Load Flow

What kind of information that can be found by using load flow?

1- Magnitude and phase angle of Bus Voltages.
2- Active and Reactive power flow in the transmission line.

What is the important data that needed to solve load flow problem?
1- Y BUS or Z BUS matrix.
2- Power absorbed by the load is positive.
3- Power supplied is negative.
4- Swing Bus is the bus that its voltage magnitude and phase are known.
5- Load buses were its power and reactive power are known.
6- Generators bus the magnitude of the voltage, and the power are known.

If the active and reactive power are specified, follow the following expression:
𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑌14 𝑉1
𝐼 𝑌 𝑌22 𝑌23 𝑌24 𝑉
[ 2] = [ 21 ] [ 2]
𝐼3 𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑌34 𝑉3
𝐼4 𝑌41 𝑌42 𝑌43 𝑌44 𝑉4
The above matrix should be found by using Y admittance Matrix.
Assume the following Bus 2 ACTIVE and REACTIVE power are known.

𝑆2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑗 𝑄2 = 𝑉2 𝐼2∗
𝑆2∗ = 𝑃2 − 𝑗 𝑄2 = 𝑉2∗ 𝐼2
Now from the above matrix find 𝐼2
𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4
Now substitute in the previous equation of 𝑆2∗
 𝑃2 − 𝑗 𝑄2 = 𝑉2∗ [𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4 ]
𝑃2 − 𝑗 𝑄2
= [𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4 ]
𝑉2∗
𝑃2 − 𝑗 𝑄2
− 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3 − 𝑌24 𝑉4 = 𝑌22 𝑉2
𝑉2∗
1 𝑃2 − 𝑗 𝑄2
[ − 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3 − 𝑌24 𝑉4 ] = 𝑉2
𝑌22 𝑉2∗
1 𝑃2 − 𝑗 𝑄2
[ − (𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4 )] = 𝑉2
𝑌22 𝑉2∗

Now assume that we need to find voltage of bus 3.

1 𝑃3 − 𝑗 𝑄3
[ − (𝑌31 𝑉1 + 𝑌32 𝑉2 + 𝑌34 𝑉4 )] = 𝑉3
𝑌33 𝑉3∗

General Formula

4
1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = [ ∑ 𝑉𝑚 𝑌𝑚 ]
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗
𝑛=1
𝑚≠𝑖

Initial Value is 1<0 pu. If you do not use that initial value, the above equation will
not solve the problem.

Gauss Iterative Method substitute the all-new value after the iteration.
Gauss Seidel Method substitute the new value immediately without waiting to
complete the iteration.
Newton Raphson Method

𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝐾1 equation one

𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝐾2 equation two
(0) (0)
We must select an initial value, so the initial value is ∆𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑥2

(0) (0) (0) (0)

𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝐾1 = 𝑓1 (𝑥1 + ∆𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + ∆𝑥2 ) third equation
(0) (0) (0) (0)
𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝐾2 = 𝑓2 (𝑥1 + ∆𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + ∆𝑥2 ) fourth equation

(0) (0)
We have to solve ∆𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑥2 by using Taylor Series Expansion

(0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓 (0) 𝜕𝑓

𝐾1 = 𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + ⋯ fifth equation
𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0)

(0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓 (0) 𝜕𝑓

𝐾2 = 𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + ⋯ sixth equation
𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0)

Now rewrite equation five and six we will get the following.
(0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓1 (0) 𝜕𝑓1
𝐾1 − 𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 +⋯
𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0)

(0) (0) (0) 𝜕𝑓2 (0) 𝜕𝑓2

𝐾2 − 𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = ∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 +⋯
𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0)
Now write the above equation in a matrix format
𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1
(0) (0)
𝐾1 − 𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) 𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) ∆𝑥1(0)
[ ] = [ ]
(0) (0)
𝐾2 − 𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 ∆𝑥 (0)
2
[𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) ]

Now as you can see, we get the Jacobean matrix.

𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0)
𝐽(0) =
𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2
[𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) ]

(0) (0)
From the equation matrix if we need to solve ∆𝑥1 , ∆𝑥2 we have to take the
inverse of the Jacobian.
𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 −1
(0) (0) (0)
∆𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) 𝐾1 − 𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )
[ (0) ] = [ ]
∆𝑥2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 (0) (0)
𝐾2 − 𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )
[𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) ]

In general case as an example

𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓1 −1
(𝑘) (0) (0) (0)
𝑥1 𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) 𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )
[ (𝑘) ] = [ (0) ] − [ ]
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓2 (0) (0)
𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )
[𝜕𝑥1(0) 𝜕𝑥2(0) ]
To apply Newton Raphson Method to solve Load Flow problems we must chose
polar form:

4
1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = [ − ∑ 𝑌𝑚 𝑉𝑚 ]
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗
𝑛=1
𝑚≠𝑖

𝑃𝑘 − 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘∗ ∑ 𝑌𝑘 𝑉𝑘
𝑛=1

Finding the real and imaginary components

𝑉𝑘 = |𝑉𝑘 | < 𝛿𝑘 ; 𝑉𝑛 = |𝑉𝑛 | < 𝛿𝑛 ; 𝑌𝑘𝑛 = |𝑌𝑘𝑛 | < 𝜃𝑘𝑛

𝑃𝑘 − 𝑄𝑘 = ∑ |𝑉𝑘 | |𝑉𝑛 ||𝑌𝑘𝑛 | < 𝜃𝑘𝑛 + 𝛿𝑘 + 𝛿𝑛

𝑛=1

Now solve the above equation for 𝑃𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑘

𝑃𝑘 = ∑ |𝑉𝑘 | |𝑉𝑛 ||𝑌𝑘𝑛 | cos(𝜃𝑘𝑛 + 𝛿𝑘 + 𝛿𝑛 )

𝑛=1

𝑄𝑘 = − ∑ |𝑉𝑘 | |𝑉𝑛 ||𝑌𝑘𝑛 | sin(𝜃𝑘𝑛 + 𝛿𝑘 + 𝛿𝑛 )

𝑛=1

Once we are going to solve a problem, we must specify P and Q at all buses except
the swing bus moreover we have to find the voltages and the angle of all busses
except the swing bus.
Write the matrix of 3 busses and bus 1 is the swing bus.

𝜕𝑝2 𝜕𝑝2 𝜕𝑝2 𝜕𝑝2

𝜕𝑠2 𝜕𝑠3 𝜕|∆𝑉2 | 𝜕|∆𝑉3 |
∆𝑃2 𝜕𝑝3 𝜕𝑝3 𝜕𝑝3 𝜕𝑝3 ∆𝑆2
∆𝑃 𝜕𝑠2 𝜕𝑠3 𝜕|∆𝑉2 | 𝜕|∆𝑉3 | ∆𝑆3
[ 3] = [ ]
∆𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 |∆𝑉2 |
∆𝑄3 𝜕𝑠2 𝜕𝑠3 𝜕|∆𝑉2 | 𝜕|∆𝑉3 | |∆𝑉3 |
𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3
[ 𝜕𝑠2 𝜕𝑠3 𝜕|∆𝑉2 | 𝜕|∆𝑉3 |]

Power Flow Solution

Gauss Method To Find the buss voltages.

Convert the single line diagram from impedance z to admittance y.

Find the y bus matrices.

𝑃𝑖 −𝑗𝑄𝑖
− ∑𝑖≠𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑣∗𝑖
𝑣𝑖 = ; do not forget the conjugate.
𝑌𝑖𝑖

Substitute after you find the total voltage no new values added in the iteration.

If the power is out from the bus means you have to substitute with negative sign
for both active and reactive power
Gauss Seidel Method to Find the buss voltages.

Convert the single line diagram from impedance z to admittance y.

Find the y bus matrices.

𝑃𝑖 −𝑗𝑄𝑖
− ∑𝑖≠𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗
𝑣∗𝑖
𝑣𝑖 = ; do not forget the conjugate.
𝑌𝑖𝑖

Substitute the newest value.

If the power is out from the bus means you must substitute with negative sign for
both active and reactive power

Power Flow

𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝑃𝑖 = ∑ |𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )

𝑗=1

𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝑄𝑖 = − ∑ |𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑌𝑖𝑗 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )

𝑗=1
Line Losses
You must find the buss voltages by using one of the above methods.

𝐼𝑖𝑗 = (𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑗 )𝑦𝑖𝑗

𝐼𝑗𝑖 = −𝐼𝑗𝑖

𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖𝑗∗
𝑆𝑗𝑖 = 𝑉𝑗 𝐼𝑗𝑖∗
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 + 𝑆𝑗𝑖