication needs throughout the

day. Alphabet boards, communication boards and books with a wide range of
messages represented by letters, words, photos and/or symbols are some of the
most common in this type.

2. Targeted Expressive Aids

 They are designed for specific situations when specific message sets are
needed, such as community request cards, or object symbols to allow a person
to make basic requests.

3. Visual Supports

 They assist you in helping you make sense of your day, remember events or
help with completion of tasks. Many people with complex communication needs
have difficulty with memory and understanding abstract information.

4. Supports for Communication Partners

 They provide details about an individual with complex communication needs,

their means of communication and other routine related information that assist a
communication partner to consistently support them throughout the day.

Benefits of Communication Aids

 Improves speaking and learning ability

 Provides a better understanding of letters and words
 Helps improve diction and the ability to pronounce words
 Gives confidence to an individual when they speak

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What Are Communication Strategies?

 Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver.

It used to be that you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-
to-face or on paper. Technology has changed this completely. It is important for
people to take into account every aspect of how they are relaying information.
This is where communication strategies come into play. Communication
strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.

Types of Communication Strategies

Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the

strategies together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to
meet employee needs and increase workplace knowledge.

 Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two

categories of written and oral communication. Written strategies consist of
avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall into the oral category
are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face conversation.

 Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as

body language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or
the tone of your voice. These cues are typically not intended. However, it is
important to realize the message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying
one thing, yet the receiver is hearing another.

 Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and
illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and
provide documentation. Human resources is required to post certain visuals
throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.

Using Tools of Technology

Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text,
audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with
media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional
forms of printed or hand-produced material.

 A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a

thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which

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figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for
display to an audience. Many companies and small organizations use a system of
projectors and transparencies in meetings and other groupings of people, though
this system is being largely replaced by video projectors and interactive
whiteboards.

 Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback,

broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.

 Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or

digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing,
instrumental music, or sound effects.

Communication for Various Purposes to Obtain, Provide, and Disseminate

Information to Persuade and Argue.

Some of best practices in communication for various purposes

1. Learn to listen

 Active listening is the basis of all good communication: If you aren‘t paying
attention to what others are saying, there‘s no way you‘ll be able to respond
effectively. Focus on what your conversation partner is saying, and if necessary,
repeat it mentally to make sure you understand the points they‘re making.

2. Pay attention to body language

 Pay attention to your conversation partner‘s body language: Are they fidgeting
or standing still? Yawning or smiling? Pay attention to your own body language
as well—if your words exude confidence, but your body language expresses
nervousness, your conversation partner will pick up on that. It‘s important both
to read others‘ body language, and to pay attention to your own stance.

3. Observe how others communicate in different contexts

 It‘s important to understand your audience. If you‘re giving a presentation at

work, study how others do it (or watch videos of famous lectures by academics,
business people, or professionals in your field). If you‘re nervous about how to
act at a networking event or party, take cues from the people around you.

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4. Don’t be afraid of a bit of silence

 Occasional lapses in conversation are natural, so don‘t sweat it if conversation

lags. Plus, letting pauses occur naturally is a good way to make sure you‘re not
interrupting anyone‘s train of thought.

5. Use action verbs and confident language

 Even if you‘re not feeling confident, you can still sound confident. One good
trick is avoiding filler words like ―um‖ and ―uh‖ by slowing down your speech a
bit. Another is using strong action verbs—use your resume for fodder and stick
to descriptive verbs like ―evaluate,‖ ―manage,‖ and ―advise.‖

6. Ask questions

 Ask clarifying questions: It‘ll ensure you understand what your conversation
partner is saying and show that you‘re paying attention.

7. Find common ground, even in an argument

 Finding a shared interest or opinion with your conversation partner is always a

great strategy—it‘ll make the conversation more enjoyable for both of you as
well as show your conversation partner that you‘ve got something in common.
But finding common ground in an argument can be just as important. If you
disagree with someone, try to find a related point that you do agree with—it‘ll
show you‘re trying to understand their point of view.

8. Be prepared and know what you’re talking about

 Knowing your subject matter will put you at ease and make it easier to
communicate your ideas to others. If you‘re preparing for a job interview, make
sure you are familiar with the position and the company; if you‘re giving a
presentation, know your stuff!

9. If you want to subtly change the subject, find a verbal bridge

 We all occasionally end up in a conversation that‘s not going in a direction we

like. Finding a polite way to change the subject can be tough, but one good trick
is finding a ―bridge.‖ This can mean finding a topic somewhere in between the
current one and the one you‘re interested in or involve using a more general
phrase that will help you shift the topic. For instance, phrases like ―Yes, but,‖

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―What I can tell you is,‖ or ―The important thing to remember is,‖ all let you
subtly shift the focus.

10. Find the best way to frame your story

 Whether you‘re giving a lecture or telling your friend a funny story, it‘s
important to figure out how to frame it to make it interesting and engaging.
Identify your hook (What makes your story interesting? Why would others care
about it?) and pick a framing device: Are you taking your listener on a journey?
Explaining a theory? Or making an argument for something? It‘s important to
clearly define early on where your story is going.

11. Relax

 Though it‘s important to be self-aware during an important or stressful

conversation, ultimately one of the most effective communication strategies is
just relaxing, and acting like you would normally—while, of course, remaining
professional.

Communication to Obtain Information

Communication to Provide and Disseminate Information

The effectiveness of a given dissemination strategy depends on factors such as the

characteristics of the innovation, the target audience, and the information channel. The
strategy that works well for transmitting general information to the masses may be
inappropriate for communicating specific research findings to policy makers. The
strategy that works well for diffusing technological innovations among organizations
may not be compatible with dissemination strategies linked to the development of third
world countries. Strategies designed for reaching one minority group may not fit well
with another minority group. Getting the proper fit among the innovation, information
channel, purpose, and target audience is important. While the prosumer approach will
help facilitate the dissemination process in ways not possible under the old paradigm,
understanding channels for communication and how these are changing is essential to
effective utilization efforts under either paradigm.

Characteristics of communication channels worthy of note, according to Rogers

(1986:21), are: message flow, source knowledge of the audience, segmentation,

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degree of interactivity, feedback, synchronicity, socio emotional vs. task-related

content, nonverbal, control of the communication flow, and privacy afforded.

He charted these characteristics across face-to-face interpersonal communication,

interactive (machine assisted interpersonal) communication, and mass media.

I. Mass media

 Mass communication includes electronic and print media. Electronic media

includes radio, television, teletext, videotext, and satellite telecommunications.
Print media encompasses books, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and
comics. Historically, as each new media entered the scene, owners of existing
forms of mass communication reassessed the futures of their respective media.

 The advantages and disadvantages of each form of mass communication

provide guidance for selecting the best medium to fit the intended audience and
the dissemination purpose.

A. Effectiveness areas of electronic media

Radio

 Radios with their great flexibility and adaptability wake us up, inform us, and
entertain us. Hiebert and others (1988:173) say that radio has become more
individualized and personalized. Talk show hosts communicate directly to each
listener and caller. No longer is radio the medium that unites family members at
night. Each family member now listens to differing stations at differing locations
and at differing times of the day.

 Individualization of the radio is in keeping with the megatrends identified by

Naisbitt and Aburdene.

Television

 To reach the most numbers of people with general information, television is the
logical, though most expensive, choice. Television is in more than 98 percent of
the American homes. It appeals to more than one of the five senses and has
become the dominant leisure activity. Television "is society's mass entertainer,
mass informer, mass persuader, and mass educator" (Ibid, 215).

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