Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences

Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 6[5] April 2017: 40-47
©2017 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India
Online ISSN 2277-1808
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REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Inventory of Ferns and Lycophytes in the Center for Ecological

Development and Recreation (CEDAR) at Impalutao, Impasug-
ong, Bukidnon Province
Cindy Grace S. Abas
Central Mindanao University Philippines
Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
An updated species list and conservation assessment of ferns and lycophytes in the Center for Ecological Development
and Recreation (CEDAR) at Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Province were provided on the basis of recent field
survey and examination of herbarium specimens. Eighty seven species belonging to 20 families and 44 genera were
recorded. Of the total 87 species recorded, 67.82 % have ˃5 number of individuals and with a conservation assessment of
few. On the other hand, 5.75 % have 55 to 10 number of individuals and a conservation assessment of common. The
remaining 26.43 % have < 10 number of individuals and therefore are considered abundant. When the previous fern
checklist of Ms. Mailee S. Duhac in 1998 was compared to this recent inventory it was found that Asplenium decorum,
Stenochlaena palustris, Cephalomanes sp., Tapaenidium luzonicum, Nephrolepis biserrata, Lycopodiella cernua,
Lycopodium sp., Lecanopteris deparioides, L. sinuosa, Silaginella engleri, S. cupressina, Cyclosorus sp., and
Spaherostephanos sp. are the species recorded in the recent field sampling that were not recorded during the sampling of
Ms. Duhac in 1998. On the other hand, Pyrossia species marked 1 and 2 were not found during the recent field sampling.
Key words: diversity, pteridophytes, Southern Philippines, threatened species

Received 01.02.2017 Revised 20.03.2017 Accepted 04.04.2017

INTRODUCTION
Ferns and their allies, collectively called as ‘Pteridophytes’ are group of non-flowering vascular plants
dating back to 360 million years and thus proves to be one of the earliest land encroachers [3]. Ferns are
the one of the oldest land plant groups in our earth’s surface. Compared with other groups of plants, ferns
are usually neglected by the researchers. But the ferns are becoming important for their beauty and
economic uses [5]. Traditionally, pteridophytes include the so-called ferns and fern allies because of their
shared life cycle as spore-producing plants. Recently, molecular data show that pteridophytes are
paraphyletic. They are now recognized as the lycophytes and ferns, the latter of which includes horsetails,
whisk ferns, and all eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns [1, 2]. They do not produce seeds but
reproduce through spores [21]. They are widely distributed both in the tropic and temperate regions
especially at higher elevations [20].
The diversity of Philippines vascular plants includes an estimated 1,100 species of ferns and lycophytes
distributed among 154 genera and 34 families, according to recent classifications [23]. This estimate
continues to increase because of new species discoveries and new records in the Philippines [1, 4].
The number of fern species is about 9,000 but estimates have ranged to as high as 15,000, the number
varying because certain groups are as yet poorly studied and because new species are still being found in
unexplored tropical areas [11]. In the Philippines, Zamora and Co [26] reported that the country is the
habitat of about 930 species of ferns which more than 50 are reported to have actual or potential
economic value while twenty-six genera of flowering plants and ferns together with the 296 species are
so far known to be endemic. Locally in Bukidnon Province, Amoroso [1] made a checklist of Pteridophytes
in Mt. Kitanglad. His checklist comprised of 88 species of ferns with descriptions, habitats, and uses [10].
The Center for Ecological Development and Recreation (CEDAR), known as the “Eco-tourism Site in the
Heart of Bukidnon” is a non-protected area and a reserved forest that has been managed by the

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 Cindy Grace S. Abas

government since 1912. It has a diverse flora and fauna. CEDAR is located in Barangay Impalutao,
Impasug-ong, Bukidnon. It has a total land area of about 1,703 hectares in which 373 hectares is covered
by man-made and natural forest. The large area is contained by Mount Kibuwa. CEDAR has five waterfalls
and the most notable is Dila Falls. It has an elevation of 600 to 1200 meters above sea level with Mount
Kibuwa as the highest. One can see the panoramic view of the mountains of Bukidnon and the towering
Mount Kitanglad at Mount Kibuwa. A 100-hectare rattan plantation exists in the area. Hundreds of
thousands of white lawaan trees and giant bamboos also contained the forest. The coordinates of the area
are 7.8767° N, 125.0683° E [8].
Nonetheless, there is no published checklist of ferns and lycophytes for the reserved forest. Here, such
checklist is provided, along with a species conservation assessment of ferns and lycophytes in the area.

T3

T2

T1

Figure 1.Transect Map of CEDAR, Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Province

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Species Inventory
An inventory of ferns and lycophytes was conducted through series of transect walks from the entrance of
CEDAR towards the pool and up to Dila Falls. The transect walk continued going down from Dila Falls
down to the opposite side of Cedar’s entrance going to their Training Hall.
Collection, Processing, and Identification of Specimens
A minimum of four fertile fronds of each species was collected with a shear and trimming cutter. Small
ferns were collected by uprooting the whole plant, removing the soil, and pressing the plant intact. All
specimens were processed using the wet method (Hodge 1947). Herbarium specimens were deposited at
the Central Mindanao University Herbarium (CMUH). Species identifications are based on the specimens
deposited at CMUH and were performed by consulting the following monographs, floras, and other
publications: Copeland [7]; Holttum [12-18]; Kramer [19]; Zamora and Co [26] and digitized plant
specimens available in Global Plants on JSTOR. The classification systems used are those of Smith et al.
[22] and Rothfels et al. [21].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Eighty seven species, belonging to 20 families and 44 genera, were recorded. Of these, 81 species are
ferns and 6 are lycophytes (Tables 1 & 2). The families with the highest number of species are
Polypodiaceae (23 species), Aspleniaceae (10), Dryopteridaceae (9), and Thelypteridaceae (7) and
Vittariaceae (5).

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 Cindy Grace S. Abas

Table 1. Total number of genera and species of ferns and lycophytes documented from CEDAR
Family Number of Genera Number of Species
1 Aspleniaceae 1 10
2 Blechnaceae 2 2
3 Cyatheaceae 1 1
4 Davalliaceae 1 3
5 Dennstaedtiaceae 1 2
6 Dryopteridaceae 5 9
7 Gleicheniaceae 2 2
8 Hymenophylllaceae 2 2
9 Lindsaeaceae 2 2
10 Lomariopsidaceae 1 3
11 Lycopodiaceae 2 2
12 Lygodiaceae 1 3
13 Marattiaceae 1 1
14 Polypodiaceae 10 23
15 Pteridaceae 1 3
16 Selaginellaceae 1 4
17 Tectariaceae 1 1
18 Thelypteridaceae 5 7
19 Vittariaceae 2 5
20 Woodsiaceae 2 2
TOTAL 44 87

Several factors may affect local montane species richness in the Philippines such as the size of the area
sampled, climatic conditions, soil type, and geographic location [2]. Species richness is also affected by
human activities such as the conversion of forests to agricultural or industrial lands and pollution. With
increasing utilization of land and natural resources, it is feared that many of these threatened taxa will
become yet rarer, more vulnerable and endangered, and in several cases may finally become extinct, as
any disturbance or imbalance in their narrowly confined ecosystems is liable to lead to their
extermination [4].

Table 2. Checklist and Assessment of ferns and lycophytes in the Center for Ecological Development and
Recreation (CEDAR)
Aspleniaceae Asplenium apoense Copel. ˃5 Few
A. baileyanum (Domin.) Watts ˃5 Few
A. decorum Kunze ˃5 Few
A. excisum Presl. ˃5 Few
A. longgissimum Blume ˃5 Few
A. nidus Linn. 5 to 10 Common
A. phyllitidis Don. ˃5 Few
A. spathulinum J. Smith ˃5 Few
A. tenerum Forster ˃5 Few
Asplenium sp. 1 ˃5 Few
Blechnaceae Blechnum orientale L. ˃5 Few
Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. ˃5 Few
Cyatheaceae Alsophila fuliginosa Christ ˃5 Few
Davalliaceae Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mettenius 5 to 10 Common

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 D. solida (Forst.) Sw 5 to 10 Common
D. trichomanoides Blume < 10 Abundant
Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia biformes ˃5 Few
Microlepia speluncae (Linn.) Moore ˃5 Few
Dryopteridaceae Arachnoides aristata Forster ˃5 Few
Bolbitis heroclita (C.Presl) Ching ˃5 Few
Bolbitis sp. ˃5 Few
Dryopteris sparsa (Bon) O. Kuntze ˃5 Few
Elaphloglossum angulatum (Blume) Moore ˃5 Few
E. callifolium (Blume) Moore ˃5 Few
E. petiolatum (Swartz) Urban ˃5 Few
Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum < 10 Abundant
P. macrodonta (Fée) Holttum < 10 Abundant
Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis (Burm) Underwood < 10 Abundant
Gleichenia laevigata (Wild.) Presl < 10 Abundant
Hymenophyllaceae Cephalomanes sp. ˃5 Few
Hymenophyllum sp. ˃5 Few
Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea cultrata Willd (Phylogr.) ˃5 Few
Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer < 10 Abundant
Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepis bisserata (Sw.) Schott < 10 Abundant
N. cordifolia (L.) C.Presl < 10 Abundant
N. hirsutula < 10 Abundant

Lygodiaceae Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. ˃5 Few

L. flexuosum (L.) Sw. ˃5 Few
L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw ˃5 Few
Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiella cernua ˃5 Few
Lycopodium sp. ˃5 Few
Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. ˃5 Few
Polypodiaceae Belvisia revoluta (Blume) Copel. ˃5 Few
B. squamata (Hieron. Christ) Copel. ˃5 Few
Belvisia sp. 1 ˃5 Few
Belvisia sp. 2 ˃5 Few
Belvisia sp. 3 ˃5 Few
Colysis bolsterii Copel ˃5 Few
Crypsinus glaucus (J. Sm) Copel ˃5 Few
Crypsinus sp. ˃5 Few
Cyclosorus ensifer ˃5 Few
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. < 10 Abundant
Drynaria sp. < 10 Abundant
Drynariopsis heracleai (Runze)Ching ˃5 Few
Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) Presl. ˃5 Few
Goniophlebium sp. ˃5 Few
Lecanopteris deparioides (Ces.) Baker ˃5 Few
L. sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. ˃5 Few

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 Cindy Grace S. Abas

Microsorum alternifolium Wild. < 10 Abundant

M. palmatum Fee < 10 Abundant
Mircosorum sp. < 10 Abundant
Photinopteris speciosa (Blume) Presl. ˃5 Few
Pyrossia adnacens ˃5 Few
P. sphaerosticha (Mett.) Ching ˃5 Few
P. pelosilloides (Linn.) Price ˃5 Few
Pyrossia sp.1 ˃5 Few
Pyrossia sp.2 ˃5 Few
Pteridaceae Pteris glaucovirens Goldman 5 to 10 Common
P. longipinnula Wallich 5 to 10 Common
P. mutilate < 10 Abundant
Selaginellaceae Selaginella longipina < 10 Abundant
S. usterii < 10 Abundant
S. engleri Hieron < 10 Abundant
S. cupressina (Willd.) Spring < 10 Abundant
Tectariaceae Tectaria meyanthidis ˃5 Few
Thelypteridaceae Christella parasitica (Linn.) Lev < 10 Abundant
Pneumatopteris costata (Back) Holtt. ˃5 Few
Phronephrium aspersum Sheiland Tsai < 10 Abundant
Phronephrium sp. < 10 Abundant
Vittariaceae Anthrophyum semiscostatum Blume ˃5 Few
Vittaria ensiformes Swartz. < 10 Abundant
V. hecistophylla Copel < 10 Abundant
V. stenophylla Copel CS. < 10 Abundant
V. zosterifolia Willd. < 10 Abundant
Woodsiaceae Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. < 10 Abundant
Diplaziopsis javanica (Blume) Christ. ˃5 Few

Among the 87 identified species in the area, 67.82 % have ˃5 number of individuals and with a
conservation assessment of few. On the other hand, 5.75 % have 55 to 10 number of individuals and a
conservation assessment of common. The remaining 26.43 % have < 10 number of individuals and
therefore are considered abundant. The result can be attributed to the fact that CEDAR as recreational
park has already been so disturbed.

Table 3. Comparison of 2017 and 1998 (Ms. Duhac's ) Fern Checklists

Species Name 1998 2017
Aspleniaceae Asplenium apoense Copel. Present Present
A. baileyanum (Domin.) Watts Present Present
A. decorum Kunze Absent Present
A. excisum Presl. Present Present
A. tenerum Forster Present Present
A. nidus Linn. Present Present
A. phyllitidis Don. Present Present
A. spathulinum J. Smith Present Present
A. tenerum Forster Present Present
Asplenium sp. 1 Present Present
Blechnaceae Blechnum orientale L. Present Present
Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Absent Present
Cyatheaceae Alsophila fuliginosa Christ Present Present
Davalliaceae Davallia denticulata (Burm.) Mettenius Present Present
D. solida (Forst.) Sw Present Present

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D. trichomanoides Blume Present Present

Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia biformes Present Present
Microlepia speluncae (Linn.) Moore Present Present
Dryopteridaceae Arachnoides aristata Forster Present Present
Bolbitis heroclita (C.Presl) Ching Present Present
Bolbitis sp. Present Present
Dryopteris sparsa (Bon) O. Kuntze Present Present
Elaphloglossum angulatum (Blume) Moore Present Present
E. callifolium (Blume) Moore Present Present
E. petiolatum (Swartz) Urban Present Present
Polystichum fuscum Copeland Present Absent
Pleocnemia irregularis (C.Presl) Holttum Present Present
P. macrodonta (Fée) Holttum Present Present
Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis (Burm) Underwood Present Present
Gleichenia laevigata (Wild.) Presl Present Present
Hymenophyllaceae Cephalomanes sp. Absent Present
Hymenophyllum sp. Present Present
Lindsaeaceae Lindsaea cultrata Willd (Phylogr.) Present Present
Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hook.) K.U.Kramer Absent Present
Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Absent Present
N. cordifolia (L.) C.Presl Present Present
N. hirsutula Present Present
Lygodiaceae Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. Present Present
L. flexuosum (L.) Sw. Present Present
L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw Present Present
Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiella cernua Absent Present
Lycopodium sp. Absent Present
Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. Present Present
Polypodiaceae Belvisia revoluta (Blume) Copel. Present Present
B. squamata (Hieron. Christ) Copel. Present Present
Belvisia sp. 1 Present Present
Belvisia sp. 2 Present Present
Belvisia sp. 3 Present Present
Colysis bolsterii Copel Present Present
Crypsinus glaucus (J. Sm) Copel Present Present
Crypsinus sp. Present Present
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Present Present
Drynaria sp. Present Present
Drynariopsis heracleai (Runze)Ching Present Present
Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume)
Presl. Present Present
Goniophlebium sp. Present Present
Lecanopteris deparioides (Ces.) Baker Absent Present
L. sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel. Absent Present
Microsorum alternifolium Wild. Present Present
M. palmatum Fee Present Present
Mircosorum sp. Present Present
Photinopteris speciosa (Blume) Presl. Present Present
Pyrossia adnacens Present Present
P. sphaerosticha (Mett.) Ching Present Present
P. pelosilloides (Linn.) Price Present Present

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 Cindy Grace S. Abas

Pyrossia sp.1 Present Absent

Pyrossia sp.2 Present Absent
Pteridaceae Pteris glaucovirens Goldman Present Present
P. longipinnula Wallich Present Present
P. mutilate Present Present
Selaginellaceae Selaginella longipina Present Present
S. usterii Present Present
S. engleri Hieron Absent Present
S. cupressina (Willd.) Spring Absent Present
Tectariaceae Tectaria meyanthidis Present Present
Thelypteridaceae Christella parasitica (Linn.) Lev Present Present
Cyclosorus ensifer Present Absent
Cyclosorus sp. Absent Present
Pneumatopteris costata (Back) Holtt. Present Present
Phronephrium aspersum Sheiland Tsai Present Present
Phronephrium sp. Present Present
Sphaerostephanos unitus (L.) Holttum Present Present
Sphaerostephanos sp. Absent Present
Vittariaceae Anthrophyum semiscostatum Blume Present Present
Vittaria ensiformes Swartz. Present Present
V. hecistophylla Copel Present Present
V. stenophylla Copel CS. Present Present
V. zosterifolia Willd. Present Present
Woodsiaceae Diplaziopsis javanica (Blume) Christ. Present Present
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Present Present

Results revealed that Asplenium decorum, Stenochlaena palustris, Cephalomanes sp., Tapaenidium
luzonicum, Nephrolepis biserrata, Lycopodiella cernua, Lycopodium sp., Lecanopteris deparioides, L. sinuosa,
Silaginella engleri, S. cupressina, Cyclosorus sp., and Spaherostephanos sp. are the species recorded in the
recent field sampling that were not recorded during the sampling of Ms. Duhac in 1998. On the other
hand, Pyrossia species marked 1 and 2 were not found during the recent field sampling. The disturbance
brought about by people wha re just come and go in the place brought the presence of other fern and
lycophytes species while the lost of other species can also be attributed to anthropogenic pressures.
In many regions it is now difficult to find any extensive area of natural forest and the effective strict
protection of small token-areas selected for their species-diversity is now of increasingly important [6].
According to the study of Duhac [9], there are 20 families, 39 genera and 79 species of Pteridophytes in
CEDAR during that time. In which 77 species are fern and 2 are lycophytes. But since we are using
different sampling technique we have different results. It is evident because CEDAR is typically having
adequate temperature, since, in order to survive, the ferns requirements include moisture in the soil,
moisture in the air, sufficient light for photosynthesis, protection from freezing and dependability and
continuity of the previous requirements [2], it was found that the lower montane area of CEDAR having
an elevation of 700 meters above sea level was able to meet such requirement for ferns to grow.
CONCLUSION
There were 87 species of ferns and lycophytes found in CEDAR, Impalutao, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon
Province. There are several factors that ferns need to survive; this primarily includes the physico-
chemical parameters like soil organic matter content, pH, and the extrinsic factors including the location,
elevation, temperature and air pressure [1]. This only means that the area in CEDAR is able to supply the
requirements of the ferns to thrive naturally.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In the mentioned findings and conclusions above, the researchers recommend the following:
1. It is highly recommended that a thorough exploration must be made in order to conduct a re-
inventory on the species of both ferns and lycophytes in the area so that the real profile of the
recreational park of the forest will be established.
2. Based on the findings, it is further recommended that the area should be maintained protected to
avoid loss and acquire abundance of fern species.
3. Species-specific conservation management strategy should be applied to avoid the risk of extinction of
fern species.

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 Cindy Grace S. Abas

4. Formulate Barangay ordinance that will regulate human activities, create public awareness and to ask
officials to conserve properly the area.
5. A monitoring program in charge of determining changes of fern species density CEDAR must be
created to determine the population dynamics if these species and the exploitation of economically
important species would be regulated.
6. As a future conservation biologist, one must promote conservation strategies especially on ferns.

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CITATION OF THIS ARTICLE

Meena Kumari, Shweta, Anita Rana. A Review on Growth, yield and quality attributes of medicinal plant
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera. Dunal) under Organic farming and Environmental changes. Bull. Env. Pharmacol.
Life Sci., Vol 6[5] April 2017: 40-47

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