Introduction

As you discovered earlier in this lesson, DAX, or data analysis expression, is a programming
language that provides a library of functions, operators, and constants for creating additional
information about a data model.

Mastering DAX requires understanding its fundamentals, like the syntax, data types,
operators, and how to refer to columns and tables.

This reading offers an overview of these fundamental elements of DAX alongside specific
examples. Through careful study of this material, you’ll develop your understanding of DAX.

DAX syntax
A DAX formula always starts with an equal operator (=). After the equals sign, you can
provide any expression that evaluates to a scalar or can be converted to a scalar. Let us
understand the syntax with an example by breaking down the following DAX measure
formula:

1
Total Sales = SUM (Sales[Sales Amount])

 Total Sales: The name of the calculated column.

 Equal operator: Indicates the beginning of the DAX formula.
 SUM: An aggregation function of DAX
 Parenthesis ( ): Grouping of arguments
 Sales: Table to be referenced
 Square brackets [Sales Amount]: The square brackets contain the referenced
column, which is also the argument. The value of this argument must be passed to the
function.

Data types in DAX

DAX can perform computations on different data types, which include the following:

 Text (Binary): "Hello, world".

 Decimal (Float): 1.23.
 Whole number (Integer): 123.
 Boolean: TRUE or FALSE.
 Date (Date/Time): DATE(2023,5,11).
 Currency: A fixed decimal number.

DAX Operators
DAX formulas rely on operators to perform arithmetic calculations, compare values, work
with strings, or test conditions.

Here is an overview of some commonly used operators in DAX:

Operator
Symbol Application Example
Type
Grouping of arguments and
Parenthesis () (5+7) * 5
precedence order
+ Addition 5+3=8

- Subtraction 9–5=4

Arithmetic * Multiplication 3 * 9 = 27

/ Division 18/3 = 6

^ Exponentiation 16^4 = 65536

AND condition between two
&& Boolean expressions [Region] = "USA" && [Quantity] > 5
Logical
|| OR condition between two [Region] = "USA" || [Quantity] > 5
Boolean expressions
= Equal to [Region] = "USA"

<> Not equal to Region] <> "USA"

> Greater than [Quantity] > 5

Comparison
>= Greater than or equal to [Quantity] >= 10

< Less than [Quantity] < 5

<= Less than or equal to [Quantity] <= 5

Text
& Concatenation of strings [Region] & ", " & [City]
Concatenation

DAX Functions
A function is a named formula within an expression. Most functions have required and
optional arguments, also called parameters, as input. When the function is executed, a value
is returned.

DAX includes functions to perform calculations using dates and times, create conditional
values, work with strings, perform lookups based on relationships, and iterate over a table to
perform recursive calculations. Some of the most used classes of DAX functions are given
below.

Text Functions

You can use these functions to return part of a string, search for text within a string or
concatenate string values to create a new column.

With the CONCATENATE function, you can join two text strings into one text string. For
example, you can combine an employee’s first name and last name into a new column by
defining a DAX formula as follows:
 1
Full Name = CONCATENATE (Employees[FirstName], CONCATENATE ( " ", Employees[La
stName] ) )

The LEFT function returns the leftmost characters from a text value. For example, you could
create a column that shortens the names of the months for better visualization purposes. The
LEFT function allows you to create a column with only the first three letters of each month
as follows:

1
Short Name = LEFT (Date[Month], 3)

Date/Time Functions

These functions in DAX are like date and time functions in Microsoft Excel. However, DAX
functions are based on the datetime data types used by Microsoft SQL Server.

 NOW(): The NOW function displays the current date and time on a worksheet or
calculates a value based on the current date and time. It updates the value each time
you open the worksheet.
 YEAR(<date>): Returns the year of a date as a four-digit integer from the date
column. You can add a column for a year from your date table.
 MONTH(<date>): Returns the month of a date as a number (1 - 12).

Logical Functions

These functions evaluate logical conditions and return true or false values.

 IF(<logical_test>, <value_if_true>, <value_if_false>): Returns one value if a

condition is true and another value if it is false.
 AND(<logical1>, <logical2>): Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns
FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE.
 OR(<logical1>, <logical2>): Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns
FALSE if all arguments are FALSE.
 NOT(<logical>): Reverses the logic of its argument.

Aggregation Functions

These functions perform aggregations. Commonly these functions create sums and averages
and find minimum and maximum values. You can also filter a column in DAX based on
related tables, before creating aggregations. Common aggregation functions are:

 COUNT(<column>): Returns the count, or total, of all rows in a column.

 SUM(<column>): Returns the sum of all values in a column.
 AVERAGE(<column>): Returns the average of all values in a column.
 MIN(<column>): Returns the smallest value in a column.
 MAX(<column>): Returns the largest value in a column.

Time Intelligence Functions

These functions create calculations using built-in knowledge of calendars and dates. You can
build meaningful comparisons across comparable periods for sales, inventory, and so on
using time and date ranges combined with aggregations or calculations.

 SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR(<dates>): Returns a parallel period calculated against

the dates provided.
 DATESYTD(<dates>): Returns dates from the beginning of the year until the last
date in the dates column provided.
 DATESMTD(<dates>): Returns dates from the beginning of the month until the last
date in the provided dates column.
 DATESQTD(<dates>): Returns dates from the beginning of the quarter until the last
date in the provided dates column.
 EDATE(<start_date>, <months>): Returns the date that is a specified number of
months before or after the start date.

Statistical Functions

These functions calculate values related to statistical distributions and probability, such as
standard deviation and number of permutations. Common statistical functions are:

 STDEV.P(<ColumnName>): Returns the standard deviation of the entire population.

 MEDIAN(<column>): Returns the median of numbers in a column.
 RANKX(<table>, <expression>[, <value>[, <order>[, <ties>]]]): Returns the
ranking of a number in a list of numbers for each row in the table argument.

Relational Functions

These functions are for managing and utilizing relationships between tables. For example,
you can specify a particular relationship to be used in a calculation.

 RELATED(<column>): Returns a related value from another table.

 RELATEDTABLE: Evaluates a table expression in a context modified by the given
filters.

Information Functions

These functions look at a table or column provided as an argument to another function and
determine if the value matches the expected type.

 ISBLANK(<expression>): Checks if a value is blank and returns TRUE or FALSE.

 CONTAINS(<table>, <column>, <value>): Checks if the values in a column
already exist in another column and returns a value of TRUE or FALSE.
About our results in the first round with the US markets we are top one Asian markets we talk
to and in Europe market we top one and we're always have the highest profit in terms of other
teams and besides we have a profit of almost 1.3 million which means it's really high in this
phase and that screwed to the fact that we optimise our cost we didn't put a lot of money into
costs but how we sell our products based on our smart marketing strategies and price

Where the global market share by team we have 49.29% of total global market and is also
make us the top wind in the global market share in row wind and about the product price pro
technology in USA Asian and Europe we are the only group that started with a tattoo because
we put money into R&D activity and to make sure that we are the lead in the market and the
price we kind of has the lowest price in compare with other team so that's why we got a lot of
a product sales and it leads to a nice sales revenue

About our market capitalizations we have the highest market capitalization things to
ourselves and profits and about the sum of the figure like operating profits before
depreciations equally racial return on capital employed return on equity earning per share we
also have the highest and best results

To sum up most of our successful in round one based on the right decisions in terms of decide
pricing have a good strategy of allocate the manufacturing percentage um and the contract
manufacturing besides we also do not put a lot of money into production costs and because of
that we have advantage to reduce our price

It beginning of row four we decided to estimate the total market demand in the USA with the
predicted market growth is 15% Asia 30% and Europe 20% we decided to focus more on the USA and
we want to recover from the failure from round three

In our production decision we decided not to not too invest money into tech 4 because we do not
make the same mistake with previous round by put a lot of money into the R&D and we we achieve
nothing and in the USA we decided to keep it up with Tech 1, tech 2 and in asia, tech 1 and 2

About HR and R&D cost we decided to cut down on the production cost twice for example we do not
recruit anything more employee because we do not want to waste a lot of money into people who in
charge of R&D activity so the wages and employment costs reduce from 77,000 to 25,000 and the
training costs reduce from 14,400 to 5400 and about R&D we tech one tech two and tech three we
only add one more feature, and at least to the result of the production cost it produced from
100,000 to 41,000 this round

Tại vòng 4 chúng tôi quyết định phát hành 16.000 cổ phiếu và thu về được giá trị là 3 triệu không
trăm 19.869 ngoài ra chúng tôi cũng ờ mua nợ nội bộ là 25.000 ờ để nếu như có những cái vòng sau
thì chúng tôi cũng có thể đầu 4 thêm ờ vào những cái a công nghệ cũng như là cải thiện tình hình
kinh doanh hiện tại

Về logistics chúng tôi quyết định không vận chuyển hàng hóa từ thị trường mỹ sang châu á vì tarif
khá cao

Với những chiến lược phục hồi như là cắt giảm chi phí sản xuất ờ và không đầu 4 vào công nghệ mới
chúng tôi đã dần dà phục hồi sau thất bại từ vòng 3 kết quả hiện tại doanh thu bán hàng của chúng
tôi đạt 3,21 triệu và ở thị trường mỹ chúng tôi đứng thứ 4 ở thị trường châu á chúng tôi đứng thứ 3
và ở thị trường châu âu chúng tôi đứng thứ nhất. Tổng doanh thu của vòng này của đội xanh là
2.169.562 chúng tôi đã cắt giảm thành công một số chi phí có liên quan đến nghiên cứu và phát triển
khuyến mãi nhân sự và chúng tôi thu được lợi nhuận là 924.827

With the wrong decision in round three even we are on the way of recover but we still lost a lot of
profits from previous round so this round we about global market share we just we have a portion of
21.24% and we uh finish in 3rd besides the our product prices it's kind of high in compared with our
competitors so it's affect a lot in our revenues but I believe that if we keep continue on cut costs and
reduce prices we can earn our market share again

And all the figure like uh total shareholder return operating profit before depreciation equity ratio
return on capital employed return on equity and earnings per share the highest number is in equity
ratio with 90.27 and the other figure is not high in compared with other team because we still affect
of our bad decisions in the previous round

Section One: Case Summary

1. ERP is expensive and risky. Why did Keda Decide to embark on an ERP
implementation project?
2. What are the major processes of implementing an off-the-shelf ERP system?
3. Leadership plays a pivotal role in the success of ERP Projects. Which “leadership best
practices” did the Keda managers engage in?
4. What were the main challenges faced by Keda in each stage of its ERP project? What
factors contributed to the project’s success in the face of these challenges?
5. a) Time limitation- the company embarked on testing the ERP system and training
the user to parallel to its implementation before going live.
6. b) There were cases of resistance to work on the ERP project- the Company
introduced rewards as compensation bonuses as well as punish those against the
system.
7. c) Constant disagreements between the owners of the project and the consultants-
the recommendations from the consultants were adopted 100% of the time and
avoided making changes to the project management and workflow.
8. d) Technical problems after ERP implementation resulting in production delays-
before the ERP rollout happened, the project team ensured to keep the
management aware and in the loop.
9. e) User’s resistance- the organization, imposed its culture were any workers were not
agreeing to the new workflows was replaced.
10. Are the particular strategies adopted by Keda in its ERP project generally applicable
to all ERP implementations?

Some of the strategies Keda used could be applied to all ERP implementations