Parametric tests

● Tests that require normal

distribution and the levels of
measurement are expressed in
interval or ratio data.
○ T-test
○ Z-test
○ F-test
○ Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) - for the test of
difference
○ The r
○ Pearson Product Moment
coefficient of correlation -
for the tests of
relationship/association
○ Simple Linear Regression
Analysis - the tests for
prediction and forecasting
○ Multiple Regression
Analysis - the tests for
prediction and forecasting

T-test
● The t-test is used to compare two
means, the means of two
independent samples or two
independent groups and the means
of correlated samples before and
after the treatment.
● Ideally, the t-test is used when there
are less than 30 samples, but
some researchers use the t-test
even if there are more data 30
samples,
 The t-test for correlated samples is used
when comparing the means before and after
the treatment. It is also used to compare the
means of the pretest and the posttest.

Solving by the Stepwise Method

I. Problem: is there a significant
difference brought about by the
dosage on the length of time it took
the rats to sleep?
II. Hypothesis:
A. H0: There is no significant
difference brought about by
the dosages on the length of
time it took the rats to fall
asleep.
B. Ha: There is a significant
difference brought about by
the dosages on the length of
time it took the rats to fall
asleep.
III. Level of Significance:

IV. T-test for independent samples

V. Decision Rule: If the t-computed
value is greater than or beyond the
critical value, reject Ho
VI. Conclusion: Since the t-computed
value of -40 is within the critical
value of -2.88 at 0.01 level of
significance with 18 degrees of
freedom, the null hypothesis is
accepted. This means that no
significant difference was brought
about by the dosages on the length
of time it took the rats to fall asleep.
Solving by the Stepwise Method: ● Compare two means, the sample
I. Problem: Is there a significant mean, and the perceived
difference between the pretest and population mean
the posttest on the use of the ● Compare the two sample means
programmed materials in English? taken from the same population
II. Hypothesis: ● Used when the samples are equal
A. Ho: There is no significant to or greater than 30
difference between the ● Applied in two ways:
pretest and the posttest or ○ One-Sample Mean Test
the use of the programmed ○ Two-Sample Mean Test
materials did not affect the
students’ performance in
English
B. Ha: The posttest result is
higher than the pretest The One-Sample Mean test
III. Level of Significance ● Used when the sample mean is
being compared to the perceived
population mean
● However, if the population standard
deviation is now known, the sample
standard deviation can be used as a
substitute.
IV. Statistics: t-test for correlated
samples
V. Decision Rule: If the t-computed
value is greater than or beyond the
critical value, reject Ho
VI. Conclusion: The t-computed value
of -3.17 is beyond the t-critical value
of -1.73 at 0.05 level of significance
with 19 degrees of freedom; the null ABC company claims that the average
hypothesis is therefore rejected in lifetime of a certain tire is at least 28,000
favor of the research hypothesis. km. to check the claim; a taxi company puts
This means that the posttest result is 40 of these tires on its taxis and gets a
higher than the pretest result. It mean lifetime of 25, 560 km. With a
implies that the use of programmed standard deviation of 1, 350 km, is the claim
materials in English is effective. true? Use z-test at 0.05.

The Z-test I. PROBLEM: Is the claim true that the

● Requires the normality of the average lifetime of a certain tire is at
distribution least 28,000 km.
● Utilized two population parameters II. HYPOTHESIS:
 A. NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho): ● To test whether the difference
The average lifetime of a between the two values of, and is
certain tire is 28,000 km. significant or can be attributed to
B. ALTERNATIVE chance:
HYPOTHESIS (Ha): The
average lifetime of a certain
tire is not 28,000 km.
III. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
A. Alpha = 0.05
B. Z = ±1.645
IV. STATISTICS
A. Z-test for a one-tailed test
V. Computation

An admission test was administered to

incoming freshmen in the colleges of
Medical Technology and Nursing with 100
students each. Respondents were randomly
selected. The data collected were as
follows:
• x 1 = 90
• x 2 = 85
• S1 = 40
• S2 = 35
Is there a significant difference between the
two groups? Use a 0.01 level of
VI. DECISION RULE significance.
A. If the z computed value is
greater than or beyond the z I. PROBLEM: Is there a significant
tabular value, reject Ho difference between the two groups?
VII. CONCLUSION II. HYPOTHESIS:
A. Since the Z computed value ● Null Hypothesis (Ho): The mean
of -11.42 is beyond the scores of the freshmen in the college
critical value of -1.645 at 0.05 of medical technology is equal to the
level of significance the mean score of the freshmen in the
research hypothesis is college of nursing.
accepted which means that ● Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The
the average lifetime of a means scores of the freshmen in the
certain tire is not 28,000 km. college of medical technology is not
equal to the mean score of the
The Two-Sample Mean Test freshmen in the college of nursing
● Used when comparing two separate III. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE:
samples drawn at random taken ● Alpha = 0.01
from a normal population ● Z = +/- 2.575
IV. STATISTICS:
 ● Z-test for two-tailed test ○ One-way ANOVA: is used
when there is only one
variable involved.
○ Two-way ANOVA: is used
when two variables are
involved; the column and the
row variables.
● The researcher is interested to know
if there are significant differences
between and columns and rows
● Also used in looking at the
interaction effect between the
variables being analyzed
● A parametric test, which has to meet
some conditions, and the data to be
analyzed if they are normal and
expressed in an interval or ratio data
● This test is more efficient than other
tests of difference.
Example:
A Drug store is selling 4 brands of Vitamins.
The owner is interested if there is a
V. Decision Rule significant difference in the average sales
● If the z-computed value is greater for one week. The following data are
than or beyond tabular value, reject recorded.
Ho.
VI. Conclusion
● Since the z computed value of 5.774
is greater than z tabular value of
2.575 at 0.01 level of significance,
the research hypothesis is accepted
which means that there is a Perform the analysis of variance and test
significant difference between the the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance
two groups. It implies that incoming that the average sales of the four brands of
freshmen from medical technology Vitamins are equal.
are better than the incoming
freshmen from nursing. Solving by the Stepwise Method
I. Problem: Is there a significant
The F-Test difference in the average sales of
● Analysis of variance (ANOVA) the four brands of Vitamins?
● Used in comparing the means of two II. Hypothesis:
or more independent groups. A. Null Hypothesis: There is no
significant difference in the
 average sales of the four VI. Conclusion
brands of vitamins. Since the F-computed value of 7.98
B. Alternative Hypothesis: is greater than the F-tabular value of
There is a significant 3.01 at 0.05 level of significance with
difference in the average 3 and 24 degrees of freedom, the
sales of the four brands of null hypothesis is rejected in favor of
vitamins. the research hypothesis which
III. Level of Significance: means that there is a significant
A. alpha= 0.05 difference in the average sales of
B. df = 3 and 24 the 4 brands of Vitamins.

IV. Statistics The F-test tells us there is a significant

F-test one-way analysis of variance difference in the average sales of the 4
computation: brands of Vitamins but as to where the
difference lies, it has to be tested further by
another test, the Scheffe’s test.

Scheffe’s Test

Analysis of Variance Table

V. Decision Rule
A. If the F computed value is
greater than F-tabular value,
reject Ho
Comparison of the Average Sales of the
Four Brands of Vitamins

The above table shows that there is a

significant difference between brand A and
brand B, brand B and brand C and also
brand B and brand D. However, brands A
and C, A and D and C and D have no
significant differences in their average
sales. This implies that brand B is more
saleable than brands A, C, and D.
The Pearson Product Moment Coefficient
of Correlation, r
● An index of the relationship between
two variables.
● The independent variable can be
represented by x while the
dependent variable can be
represented by y.
● The value of r is +1, zero to -1.
○ If the value of r is +1, there is
a perfect correlation between
x and y.
■ It can be said that x
influences y or y
depends on x.
○ However, if r equals zero
then x and y are independent
of each other.
Consider the x and y coordinates in the
graph

If the trend of the line graph is going

upward, the value of r is positive. This
indicates that as the value of x increases,
the value of y also increases. Likewise, if
the value of x decreases, the value of y also
decreases- the x and y being positively
correlated.