The Simla Deputation was a gathering of 35[note 1] prominent Indian Muslim leaders

led by the Aga Khan III at the Viceregal Lodge in Simla in October 1906. The
deputation aimed to convince Lord Minto, then Viceroy of india, to grant Muslims
greater representation in politics.
The deputation took advantage of the liberal values of the newly-appointed Minto
and his Secretary of State, John Morley, following the election of the Liberals in
the 1906 United Kingdom general election, as well as the willingness of the British
and the Indian Muslims to cooperate – the British wanted to use Indian Muslims as a
bulwark against the Indian National Congress and Hindu nationalism, while the
Muslims, based in Aligarh Muslim University, wanted to use the opportunity to secure
more political representation for themselves.
Minto, finding himself sympathetic to the demands of the Muslims, put many of them
into law through the Indian Councils Act 1909, granting the wishes of the deputation.
The deputation also led indirectly to the creation of the All-India Muslim League in
December that year, as the leaders of the Simla Deputation had taken the time to
draft the constitution of the Muslim League to present at the All India Muhammadan
Educational Conference.

The Allahabad Address (Urdu: ‫ )خطبہ الہ آباد‬was a speech by scholar, Sir Muhammad
Iqbal, one of the best-known in Pakistani history. It was delivered by Iqbal during the
21st annual session of the All-India Muslim League, on the afternoon of Monday, 29
December 1930, at Allahabad in United Provinces (U. P.). In this address Iqbal
outlined a vision of independent states for the great Muslim-majority provinces in
northwestern India, thus becoming the first politician to articulate what would become
known as the Two-nation theory—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus
deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India.[1]
Allama Iqbal defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there could
be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a
nation and under a federal system, the Muslim majority units were given the same
privileges which were to be given to the Hindu majority units.

otingrights. This number constituted one-sixth of Indian adults. The Act provided for
a limited adultfranchise based on property qualifications such as land ownership and
rent, and therefore favoredlandholders and richer farmers in rural areas.The
Congress won 758 out of around 1500 seats in a resounding victory, and
went on to formseven provincial governments.But the elections demonstrated that
of the 491 Muslim seats the Congress had contested just 58of them and won only 26
of those.Most of the 26 seats the Congress captured were in NWFP, Madras and
Bihar.The Congress formed governments in United provinces, Bihar,
the Central Provinces, Bombayand Madras

The Congress didn’t set up ministries for about four months demanding
British government tonot interfere in its legislative affairs. Discussions
between them took place, and at last, theBritish agreed without making any
formal amendment to the Government of India Act 1935.
DEMANDS OF CONGRESS:
The Congress demanded that if the ML wanted to be a part of govt in U.P. it will
have to do 3things:A.Dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board (which was there
for elections)B.AIML members in the assembly not to function as a
separate groupC.AIML members have to formally express their allegiance
or loyalty to the Congress party.
CONGRESS MINITRIES:IMPORTANCE:
These Congress ministries were important both for the Congress and the
ML for 2 differentreasons. This was for the first time that all Congress govt was set
up in different provinces. Thiswas for the first time that Congress had the freedom to
pursue its policies at the provincial levelwithin the framework of the Govt of India Act
1935. For Muslim especially for the ML this wasthe first experience of living under
Congress rule, previously there was no representatives govt inIndia. But now at
the provincial level the Congress had formed the govt and this was the
firstoccasion that the Muslims had the taste of the Congress rule. Therefore, they
realized that whatkind of policies the Congress can adopt and what would be their
fate under the Congress rule.
1

CONSEQUENCES OF CONGRESS MINISTRIES:

Ultimately, Congress ministries were formed in July 1937 but with bitter policy
against Muslims.1.All Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-
Muslim drive basically to excludethe ML and other Muslim organizations from
the government making process. The Congressleaders had come to know that
the ML had got roots in the masses. They started ‘MuslimMass Contact’
movement to defame the ML in their favour. Here under the cover of
cultural policies what they were doing, they were projecting Hindu culture, history an
d symbols inthe name of Indian culture and Indian history. The Congress
did not realize that an over emphasis on Hindu symbols will cause reaction
amongst the Muslims because the Muslimswere defining their identity with
reference to their own history, culture, civilization andIslam. And this
approach by the Congress was coming in conflict with that perspective
andthat outlook.2 . T w e n t y - s e v e n m o n t h s o f C o n g r e s s
r u l e w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y r i s i n g p o l i t i c a l H i n d u i s m , which seemed
to be working only for the welfare of Hindu community and revenging
the previous 700-year Muslim rule over them, as stated by some Congress
leaders.A . H i n d i b e c a m e t h e n a t i o n a l
l a n g u a g e . B.Congress flag became the national flag.C . B a n d e
Matram became the national anthem. Singing of Bande Matram,
t a k e n f r o m t h e novel of Chandra Chatterji, was started in schools.D.A strict
prohibition was laid on cow slaughter. Construction of new mosques was
bannedand Muslims were harassed while they offered prayers.3. Educational
reforms were introduced that were purely anti-Muslim in spirit.A.Warda
Taleemi Scheme was to displace the idea of two nation theory from minds
of Muslimc h i l d r e n . T h e H i n d i l a n g u a g e w a s g i v e n t o p m o s t
i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e i r p o l i c i e s . W a r d h a Educational Scheme was
introduced by the Congress which was to convert Muslims intoHindus
through primary educational literature. Again under the cover of new
education policies they were projecting certain ideas which were in conflict with
the notion of Muslimidentity, Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and
distortion of Muslim history becametheir moral creed which obviously
means distortion of the Muslim history.B . V i d y a M a n d a r S c h e m e a i m e d
a t p r o m o t i n g H i n d u c u l t u r e b y m a k i n g M a n d a r e d u c a t i o n necessary at
elementary
level.4 . M u s l i m s w e r e a l s o k e p t b a c k i n e c o n o m i c c i r c l e . T h e y
w e r e e x p e l l e d f r o m g o v e r n m e n t offices and career opportunities
were closed for them. Their trade and agriculture was atarget of Hindu’s
harm.5.They followed the policy of discrimination in services or new
recruitment for jobs. A
largen u m b e r o f M u s l i m c i v i l s e r v a n t s h a v e c o m p l a i n t s a b o u t d i s c r i
m i n a t i o n , i n t h e f o r m o f promotion or in the form of up in
the cadre and different kinds of appointments, these werethe complaints which a
good number of Muslim officers made to the ML. Additionally therewere complaints
about new recruitments. A good number of Muslim applicants for
jobscomplained that in case of selection board which comprised mainly of
Non-Muslims theyhad to face a difficult time.
6.MUSLIM RESPONSE:
During this period, that is period over two years, the ML was not sitting
idle. The ML wasclosely monitoring what was happening in different provinces.
They were also mobilizing theMuslim and they were in interaction with the people in
different provinces, mobilizing themand taking into account their concerns and their
complaints. The Muslims were well aware of t h e t h e o c r a t i c i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
Hindu people. They arranged a close monitoring of
thegovernment. They publicized their policies and raised the issue
s. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required keen
p r o b e t o c o l l e c t t h e o r i g i n a l f a c t s o f t h e H i n d u atrocities. Here we will
talk about certain reports during these two years on the treatment of Muslim interests
by the Congress ministries.
7.THE PIRPUR REPORT:
The first report is entitled as the PIRPUR REPORT which came out on March 28,
1938, theCouncil of ML appointed an eight-member committee under the
presidentship of Raja Syed
2

1937-39 CONGRESS MINISTRIES:

Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of
1936-37 as mandated by theGovernment of India Act 1935.
E l e c t i o n s w e r e h e l d i n e l e v e n p r o v i n c e s - M a d r a s , C e n t r a l Provinces,
Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal,
Punjaband Sindh.The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937.
The Indian National Congressemerged in power in eight of the provinces - the
exceptions being Punjab and Sindh. The All-India Muslim League failed to
form the government in any
province.T h e G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d i a A c t 1 9 3 5 / L e g i s l a t i v e c o u n c i
l 1 9 3 5 i n c r e a s e d t h e n u m b e r o f enfranchised people. Approximately 30
million people, among them some women, gained votingrights. This number
constituted one-sixth of Indian adults. The Act provided for a limited adultfranchise
based on property qualifications such as land ownership and rent, and therefore
favoredlandholders and richer farmers in rural areas.The Congress won 758 out
of around 1500 seats in a resounding victory, and went on to formseven
provincial governments.But the elections demonstrated that of the 491 Muslim seats
the Congress had contested just 58of them and won only 26 of those.Most of the 26
seats the Congress captured were in NWFP, Madras and Bihar.The Congress
formed governments in United provinces, Bihar, the Central Provinces,
Bombayand Madras
The Congress didn’t set up ministries for about four months demanding
British government tonot interfere in its legislative affairs. Discussions
between them took place, and at last, theBritish agreed without making any
formal amendment to the Government of India Act 1935.
DEMANDS OF CONGRESS:
The Congress demanded that if the ML wanted to be a part of govt in U.P. it will
have to do 3things:A.Dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board (which was there
for elections)B.AIML members in the assembly not to function as a
separate groupC.AIML members have to formally express their allegiance
or loyalty to the Congress party.
CONGRESS MINITRIES:IMPORTANCE:
These Congress ministries were important both for the Congress and
the ML for 2 differentreasons. This was for the first time that all Congress
govt was set up in different provinces. Thiswas for the first time that Congress
had the freedom to pursue its policies at the provincial levelwithin the
framework of the Govt of India Act 1935. For Muslim especially for the ML this
wasthe first experience of living under Congress rule, previously there was no
representatives govt inIndia. But now at the provincial level the
Congress had formed the govt and this was the first occasion that the
Muslims had the taste of the Congress rule. Therefore, they realized that
whatkind of policies the Congress can adopt and what would be their fate
under the Congress rule.

Lahore Resolution 1940

The session was held on 22–24 March 1940, at Iqbal Park, Lahore. The welcome
address was made by Sir Shah Nawaz Khan of Mamdot, as the chairman of the local
reception committee. The various draft texts for the final resolution/draft were
deliberated over by the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League
The resolution text, unanimously approved by the Subject Committee, accepted the
concept of a united homeland for Muslims[citation needed] and recommended the creation
of an independent Muslim state.[9]
The resolution was moved in the general session by A. K. Fazlul Huq, the chief
minister of undivided Bengal, and was seconded by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman from
the United Provinces, Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan from
North-West Frontier Province, and Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh.[10] Qazi
Muhammad Essa from Balochistan and other leaders announced their support.